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1.
Scand J Psychol ; 65(4): 747-757, 2024 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38581691

RESUMEN

Parental reflective functioning (PRF) is considered a key parental competence. Since most research on PRF has focused on infancy or the first years of life, there is a gap in our understanding of PRF among parents of older children. Therefore, we investigated PRF in mothers and fathers with preschool-aged children, examining associations between PRF, parent's romantic attachment, and observed parenting behavior. The sample comprised 50 mothers, 40 fathers, and their 5-year-old children. PRF was assessed using the parental reflective functioning questionnaire (PRFQ), parental romantic attachment was assessed using the experiences in close relationships scale-revised (ECR-R), and parenting behavior was assessed during a parent-child free-play interaction with the coding interactive behavior (CIB) coding system. Results showed that mothers scored higher on the interest and curiosity scale than fathers, indicating that mothers show a more active interest and curiosity in their child's mental states. Further, higher levels of attachment anxiety in fathers were associated with higher levels of pre-mentalizing modes. In mothers, higher levels of attachment avoidance were associated with lower levels of interest and curiosity. Finally, and unexpectedly, higher levels of interest and curiosity in mothers were associated with less sensitivity during free play. In summary, the study found meaningful associations between mothers' and fathers' romantic attachment and their PRF indicating a spill-over of their attachment strategies into their relationship with their child. Further, the study results suggest that very high levels of interest and curiosity in mothers reflect hypermentalizing.


Asunto(s)
Padre , Madres , Apego a Objetos , Responsabilidad Parental , Humanos , Femenino , Responsabilidad Parental/psicología , Masculino , Preescolar , Adulto , Madres/psicología , Padre/psicología , Relaciones Padres-Hijo
2.
Infant Ment Health J ; 45(2): 234-246, 2024 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38267094

RESUMEN

Improving parental sensitivity is an important objective of interventions to support families. This study examined reliability and validity of parental sensitivity ratings using a novel package of an e-learning tool and an interactive decision tree provided through a mobile application, called the OK! package. Independent raters assessed parental sensitivity using the OK! package (N = 11 raters) and the NICHD Parental Sensitivity rating scales (N = 22 raters) on the basis of videotaped mother-child interactions at 10- or 12-months-old (N = 294) and at 24-months-old (N = 204) from the Dutch longitudinal cohort study Generation2 . Mothers reported on children's externalizing and internalizing problems and social competence when children were 4 and 7 years old. Results showed excellent single interrater reliability for raters using the OK! package (mean ICC = .79), and strong evidence for convergent validity at 10- or 12-month-old (r = .57) and 24-month-old (r = .65). Prospective associations of neither parental sensitivity rated using the OK! package or the NICHD Parental Sensitivity rating scales with child developmental outcomes were statistically significant (p > .05), with overlapping 95% confidence intervals for both measures. The OK! package provides a promising direction for testing alternatives to current training and instruction modalities.


Mejorar la sensibilidad de progenitores es un objetivo importante de intervenciones para ayudar a las familias. Este estudio examinó la confiabilidad y validez de los puntajes de sensibilidad de progenitores usando un novedoso paquete de una herramienta de e-aprendizaje y un árbol interactivo de decisión, ofrecido a través de una aplicación móvil llamada ¡Paquete OK! Calificadores independientes evaluaron la sensibilidad de progenitores usando el ¡Paquete OK! (N = 11 calificadores) y las escalas de puntajes de Sensibilidad del Progenitor de NICHD (N = 22 calificadores) sobre la base de las interacciones madre-niño grabadas en video a los 10 o 12 meses de edad (N = 294) y a los 24 meses de edad (N = 204) del grupo holandés de estudio longitudinal Generación 2. Las madres reportaron sobre los problemas de externalización e internalización de los niños y la competencia social cuando los niños tenían 4 y 7 años. Los resultados muestran una excelente sola confiabilidad entre calificadores para los calificadores que usaron el ¡Paquete OK! (media ICC = .79), y una fuerte evidencia para la validez convergente a los 10 o 12 meses de edad (r = .57) y a los 24 meses de edad (r = .65). Las asociaciones probables, ni de la sensibilidad del progenitor evaluada usando el ¡Paquete OK! ni de las escalas de puntajes de Sensibilidad del Progenitor NICHD, con los resultados del desarrollo del niño, fueron estadísticamente significativas (p > .05), con intervalos de confiabilidad que coincidían 95% para ambas medidas. El ¡Paquete OK! Ofrece una prometedora directriz para examinar alternativas al entrenamiento y modalidades de instrucción actuales.


