Respiratory sarcopenia screening in dialysis patients: cross-sectional and multicentre study protocol.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory sarcopenia is characterized by the weakness of respiratory muscles associated with sarcopenia due to aging or systemic diseases such as chronic kidney disease (CKD). Patients with CKD undergoing dialysis are particularly susceptible to respiratory muscle weakness caused by factors such as fluid overload and electrolyte imbalance. This weakness not only affects ventilation but also impairs oxygen uptake and delivery to muscle tissue, potentially leading to severe sarcopenia. Thus, the objective of this study is to conduct a respiratory sarcopenia screening in patients with CKD undergoing haemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD). METHODS: This is an observational, cross-sectional and multicentre study conducted between March 2023 and March 2025. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee at two centres. Sarcopenia diagnosis is determined based on low handgrip strength and amount of appendicular skeletal muscle mass, assessed through bioelectrical impedance analysis. Respiratory sarcopenia is diagnosed in patients with sarcopenia who have low inspiratory muscle strength, evaluated through a manovacuometry test. The severity of sarcopenia and respiratory sarcopenia is defined, respectively, by low physical performance (measured using the Short Physical Performance Battery and Timed-Up and Go test) and pulmonary performance (measured through spirometry). Thus, this study will include 81 patients undergoing dialysis (41 on HD and 40 on PD) from three participating centres. DISCUSSION: The literature has been focused on respiratory function in CKD; however, the relationship with sarcopenia remains understudied. We believe that, similar to appendicular skeleton muscles, the axial skeleton muscles are also likely to weaken with the presence of chronic disease, such as CKD.

Association between severe periodontitis and chronic kidney disease severity in predialytic patients: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the association between periodontitis and different severities of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in predialytic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Demographic, socioeconomic, and medical data of 139 patients from the nephrology service of one university hospital in Porto Alegre, Brazil, were obtained through interview and clinical records. Full-mouth six-sites per tooth periodontal examinations were performed. Associations between periodontitis, stages of CKD, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were estimated by multivariable models adjusted for sex, smoking, vitamin D supplementation, physical activity, and renal treatment duration. CKD was classified based on eGFR (<60 ml/min/1.73 m2 ) estimated by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation. RESULTS: Patients with severe periodontitis, compared to those without severe periodontitis, had 2.8 (95% CI: 1.25-6.62) and 3.4 (95% CI: 1.27-9.09) times higher risk of being in stages 4 and 5 of CKD, respectively. Having ≥ 2 teeth with clinical attachment loss (CAL) ≥6 mm increased 3.9 times the risk of being in stage 5 of CKD. Patients with severe periodontitis and ≥2 teeth with CAL ≥ 6 mm had 4.4 ml/min/1.732 and 5.2 ml/min/1.732 lower eGFR (p-values < .05), respectively. CONCLUSION: Severe periodontitis was associated with poor renal conditions in predialytic CKD patients, strengthening the importance of periodontal evaluation in such patient population.

Dialysis for end stage renal disease financed through the Brazilian National Health System, 2000 to 2012.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease has become a public health problem worldwide. Its terminal stage requires renal replacement therapy--dialysis or transplantation--for the maintenance of life, resulting in high economic and social costs. Though the number of patients with end-stage renal disease treated by dialysis in Brazil is among the highest in the world, current estimates of incidence and prevalence are imprecise. Our aim is to describe incidence and prevalence trends and the epidemiologic profile of end-stage renal disease patients receiving publically-financed dialysis in Brazil between 2000 and 2012. METHODS: We internally linked records of the High Complexity Procedure Authorization/Renal Replacement Therapy (APAC/TRS) system so as to permit analyses of incidence and prevalence of dialysis over the period 2000-2012. We characterized temporal variations in the incidence and prevalence using Joinpoint regression. RESULTS: Over the period, 280,667 patients received publically-financed dialysis, 57.2% of these being male. The underlying disease causes listed were hypertension (20.8%), diabetes (12.0%) and glomerulonephritis (7.7%); for 42.3%, no specific cause was recorded. Hemodialysis was the therapeutic modality in 90.1%. Over this period, prevalence increased 47%, rising 3.6% (95% CI 3.2%-4.0%)/year. Incidence increased 20%, or 1.8% (1.1%-2.5%)/year. Incidence increased in both sexes, in all regions of the country and particularly in older age groups. CONCLUSIONS: Incidence and prevalence of end-stage renal disease receiving publically-financed dialysis treatment has increased notably. The linkage approach developed will permit continuous future monitoring of these indicators.

Brazilian Dialysis Survey 2021.

