Phenotypes of inflammatory bowel disease in the Maori population of New Zealand.

BACKGROUND: Maori have historically seen a lower rate of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) compared to New Zealand's non-Maori population. Recent reports have shown an increasing rate of IBD among Maori patients. AIM: We performed a study to identify the phenotypes of IBD in the Maori population. METHODS: Patients with IBD of Maori ethnicity were retrospectively identified from four large regions of New Zealand. Electronic records were reviewed to collect details of patients' demographics, phenotypes and clinical features. RESULTS: We identified 165 Maori patients with IBD, of whom 74 (45.4%) had Crohn disease (CD), 86 (53.5%) had ulcerative colitis (UC) and 5 (3.0%) had IBD-unclassified (IBD-U). There were more female (61.8%) patients compared to male (38.2%). This was attributed to the higher ratio of female patients with CD over male (73.9% vs 26.1%), whereas sex was evenly distributed in UC (female 52.2%, male 48.8%). Ileocolonic CD was most frequently seen (36.2%), and the majority had non-stricturing disease (62.3%) with the absence of perianal involvement (78.2%). Bimodal age peaks were observed, with a first peak at 25-29 years and a second peak at 45-49 years. There was a five-fold increase in the incidence of IBD in Maori over 20 years. CONCLUSIONS: We present the largest study describing IBD in Maori. IBD phenotypes in Maori were similar to previous regional IBD reports, but there was a significantly higher proportion of female patients with CD in Maori and an earlier second age peak at 45-49 years. Increasing incidence of IBD in Maori has again been demonstrated.

Corneal perforation due to vitamin A deficiency in a patient with short bowel syndrome.

A 55-year-old Caucasian woman presented with a 1-week history of left eye redness and blurred vision. Her medical history included previous small bowel resection and ileostomy for ischaemic bowel. Ophthalmic examination revealed a left corneal ulcer requiring hospital admission for intensive topical antibiotics. Overnight she became systemically unwell and was diagnosed with urinary tract infection requiring intravenous antibiotics. Her corneal condition deteriorated resulting in corneal perforation, which required a surgical gluing procedure. Despite surgery, the cornea perforated on two further occasions. At this stage, vitamin A deficiency (VAD) was suspected, due to the corneal melting response that was occurring. VAD was subsequently confirmed by serology and had occurred in this case due to malabsorption as a result of short bowel syndrome caused by previous small bowel surgery. The patient was treated with intramuscular vitamin A and eventually made a good visual and systemic recovery.

The mechanisms associated with reflux episodes in ambulant subjects with gastro-esophageal reflux disease.

BACKGROUND: The mechanisms associated with gastro-esophageal reflux (GER) episodes were studied using combined High-resolution Impedance Manometry (HRIM) and pH monitoring in ambulant subjects with different patterns of GERD. METHODS: Sixteen subjects with mild-moderate esophagitis (Los Angeles (LA) grade A&B) (group A) and 11 subjects with severe esophagitis (LA grade C&D) or Barrett's esophagus (BE) were studied before and after a meal, resting, while walking, and during standardized exercise, using a HRIM and a pH probe. KEY RESULTS: Post-prandial acid GER episodes were more common in group B (median 10 range (3-18) vs A (6.5 (0-18), p = 0.048). Postprandial acid clearance time was much longer in group B (median 0.71( 0.07-2.66 min) vs A (0.17 (0.04-2.44 min), p = 0.02). Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation (TLESR) was the most frequent mechanism associated with GER episodes in both groups. Post-prandial TLESRs with GER were more common in group B (median 17 (9-24) vs A 13.5 (7-34), p = 0.014), particularly during exercise (B 8 (6-9) vs A 6 (5-6.8), p = 0.007). Post-prandially TLESR with acid reflux increased during exercise in both groups (A rest median 2.4 (0-6.4) per hour vs exercise 4.7 (0-17.3), p = 0.005 and B 4 (0.8-9.6) vs 5.3 (2.7-13.3) per hour, p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES: TLESR was the most common mechanism associated with reflux episodes in all subjects. Acid reflux episodes were more common in subjects with severe esophagitis or BE and esophageal acid clearance was much slower. Post-prandial exercise increased TLESR with acid reflux and GERD patients should be encouraged to avoid exercise immediately after a meal.

The association between low birth weight, childhood recollections of parental response to illness, and irritable bowel syndrome: a twin study.

BACKGROUND: The aetiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is multifactorial, including genetic and environmental factors. Previous studies have suggested that low birth weight and family environment during childhood are associated with developing IBS. METHODS: A survey was sent to all individuals in a UK twin registry. Questions included IBS diagnosed by the Rome IV criteria and if a doctor had previously diagnosed them with IBS. Subjects were categorized as having IBS by Rome IV criteria, a medical diagnosis of IBS or no IBS. Further questions included subjects' recollections of their parents' responses to illness in both the respondent as a child and in the parents themselves. Information regarding birth weight and gestational age have been collected previously. KEY RESULTS: 4258 subjects responded to the questionnaire (51.7%), mean age of 52 (SD 14) years, of whom 98.5% were white and 89.6% female. The mean birth weight was 2.4  (0.6) kg. 5.1% satisfied the Rome IV IBS criteria, the same prevalence as the UK population. However, 14.1% had a previous medical diagnosis of IBS. There was no association found between birth weight and IBS or a medical diagnosis of IBS. On multivariable regression analysis, including parental responses to illness, subjects recalling a parent responding to the parent's bowel symptoms by excusing themselves from household chores were associated with a Rome IV diagnosis of IBS (OR 2.19 (95% CI 1.17-4.10), P = .013). CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES: There was no association between birth weight and IBS. However, observing their parents excuse themselves from household chores when they had bowel symptoms was associated with IBS in later life.

Managing a patient with globus pharyngeus.

A woman aged 47 years reported the feeling of a lump in her throat for the past year. The sensation was present intermittently and usually improved when she ate. She noted it was worse with dry swallows when she felt like a tablet was stuck in her throat. The sensation had become more persistent in recent weeks leading her to worry that she had cancer. She had no cough, sore throat or hoarseness. There were no precipitating factors and no symptoms of weight loss, dysphagia, odynophagia or change in her voice. She had smoked previously and rarely had heartburn. She had no other anxieties and was not under any unusual stress. She was initially assessed by an ear, nose and throat surgeon, who found no abnormalities on examination of her neck, throat and oral cavity. Nasolaryngoscopy was normal. An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was organised and reported a hiatus hernia, but a 3-month trial of a proton pump inhibitor did not have any impact on her symptoms. The benign nature of her symptoms was discussed at her gastroenterology follow-up appointment. She was discharged back to primary care with a final diagnosis of 'globus'. A trial of speech therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy or amitriptyline would be recommended if her symptoms became more troublesome in future.