L'amélioration de la sensibilité parentale est un objectif important d'interventions pour soutenir les familles. Cette étude a examiné la fiabilité et la validité de la sensibilité parentale utilisant une nouvelle approche combinant un outil de formation en ligne et un arbre de décision interactif offert au travers d'une application mobile, appelée l'approche OK!. Des évaluateurs indépendants ont évalué la sensibilité parentale en utilisant l'approche OK! (N = 11 évaluateurs) et les échelles d'évaluation de le sensibilité parentale NICHD (N = 22 évaluateurs) sur la base d'interactions mère-enfant filmées à la vidéo à 10- ou 12 mois N = 294) et à 24 mois (N-204) de l'étude de cohorte longitudinale hollandaise Generation2. Les mères ont signalé les problèmes d'externalisation et d'internalisation des enfants et leur compétence sociale lorsque les enfants avaient 4 et 7 ans. Les résultats ont démontré une excellente fiabilité entre les évaluateurs pour les évaluateurs utilisant l'approche OK! (moyenne ICC = ,79(, et de fortes preuves d'une validité convergente à 10 ou 12 mois (r = ,57) et à 24 mois (r = ,65). Les associations prospectives d'aucune sensibilité parentale évaluée en utilisant l'approche OK! ou les échelles d'évaluation de la sensibilité parentale NICHD ave des résultats développementaux de l'enfant étaient statistiquement significatives (p . ,05) avec un chevauchement des intervalles de confiance de 95% pour les deux mesures. L'approche OK! offre une direction prometteuse d'alternatives des tests aux modalités de formation et d'instruction actuelles.


Asunto(s)
Madres , Padres , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Preescolar , Niño , Estudios Longitudinales , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Relaciones Madre-Hijo
3.
J Child Psychol Psychiatry ; 64(5): 839-843, 2023 05.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35916428

RESUMEN

Part of the appeal of attachment language is that it feels near to our everyday experience, as terms like 'attachment', 'security' or 'disorganisation' feel readily recognisable. Yet, not one of these terms is used by academic attachment researchers in line with ordinary language. This has hindered the evidence-based use of attachment in practice, the feedback loop from practice to research and the dialogue between attachment researchers in developmental psychology and in social psychology. This paper pinpoints the difficulties arising from the existence of multiple versions of 'attachment theory' that use exactly the same terms, held by communities that assume that they are referring to the same thing and with little infrastructure to help them discover otherwise. When we talk past one another, the different communities with a stake in knowledge of attachment are obstructed from genuinely learning from one another, drawing on their respective strengths and pursuing collaborations. One factor contributing to this situation has been the use of attachment terminology with technical meanings, but often without setting out clear definitions. We here introduce a guide to attachment terminology used by the academic community, which has recently been published on the website of the Society for Emotion and Attachment Studies. The guide is meant for researchers, clinicians and everyone concerned with attachment to increase understanding of the technical meaning of important terminology used by researchers, and support the quality of discussions between researchers, and between researchers and clinicians and other publics.


