In Silico and In Vitro Studies of Antibacterial Activity of Cow Urine Distillate (CUD).

Cow urine distillate (CUD) is a traditional Indian medicine used to treat various diseases, including bacterial infections. However, there is limited evidence to support its use as a medicine, and its safety and efficacy have not been thoroughly studied. In this study, we evaluated the antibacterial activity of CUD against five bacterial strains using in vitro and in silico approaches. In vitro experiments showed that CUD has significant antibacterial activity against all tested strains with a zone of inhibition (ZOI) ranging from 13 to 24 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 12.5 to 50 µg/ml. The results indicated that the 15% concentration of CUD displayed the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi. To further investigate the antibacterial mechanism of CUD, we performed in silico docking studies of the active compounds of CUD with bacterial proteins involved in protein synthesis. Our results showed that 2-hydroxycinnamic acid (ΔG = -6.9 kcal/mol) and ferulic acid (ΔG = -6.8 kcal/mol) exhibited the best docking scores with the targeted proteins (DNA gyrase, PDBID: 4KFG). The hydrogen bonding interaction with amino acids Val71 and Asp73 was found to be crucial for their antibacterial activity.

Synthesis, Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamic Simulation Studies, and Antitubercular Activity Evaluation of Substituted Benzimidazole Derivatives.

Tuberculosis, also known as TB, is a widespread bacterial infection that remains a significant global health issue. This study focuses on conducting a thorough investigation into the synthesis, evaluation of anti-Tb activity, molecular docking, and molecular dynamic simulation of substituted benzimidazole derivatives. A series of twelve substituted benzimidazole derivatives (1-12) were successfully synthesized, employing a scaffold consisting of electron-withdrawing and electron-donating groups. The newly synthesized compounds were defined by their FTIR, 1H NMR, and mass spectra. The microplate Alamar blue assay (MABA) was used to evaluate the antimycobacterial activity of the synthesized compound against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Compounds 7 (MIC = 0.8 g/mL) and 8 (MIC = 0.8 g/mL) demonstrated exceptional potential to inhibit M. tuberculosis compared to the standard drug (isoniazid). In addition, the synthesized compounds were docked with the Mtb KasA protein (PDB ID: 6P9K), and the results of molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation confirmed the experimental results, as compounds 7 and 8 exhibited the highest binding energy of -7.36 and -7.17 kcal/mol, respectively. The simulation results such as the RMSD value, RMSF value, radius of gyration, and hydrogen bond analysis illustrated the optimum potential of compounds 7 and 8 to inhibit the M. tuberculosis strain. Hydrogen bond analysis suggested that compound 7 has greater stability and affinity towards the KasA protein compared to compound 8. Moreover, both compounds (7 and 8) were safe for acute inhalation and cutaneous sensitization. These two compounds have the potential to be potent M. tuberculosis inhibitors.