Thermophilic co-digestion feasibility of distillers grains and swine manure: effect of C/N ratio and organic loading rate during high solid anaerobic digestion (HSAD).

Anaerobic co-digestion of high solids containing distillers grains and swine manure (total solids, 27 +/- 2% and 18 +/- 2%, respectively) was evaluated in this study to assess the effect of C/N ratio and organic loading rate (OLR). Feed mixture was balanced to achieve a C/N ratio of 30/1 by mixing distillers grains and swine manure. Pilot-scale co-digestion of distillers grains and swine manure was carried out under thermophilic conditions in the continuous mode for seven different OLRs from R1 to R7 (3.5, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 kg VS/m3 day) under high solid anaerobic digestion. The methane yield and volatile solid (VS) removal were consistent; ranging from 0.33 to 0.34 m3CH4/kg VS day and 50-53%, respectively, until OLR 8 kg VS/m3 day. After which methane yield and VS removal significantly decreased to 0.26 m3 CH4/kg VS day and 42%, respectively, when OLR was increased to 14 kg VS/m3 day. However, during operation, at OLR of 10 kg VS/m3 day, the methane yield and VS removal increased after the 19th day to 0.33 m3 CH4/kg VS day and 46%, respectively, indicating that a longer acclimatization period is required by methanogens at a higher loading rate.

Zooplankton diversity and physico-chemical conditions in three perennial ponds of Virudhunagar district, Tamilnadu.

Plankton diversity and physico-chemical parameters are an important criterion for evaluating the suitability of water for irrigation and drinking purposes. In this study we tried to assess the zooplankton species richness, diversity and evenness and to predict the state of three perennial ponds according to physico-chemical parameters. A total of 47 taxa were recorded: 24 rotifers, 9 copepods, 8 cladocerans, 4 ostracods and 2 protozoans. More number of zooplankton species were recorded in Chinnapperkovil pond (47 species) followed by Nallanchettipatti (39 species) and Kadabamkulam pond (24 species). Among the rotifers, Branchionus sp. is abundant. Diaphanosoma sp. predominant among the cladocerans. Among copepods, numerical superiority was found in the case of Mesocyclopes sp. Cypris sp. repeated abundance among ostracoda. Present study revealed that zooplankton species richness (R1 and R2) was comparatively higher (R1: 4.39; R2: 2.13) in Chinnapperkovil pond. The species diversity was higher in the Chinnapperkovil pond (H': 2.53; N1: 15.05; N2: 15.75) as compared to other ponds. The water samples were analyzed for temperature, pH, electrical conductivity alkalinity salinity, phosphate, hardness, dissolved oxygen and biological oxygen demand. Higher value of physico-chemical parameters and zooplankton diversity were recorded in Chinnapperkovil pond as compared to other ponds. The zooplankton population shows positive significant correlation with physico-chemical parameters like, temperature, alkalinity phosphate, hardness and biological oxygen demand, whereas negatively correlated with rainfall and salinity. The study revealed that the presence of certain species like, Monostyla sp., Keratella sp., Lapadella sp., Leydigia sp., Moinodaphnia sp., Diaptomus sp., Diaphanosoma sp., Mesocyclopes sp., Cypris sp. and Brachionus sp. is considered to be biological indicator for eutrophication.

t-3-Benzyl-r-2,c-6-bis-(4-methoxy-phen-yl)-piperidin-4-one.

In the title compound, C(26)H(27)NO(3), the piperidine ring adopts a chair conformation. The two methoxy-phenyl groups attached to the piperidine ring at positions 2 and 6 have equatorial orientations and make a dihedral angle of 87.33 (8)°. The benzyl group at position 3 has an equatorial orientation. The phenyl ring of the benzyl group makes dihedral angles of 75.60 (9) and 73.69 (9)° with the two benzene rings. Mol-ecules are linked by inter-molecular N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and by C-H⋯π inter-actions.

t-3-Benzyl-r-2,c-6-bis-(4-methoxy-phen-yl)piperidin-4-one oxime.

In the title mol-ecule, C(26)H(28)N(2)O(3), the piperidine ring adopts a chair conformation. The two methoxy-phenyl groups attached to the piperidine ring at positions 2 and 6 have equatorial orientations, and make a dihedral angle of 80.72 (15)°. The benzyl group at position 3 has an equatorial orientation. The oxime group at position 4 has a bi-sectional orientation. The ring of the benzyl group makes dihedral angles of 64.71 (16) and 84.79 (17)° with the two benzene rings. Mol-ecules are linked by inter-molecular N-H⋯O, O-H⋯N and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, and C-H⋯π inter-actions. There is also a C-H⋯O intra-molecular inter-action.

Variations of mitochondrial DNA sequence in three breeds of rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus).

Sequencing of the 300 bp region of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was done. Genetic analysis was carried out for the first time in three exotic breeds (Giant White, Soviet Chinchilla, and German Angora) of European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) to determine intra- and interspecific variability and to measure the genetic distance. The frequencies of types of mutations (transition, transversion, deletion, and insertion) were also determined. This study throws light on matrilineage of breeds that arise due to interbreed crosses and the genetic management of a stocked rabbit breeding population.

Trypsin inhibitor of Streptomyces griseus grown in a carbon nutrition medium.

Streptomyces griseus grown in beef extractpeptone medium produces trypsin inhibitors which are both peptide and protein in nature. When the strain was grown in carbon nutrition medium, only one trypsin inhibitor was obtained. Similar elution patterns of this inhibitor and the TI-3a inhibitor obtained from the beef extract-peptone medium on Sephadex G-15 and ion-exchange columns and also the RF values indicate that the inhibitors from both the sources are the same. So, TI-3a is not the breakdown product of the protein inhibitor of S. griseus.