Asunto(s)
Apego a Objetos , Terminología como Asunto , Humanos , Psicología del Desarrollo , Psicología Social , Investigación Conductal
4.
Dev Psychopathol ; 35(3): 1296-1307, 2023 08.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34911592

RESUMEN

Childhood anxiety disorders (CAD) are a common childhood mental disorder and understanding early developmental pathways is key to prevention and early intervention. What is not understood is whether early life stress predictors of CAD might be both mediated by infant cortisol reactivity and moderated by infant attachment status. To address this question, this exploratory study draws on 190 women recruited in early pregnancy and followed together with their children until 4 years of age. Early life stress is operationalized as maternal depression measured using the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Parenting Stress Index, and antenatal maternal hair cortisol concentrations. Infant cortisol reactivity was measured at 12 months together with the Strange Situation Procedure and CAD assessed at 4 years of age using the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment. There was no direct association between attachment classification and CAD. Furthermore, infant cortisol reactivity neither mediated nor attachment moderated the association of early life stress predictors and CAD. However, only for infants with organized attachment classifications, higher maternal antenatal depression, and hair cortisol were associated with a higher risk of CAD.


Asunto(s)
Depresión , Hidrocortisona , Lactante , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Embarazo , Preescolar , Depresión/metabolismo , Hidrocortisona/metabolismo , Estrés Psicológico/complicaciones , Trastornos de Ansiedad , Responsabilidad Parental
5.
J Intellect Disabil ; : 17446295231210021, 2023 Oct 25.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37878741

RESUMEN

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many people with intellectual disabilities living in care facilities could not receive visitors. Health authorities suggested the use of digital social contact as an alternative for in-person visits. We examined how people with intellectual disabilities living in care facilities experienced the use of digital social contact with their informal social network throughout 2020. Residents, their relatives, volunteer visitors, direct support staff, and care facility managers (N = 283) completed an online questionnaire, of whom 35 participated in an interview. Video calling and in-person visits were among the most common forms of staying in touch. Experiences with digital social contact depended on residents' abilities and support needs, and on preconditions, such as staff availability. The first phases of the pandemic led to experiences of possibilities and benefits of using digital social contact as complementary to in-person contact for people with different levels of intellectual disability, also after the pandemic.

6.
Arch Womens Ment Health ; 25(1): 215-225, 2022 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34734355

RESUMEN

Understanding if maternal depression is a predictor of infant-parent attachment classification is important to furthering knowledge about the early pathways and predictors of socio-emotional development. Yet few studies that have utilised the Strange Situation Procedure, the gold standard for measurement of infant-parent attachment, have examined antenatal depression as a predictor of attachment, and none has also included a measure of maternal trauma. This study uses data on 224 women recruited in early pregnancy and followed up until 12 months postpartum. Maternal depression was measured in pregnancy using the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM and repeat Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale as well as Stressful Life Events scale across pregnancy and postpartum including items on domestic violence. A past history of trauma was measured using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Attachment was measured using the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) at 12 months postpartum. We found that maternal depression was not associated with insecure or disorganized attachment. However, a maternal history of childhood trauma and current domestic violence both predicted insecure-avoidant attachment at 12 months, whereas increased number of stressful life events prior to conception and in pregnancy was associated with insecure-resistant attachment. Neither trauma, past or current, nor depression predicted disorganized attachment. In the first study to have included measures of antenatal depression, maternal childhood trauma, and current stressful events as predictors of infant attachment measured using the SSP, we found maternal experiences of past and current trauma but not depression were significant predictors of infant-parent attachment security.


Asunto(s)
Depresión Posparto , Trastorno Depresivo , Depresión/diagnóstico , Depresión/psicología , Depresión Posparto/diagnóstico , Depresión Posparto/epidemiología , Depresión Posparto/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Relaciones Madre-Hijo/psicología , Madres/psicología , Apego a Objetos , Padres , Embarazo
7.
Aust N Z J Psychiatry ; 56(8): 1006-1016, 2022 08.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34839719

