Comprehensive review on Haloalkane dehalogenase (LinB): a ß-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) degrading enzyme.

Haloalkane dehalogenase, LinB, is a member of the α/ß hydrolase family of enzymes. It has a wide range of halogenated substrates, but, has been mostly studied in context of degradation of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers, especially ß-HCH (5-12% of total HCH isomers), which is the most recalcitrant and persistent among all the HCH isomers. LinB was identified to directly act on ß-HCH in a one or two step transformation which decreases its toxicity manifold. Thereafter, many studies focused on LinB including its structure determination using X-ray crystallographic studies, structure comparison with other haloalkane dehalogenases, substrate specificity and kinetic studies, protein engineering and site-directed mutagenesis studies in search of better catalytic activity of the enzyme. LinB was mainly identified and characterized in bacteria belonging to sphingomonads. Detailed sequence comparison of LinB from different sphingomonads further revealed the residues critical for its activity and ability to catalyze either one or two step transformation of ß-HCH. Association of LinB with IS6100 elements is also being discussed in detail in sphingomonads. In this review, we summarized vigorous efforts done by different research groups on LinB for developing better bioremediation strategies against HCH contamination. Also, kinetic studies, protein engineering and site directed mutagenesis studies discussed here forms the basis of further exploration of LinB's role as an efficient enzyme in bioremediation projects.

Elucidating genes involved in sesquiterpenoid and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways in Saussurea lappa by de novo leaf transcriptome analysis.

Saussurea lappa (family Asteraceae) possesses immense pharmacological potential mainly due to the presence of sesquiterpene lactones. In spite of its medicinal importance, S. lappa has been poorly explored at the molecular level. We initiated leaf transcriptome sequencing of S. lappa using the illumina highseq 2000 platform and generated 62,039,614 raw reads. Trinity assembler generated 122,434 contigs with an N50 value of 1053 bp. The assembled transcripts were compared against the non-redundant protein database at NCBI. The Blast2GO analysis assigned gene ontology (GO) terms, categorized into molecular functions (3132), biological processes (4477) and cellular components (1.927). Using KEGG, around 476 contigs were assigned to 39 pathways. For secondary metabolic pathways, we identified transcripts encoding genes involved in sesquiterpenoid and flavonoid biosynthesis. Relatively low number of transcripts were also found encoding for genes involved in the alkaloid pathway. Our data will contribute to functional genomics and metabolic engineering studies in this plant.

Integrated analysis of smRNAome, transcriptome, and degradome data to decipher microRNAs regulating costunolide biosynthesis in Saussurea lappa.

Saussurea lappa (S. lappa) has been known to synthesize medicinally important, costunolide. Due to its immense therapeutic importance, understanding of regulatory mechanism associated with its biosynthesis is crucial. The identification of genes and transcription factors (TFs) in S. lappa, created a clear picture of costunolide biosynthesis pathways. Further to understand the regulation of costunolide biosynthesis by miRNAs, an integrated study of transcriptome, miRNAs, and degradome was performed. Identified candidate miRNAs and associated feed-forward loops (FFLs) illustrates their regulatory role in secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Small RNA and degradome sequencing were performed for leaf and root tissues to determine miRNAs-targets pairs. A total of 711 and 525 such targets were obtained for novel and known miRNAs respectively. This data was used to generate costunolide-specific miRNA-TF-gene interactome to perform systematic analyses through graph theoretical approach. Interestingly, miR171c.1 and sla-miR121 were identified as key regulators to connect and co-regulate both mevalonate and sesquiterpenoid pathways to bio-synthesize costunolide. Tissue-specific FFLs were identified to be involved in costunolide biosynthesis which further suggests the evolutionary co-relation of root-specific networks in synthesis of secondary metabolites in addition to leaf-specific networks. This integrative approach allowed us to determine candidate miRNAs and associated tissue-specific motifs involved in the diversification of secondary metabolites. MiRNAs identified in present study can provide alternatives for bioengineering tool to enhance the synthesis of costunolide and other secondary metabolites in S. lappa.

Identification and characterization of SlbHLH, SlDof and SlWRKY transcription factors interacting with SlDPD gene involved in costunolide biosynthesis in Saussurea lappa.

The genes involved in costunolide biosynthesis in Saussurea lappa have been identified recently by our lab. However, the study of transcriptional regulators of these genes was lacking for better opportunities for engineering the pharmacologically important biosynthetic pathway. Therefore, we cloned the promoter region of diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase gene (DPD) and analyzed its cis-acting regulatory elements to reveal the potential transcription factor (TF) binding sites for Dof, bHLH and WRKY family proteins in the gene promoter. The transcriptome study approach followed by the hidden Markov model based search, digital gene expression, co-expression network analysis, conserved domain properties and evolutionary analyses were carried out to screen out seven putative TFs for the DPD-TF interaction studies. Yeast one-hybrid assays were performed and three TFs were reported, namely, SlDOF2, SlbHLH3 and SlWRKY2 from Dof, bHLH and WRKY families, respectively that interacted positively with the DPD gene of the costunolide biosynthetic pathway. The tissue specific relative gene expression studies also supported the linked co-expression of the gene and its interacting TFs The present report will improve the understanding of transcriptional regulation pattern of costunolide biosynthetic pathway.

Comparative transcriptomics reveals candidate transcription factors involved in costunolide biosynthesis in medicinal plant-Saussurea lappa.

Costunolides, an important sesquiterpene lactone (STL) isolated from Saussurea lappa, are the major pharmaceutical ingredient of various drug formulations. Identification of the genes and transcriptional regulation of costunolide biosynthesis pathway in S. lappa will propose alternatives for engineering enhanced metabolite biosynthesis in plant. Here, we aimed to unravel the transcription factors (TFs) regulating the costunolide biosynthesis. Comparative transcriptome analysis of root and leaf tissues and transcripts were annotated using various in silico tools. Putative transcription factors were identified using PlantTFDB and TF- gene co-expression network was generated followed by clustering using module based analysis to observe their coordinated behaviour. The module 1 was found to be significant based on its enrichment with major pathway genes. Further, promoter cloning determined the cis acting elements in costunolide synthase (SlCOS1) gene which catalyses the final key step of costunolide biosynthesis. Bioinformatics tools were employed to predict the cis regulatory elements, leading to the identification of MYB family of TFs as an interacting partner of SlCOS1 gene. The present study is the pioneer attempt for TF prediction and elucidation of their regulatory role in costunolide synthesis. This will help in future metabolic engineering of the pharmaceutically important STLs and their yield improvement.