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: Understanding the relationship between attachment and mental health has an important role in informing management of perinatal mental disorders and for infant mental health. It has been suggested that experiences of attachment are transmitted from one generation to the next. Maternal sensitivity has been proposed as a mediator, although findings have not been as strong as hypothesised. A meta-analysis suggested that this intergenerational transmission of attachment may vary across populations with lower concordance between parent and infant attachment classifications in clinical compared to community samples. However, no previous study has examined major depression and adult attachment in pregnancy as predictors of infant-parent attachment classification at 12 months postpartum. METHODS: Data were obtained on 52 first-time mothers recruited in early pregnancy, which included 22 women who met diagnostic criteria for current major depression using the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The Adult Attachment Interview was also administered before 20 weeks of pregnancy. A history of early trauma was measured using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and maternal sensitivity was measured at 6 months postpartum using the observational measure of the Emotional Availability Scales. Infant-parent attachment was measured using the Strange Situation Procedure at 12 months. RESULTS: Overall, we found no significant association between the Adult Attachment Interview and the Strange Situation Procedure classifications. However, a combination of maternal non-autonomous attachment on the Adult Attachment Interview and major depression was a significant predictor of insecure attachment on the Strange Situation Procedure. We did not find that maternal sensitivity mediated parental and infant attachment security in this sample. CONCLUSION: While previous meta-analyses identified lower concordance in clinical samples, our findings suggest women with major depression and non-autonomous attachment have a greater concordance with insecure attachment on the Strange Situation Procedure. These findings can guide future research and suggest a focus on depression in pregnancy may be important for subsequent infant attachment.


Asunto(s)
Depresión Posparto , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor , Adulto , Estudios de Cohortes , Depresión , Depresión Posparto/diagnóstico , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Relaciones Madre-Hijo/psicología , Apego a Objetos , Embarazo
8.
Attach Hum Dev ; 24(2): 115-132, 2022 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33346693

RESUMEN

Parental Embodied Mentalizing (PEM) captures the parent's capacity to extrapolate the child's mental states from movement and respond on a nonverbal level. Little is known about PEM's relation to other established measures of parent-child interactive behavior, such as maternal sensitivity and attachment. This is investigated in a sample of four months old infants and mothers with (n = 27) and without a diagnosis of postpartum depression (n = 44). Video-recorded infant-mother interactions were coded independently using PEM and Coding Interactive Behavior. Attachment was assessed at 13 months using the Strange Situation Procedure. Sensitivity and PEM was positively associated, but only sensitivity predicted attachment security and only the nonclinical group. This indicates that PEM and sensitivity are moderately related as well as capturing different aspects of infant-mother interactions. The study confirms previous findings of sensitivity predicting attachment in nonclinical groups. More research is required to further understand predictors of attachment in clinical samples.


Asunto(s)
Depresión Posparto , Mentalización , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Conducta Materna , Relaciones Madre-Hijo , Madres , Apego a Objetos
9.
J Appl Res Intellect Disabil ; 35(1): 60-74, 2022 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34245077

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: During the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, many people with disabilities living in home care facilities could not receive visitors. The use of virtual social contact has been recommended by health authorities. This systematic review examined the scientific evidence of the use and feasibility of information and communication technology (ICT) for social contact by people with intellectual disabilities living in care facilities, and potential effects on well-being. METHODS: Five databases were searched using traditional systematic screening and machine-learning supported screening. Findings are presented in a narrative synthesis using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Nine studies were included. We described three themes: means of ICT used for social contact; effects on well-being; and benefits, barriers, and preconditions. CONCLUSIONS: Engaging in virtual social contact may be feasible for people with severe to mild intellectual disabilities, but there is little concrete evidence that this can be used as an alternative for in-person contact.


Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Discapacidad Intelectual , Estudios de Factibilidad , Humanos , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2
10.
Scand J Psychol ; 62(3): 374-385, 2021 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33719054

RESUMEN

Empirical evidence links sensitive parenting behavior to positive developmental trajectories in children, whereas parental intrusiveness, in contrast, has been found to increase the risk of socio-emotional problems in children of various ages. However, most studies investigating the effect of parenting behavior have been conducted with mothers. Thus, little is yet known about fathers' role in child development and if mothers' and fathers' parenting behaviors are linked to child socio-emotional outcomes in similar or different ways. To date, findings are ambiguous, and this is why more studies are needed. The present study examined associations between mothers' and fathers' observed sensitivity and intrusiveness and children's internalizing and externalizing problems as reported by parents and by children themselves. The sample compromised 52 mothers, 41 fathers and their preschool children. Results from hierarchical regression analyses showed a negative association between fathers' intrusiveness, at low levels, and children's internalizing problems. This result was unexpected. However, in line with this finding, a number of recent studies suggest that when fathers challenge and push their children's limits, it buffers against emotional problems such as anxiety. The present study highlights the importance of a continuous investigation into fathers' potentially unique contribution to children's socio-emotional development. No other associations were identified between mothers' and fathers' parenting behaviors and children's internalizing and externalizing problems. Most likely, because this study was conducted with a low-risk sample, where children were in general well-functioning.


Asunto(s)
Trastornos de la Conducta Infantil , Padre , Responsabilidad Parental , Preescolar , Emociones , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Madres , Padres
11.
Attach Hum Dev ; 22(1): 66-70, 2020 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30898035

RESUMEN

This commentary argues for the need to revisit the foundations of attachment theory and its tradition of formulating testable mechanistic models of relationship development and change. Modeling and simulation may be useful to test novel theoretical propositions, such as the one stating that pleasure in parenting may be a determinant of secure father-infant attachment relationships (Brown & Cox, this issue). We discuss this proposition's plausibility, by relating parenting pleasure to the temporal patterning of parenting, a neglected property in parent-child interaction. Simulation work may not only offer first test runs of novel hypotheses, but may also guide empirical researchers to the most likely time-scale on which such hypotheses should be tested.


Asunto(s)
Modelos Psicológicos , Apego a Objetos , Relaciones Padres-Hijo , Responsabilidad Parental/psicología , Padres/psicología , Relaciones Padre-Hijo , Padre/psicología , Humanos , Lactante
12.
Attach Hum Dev ; 22(6): 705-726, 2020 12.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31726954

RESUMEN

Postpartum depression is related to inadequately sensitive caregiving, putting infants at risk for insecure attachment. Therefore, promoting sensitive maternal caregiving and secure child attachment is particularly important in postpartum depressed mothers and their infants. In this randomized-controlled-trial, we evaluated the efficacy of the Circle of Security-Intensive (COS-I)-intervention in supporting maternal sensitivity and mother-infant-attachment compared to treatment-as-usual (TAU) with unresolved-maternal attachment as a moderator of treatment effect. Eligible mothers with infants (N=72) 4-9 months-old were randomly assigned to treatment (n=36 dyads). Infant attachment was rated at follow-up (child age 16-18 months) (Strange-Situation-procedure). Maternal sensitivity was measured at baseline and follow-up (Mini-Maternal-Behavior-Q-sort). Maternal-unresolved-attachment was assessed at baseline (Adult-Attachment-Interview). We found no significant differences between treatments in infant attachment nor changes in mothers' sensitivity. However, in COS-I, unresolved-mothers exhibited significantly more change in sensitivity than non-unresolved-mothers, whereas in TAU, the opposite was true. These findings may help to optimize clinical use of COS-I.


Asunto(s)
Depresión Posparto/terapia , Conducta Materna/psicología , Relaciones Madre-Hijo/psicología , Madres/psicología , Apego a Objetos , Psicoterapia/métodos , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino
13.
Infant Ment Health J ; 41(4): 477-494, 2020 07.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32057136

RESUMEN

Maternal postpartum depression (PPD) is a risk for disruption of mother-infant interaction. Infants of depressed mothers have been found to display less positive, more negative, and neutral affect. Other studies have found that infants of mothers with PPD inhibit both positive and negative affect. In a sample of 28 infants of mothers with PPD and 52 infants of nonclinical mothers, we examined the role of PPD diagnosis and symptoms for infants' emotional variability, measured as facial expressions, vocal protest, and gaze using microanalysis, during a mother-infant face-to-face interaction. PPD symptoms and diagnosis were associated with (a) infants displaying fewer high negative, but more neutral/interest facial affect events, and (b) fewer gaze off events.  PPD diagnosis, but not symptoms, was associated with less infant vocal protest. Total duration of seconds of infant facial affective displays and gaze off was not related to PPD diagnosis or symptoms, suggesting that when infants of depressed mothers display high negative facial affect or gaze off, these expressions are more sustained, indicating lower infant ability to calm down and re-engage, interpreted as a disturbance in self-regulation. The findings highlight the importance of not only examining durations, but also frequencies, as the latter may inform infant emotional variability.


La depresión maternal posterior al parto (PPD) representa un riesgo para la alteración en la interacción madre-infante. Se ha encontrado que los infantes de madres depresivas muestran un afecto menos positivo, más negativo y neutral. Otros estudios han concluido con que los infantes de madres con PPD inhiben tanto el afecto positivo como el negativo. En un grupo muestra de 28 infantes de madres con PPD y 52 infantes de un grupo de madres no clínico, examinamos el papel de la diagnosis y síntomas de PPD en la variabilidad emocional de los infantes, medida como expresiones faciales, protesta verbal y mirada, usando microanálisis, durante una interacción cara a cara entre madre e infante. Se asociaron los síntomas y la diagnosis de PPD con 1) los infantes mostrando momentos afectuosos faciales menos negativos altos, pero más neutrales/de interés, y 2) menos momentos de miradas hacia otro lado. Se asoció la diagnosis de PPD, aunque no así los síntomas, con menos protesta verbal del infante. La duración total de segundos de las muestras afectivas faciales y las miradas hacia otro lado por parte del infante no estuvo relacionada con la diagnosis o síntomas de PPD, lo cual sugiere que cuando los infantes de madres depresivas muestran afectos faciales negativos altos o miradas hacia otro lado, estas expresiones son más sostenidas, indicando así la más baja habilidad del infante de calmarse y volver a establecer contacto, interpretado esto como una disrupción en la auto-regulación. Los resultados subrayan la importancia no sólo de examinar las duraciones sino también las frecuencias, ya que estas últimas pudieran informar sobre la variabilidad emocional del infante.


La dépression postpartum maternelle (abrégé ici dans le texte DPM) pose un risque de bouleversement de l'interaction mère-bébé. Les recherches ont montré que les bébés de mères déprimées font preuve d'un affect moins positif, plus négatif, et neutre. D'autres études ont prouvé que les bébés de mères avec DPM inhibent à la fois l'affect positif et négatif. Chez un échantillon de 28 bébés de mères avec DPM et 52 bébés de mères non-cliniques, nous avons examiné le rôle du diagnostic de la DPM et les symptômes de la variabilité émotionnelle des bébés, mesurés par les expressions faciales, la réaction vocale, et le regard en utilisant une microanalyse, durant une interaction de face-à-face mère-bébé. Les symptômes de la DPM et le diagnostic ont été liés 1) aux bébés faisant preuve de moins d'instances d'affect facial hautement négatifs mais de plus de neutre/intéressé, et 2) à moins d'instances de regard se perdant. Le diagnostic de DPM, mais non les symptômes, était lié à réaction vocale de protestation du bébé. La durée totale de secondes de démonstration affectives faciales du bébé et du regard se perdant n'était pas liée au diagnostic ou aux symptômes de DPM, suggérant que quand les bébés de mères déprimées font preuve d'un affect très fortement négatif ou d'un regard se perdant, ces expressions sont plus soutenues, indiquant une moindre capacité du bébé à se calmer et à se réengager, interprété comme une perturbation de l'auto-régulation. Les résultats mettent en lumière l'importance qu'il y a à non seulement examiner les durées mais aussi les fréquences, puisque ces dernières peuvent informer la variabilité émotionnelle du bébé.


Asunto(s)
Depresión Posparto/psicología , Emociones/fisiología , Expresión Facial , Relaciones Madre-Hijo/psicología , Madres/psicología , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Factores de Riesgo
15.
Attach Hum Dev ; 19(6): 534-558, 2017 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28745146

RESUMEN

Disorganized/Disoriented (D) attachment has seen widespread interest from policy makers, practitioners, and clinicians in recent years. However, some of this interest seems to have been based on some false assumptions that (1) attachment measures can be used as definitive assessments of the individual in forensic/child protection settings and that disorganized attachment (2) reliably indicates child maltreatment, (3) is a strong predictor of pathology, and (4) represents a fixed or static "trait" of the child, impervious to development or help. This paper summarizes the evidence showing that these four assumptions are false and misleading. The paper reviews what is known about disorganized infant attachment and clarifies the implications of the classification for clinical and welfare practice with children. In particular, the difference between disorganized attachment and attachment disorder is examined, and a strong case is made for the value of attachment theory for supportive work with families and for the development and evaluation of evidence-based caregiving interventions.


Asunto(s)
Apego a Objetos , Personal Administrativo , Conducta , Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Cuidado del Niño/psicología , Protección a la Infancia/psicología , Preescolar , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Trastorno de Vinculación Reactiva/psicología
16.
Scand J Psychol ; 57(6): 571-583, 2016 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27611177

RESUMEN

This study examined early and long-term effects of maternal postpartum depression on cognitive, language, and motor development in infants of clinically depressed mothers. Participants were 83 mothers and their full-term born children from the urban region of Copenhagen, Denmark. Of this group, 28 mothers were diagnosed with postnatal depression three to four months postpartum in a diagnostic interview. Cognitive, language, and motor development was assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development third edition, when the infants were 4 and 13 months of age. We found that maternal postpartum depression was associated with poorer cognitive development at infant age four months, the effect size being large (Cohen's d = 0.8) and with similar effects for boys and girls. At 13 months of age infants of clinical mothers did not differ from infants of non-clinical mothers. At this time most (79%) of the clinical mothers were no longer, or not again, depressed. These results may indicate that maternal depression can have an acute, concurrent effect on infant cognitive development as early as at four months postpartum. At the same time, in the absence of other risk factors, this effect may not be enduring. The main weaknesses of the study include the relatively small sample size and that depression scores were only available for 35 of the non-clinical mothers at 13 months.


Asunto(s)
Desarrollo Infantil , Cognición , Depresión Posparto , Relaciones Madre-Hijo , Dinamarca , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Lenguaje , Masculino , Tiempo
17.
J Appl Res Intellect Disabil ; 29(1): 83-92, 2016 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25779085

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Children without disabilities in out-of-home care have a higher risk of child sexual abuse [CSA (Euser et al. 2013)]. In this study, we examined the year prevalence of CSA in out-of-home care for children with a mild intellectual disability, and compared it with the prevalence in out-of-home care for non-disabled children and children in the general population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Professionals (N = 104) from out-of-home care facilities reported cases of CSA that occurred in 2010 for the children they worked with (N = 1650). RESULTS: In out-of-home care for children with a mild intellectual disability, 9.8 per 1000 children were victims of CSA. This prevalence was significantly higher than in regular out-of-home care and in the general population. CONCLUSION: Children with a mild intellectual disability in out-of-home care have an increased risk of CSA. Adequate education and support for both children and caregivers is necessary to recognize and prevent further sexual abuse.


Asunto(s)
Abuso Sexual Infantil/estadística & datos numéricos , Niños con Discapacidad , Discapacidad Intelectual , Adolescente , Cuidadores , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo
18.
J Pediatr ; 166(1): 91-6, 2015 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25443999

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To examine bidirectional associations between a child's fussy eating behavior and functional constipation. STUDY DESIGN: Participants were 4823 children enrolled in a prospective cohort study from pregnancy onward. We assessed fussy eating at age 4 years with the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire, and assessed functional constipation using ROME II and III criteria with parental questionnaires at age 2, 3, 4, and 6 years. RESULTS: Higher food fussiness at age 4 years was associated with a greater risk of functional constipation at both 4 years (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.20-1.42; P < .001 per 1 SD increase) and 6 years (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.03-1.23; P < .05 per 1 SD increase). The converse was also observed; previous constipation predicted a greater risk of being a fussy eater at age 4 years (constipation at 2 years: OR, 2.05; 95% CI 1.43-2.94; P < .001; constipation at 3 years: OR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.26-2.35, P < .001). Path analyses confirmed that the association between fussy eating and functional constipation was indeed bidirectional, showing that functional constipation at age 3 years predicted fussy eater classification at age 4 years (ß = 0.06; P < .001), which in turn predicted functional constipation at age 6 years (ß = 0.08: P < .001) independent of each other. CONCLUSION: A vicious cycle might develop in which children with functional constipation develop unhealthy eating behavior, which in turn increases the risk of functional gastrointestinal disease.


Asunto(s)
Conducta Infantil , Estreñimiento/fisiopatología , Conducta Alimentaria , Preferencias Alimentarias , Conducta Infantil/fisiología , Preescolar , Estudios de Cohortes , Conducta Alimentaria/fisiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Países Bajos , Estudios Prospectivos , Medición de Riesgo , Encuestas y Cuestionarios
19.
Br J Nutr ; 113(3): 383-402, 2015 Feb 14.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25622044

RESUMEN

High protein intake in early childhood is associated with obesity, suggesting possible adverse effects on other cardiometabolic outcomes. However, studies in adults have suggested beneficial effects of protein intake on blood pressure (BP) and lipid profile. Whether dietary protein intake is associated with cardiovascular and metabolic health in children is unclear. Therefore, we aimed to systematically review the evidence on the associations of protein intake with BP, insulin sensitivity and blood lipids in children. We searched the databases Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central and PubMed for interventional and observational studies in healthy children up to the age of 18 years, in which associations of total, animal and/or vegetable protein intake with one or more of the following outcomes were reported: BP; measures of insulin sensitivity; cholesterol levels; or TAG levels. In the search, we identified 6636 abstracts, of which fifty-six studies met all selection criteria. In general, the quality of the included studies was low. Most studies were cross-sectional, and many did not control for potential confounders. No overall associations were observed between protein intake and insulin sensitivity or blood lipids. A few studies suggested an inverse association between dietary protein intake and BP, but evidence was inconclusive. Only four studies examined the effects of vegetable or animal protein intake, but with inconsistent results. In conclusion, the literature, to date provides insufficient evidence for effects of protein intake on BP, insulin sensitivity or blood lipids in children. Future studies could be improved by adequately adjusting for key confounders such as energy intake and obesity.


Asunto(s)
Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Proteínas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Resistencia a la Insulina/fisiología , Lípidos/sangre , Adolescente , Animales , Niño , Preescolar , Colesterol/sangre , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , MEDLINE , Masculino , Triglicéridos/sangre , Verduras
20.
Int J Eat Disord ; 48(6): 570-9, 2015 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25644130

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: This cohort study describes the prevalence of picky eating and examines prognostic factors for picky eating trajectories during childhood. METHODS: 4,018 participants of a population-based cohort with measurements from pregnancy onwards were included. Picky eating was assessed by maternal report when children were 1.5, 3, and 6 years old. The associations of child and family characteristics with trajectories of picky eating were examined using logistic regression. Never picky eaters were used as the reference group. RESULTS: Prevalence of picky eating was 26.5% at 1.5 years of age, 27.6% at the age of 3 and declined to 13.2% at 6 years. Four main picky eating trajectories were defined: (1) never picky eating at all three assessments (55% of children), (2) remitting (0-4 years, 32%), (3) late-onset (6 years only, 4%), and (4) persistent (all ages, 4%). This implies that almost two thirds of the early picky eaters remitted within 3 years. Male sex, lower birth weight, non-Western maternal ethnicity, and low parental income predicted persistent picky eating. More often late-onset picky eaters were children of parents with low income and non-Western ethnicity. DISCUSSION: We found that nearly half (46%) of children were picky eaters at some point during early childhood. Remittance was very high. This suggests that picky eating is usually a transient behavior and part of normal development in preschool children. However, a substantial group of persistent picky eaters, often from a socially disadvantaged background, continues to have problems beyond the preschool age.


Asunto(s)
Conducta Alimentaria/psicología , Preferencias Alimentarias/psicología , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Prevalencia
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