INTRODUCTION: The Brazilian Dialysis Survey (BDS) is an important source of national data about people on chronic dialysis that contributes to the formulation of health policies regarding kidney failure. OBJECTIVE: To report the 2021 epidemiological data from the BDS of the Brazilian Society of Nephrology (BSN). METHODS: A survey was carried out in Brazilian chronic dialysis centers using an online questionnaire covering clinical and epidemiological aspects of patients in chronic dialysis, data on dialysis therapy, characteristics of dialysis centers, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic of 2021. RESULTS: Thirty percent (n = 252) of the centers answered the questionnaire. In July 2021, the estimated total number of patients on dialysis was 148,363. The estimated prevalence and incidence rates of patients per million population (pmp) were 696 and 224, respectively. Of the prevalent patients, 94.2% were on hemodialysis (HD) (1.8% of these on hemodiafiltration), and 5.8% on peritoneal dialysis (PD); 21% were on the transplant waiting list. The incidence rate of confirmed COVID-19 between January and July 2021 was 1,236/10,000 dialysis patients, and the case-fatality rate reached 25.5%. Up to July 2021, 88.6% of patients had received at least one dose of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The estimated overall and COVID-19 crude annual mortality rates were 22.3% and 5.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The absolute number and the prevalence rate of patients on chronic dialysis continue to increase. Most dialysis patients were vaccinated against COVID-19 during the year. The COVID-19 pandemic was associated to the overall mortality rate.

One-year impact of COVID-19 pandemic on renal replacement therapy and kidney transplantation in a tertiary center in Southern Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Patients on renal replacement therapy (RRT) and kidney transplant recipients (KTR) present multiple factors that may increase the risk of death from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to evaluate the incidence and impact of COVID-19 in RRT patients and KTRs. METHODS: Between March 2020 and February 2021, we monitored the RRT population of thirteen dialysis facilities that refer patients for transplantation to our center, a tertiary hospital in Southern Brazil. In the same period, we also monitor COVID-19 incidence and mortality in our KTR population. Demographical, clinical, and COVID-19-related information were analyzed. RESULTS: We evaluated 1545 patients in the dialysis centers, of which 267 (17.4%) were infected by COVID-19 and 53 (19.9%) died. Among 275 patients on the kidney transplant waiting list, 63 patients (22.9%) were infected and seven (11.1%) died. COVID-19 was the leading cause of death (29.2%) among patients on the waiting list. Within the population of 1360 KTR, 134 (9.85%) were diagnosed with COVID-19 and 20 (14.9%) died. The number of kidney transplants decreased by 56.7% compared with the same period in the previous twelve months. CONCLUSION: In the study period, patients on RRT and KTRs presented a high incidence of COVID-19 and high COVID-19-related lethality. The impact on the patients on the transplant waiting list was less pronounced. The lethality rate observed in both cohorts seems to be related to age, comorbidities, and disease severity.

Brazilian Dialysis Survey 2020.

INTRODUCTION: National data on chronic dialysis treatment are essential to support the development of health policies aimed at improving the treatment for thousands of people. OBJECTIVE: To report epidemiological data from the 2020 Brazilian Dialysis Survey, sponsored by the Brazilian Society of Nephrology. METHODS: A survey was carried out in Brazilian chronic dialysis centers using an online questionnaire for the year, covering clinical and epidemiological aspects of patients in a chronic dialysis program, data on dialysis therapy, characteristics of dialysis units and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: 235 (28%) of the centers responded to the questionnaire. In July 2020, the estimated total number of patients on dialysis was 144,779. The estimated prevalence and incidence rates of patients per million population (pmp) were 684 and 209, respectively. Of the prevalent patients, 92.6% were on hemodialysis (HD) and 7.4% were on peritoneal dialysis (PD); 23% were on the transplant waiting list. A central venous catheter was used by a quarter of patients on HD. The incidence rate of confirmed COVID-19 between February and July 2020 was 684/10,000 dialysis patients, and the lethality rate was 25.7%. The estimated overall mortality and COVID-19 crude annual mortality rates were 24.5 and 4.2%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The absolute number of patients on chronic dialysis and prevalence rate continued to increase. The low use of PD as dialysis therapy was maintained and the use of long-term catheters for HD increased. The COVID-19 pandemic contributed to the increase in the overall mortality rate.

Brazilian dialysis survey 2019.

INTRODUCTION: National data on chronic dialysis treatment are essential for the development of health policies that aim to improve the treatment of patients. OBJECTIVE: To present data from the Brazilian Dialysis Survey 2019, promoted by the Brazilian Society of Nephrology. METHODS: Data collection from dialysis units in the country through a completed online questionnaire for 2019. RESULTS: 314 (39%) centers responded the questionnaire. In July 2019, the estimated total number of patients on dialysis was 139,691. Estimates of the prevalence and incidence rates of patients undergoing dialysis treatment per million of the population (pmp) were 665 and 218, respectively, with mean annual increases of 25 pmp and 14 pmp for prevalence and incidence, respectively. The annual gross mortality rate was 18.2%. Of the prevalent patients, 93.2% were on hemodialysis and 6.8% on peritoneal dialysis; and 33,015 (23.6%) on the waiting list for transplantation. 55% of THE centers offered treatment with peritoneal dialysis. Venous catheters were used as access in 24.8% of THE patients on hemodialysis. 17% of the patients had K ≥ 6.0mEq/L; 2.5% required red blood cell transfusion in July 2019 and 10.8% of the patients had serum levels of 25-OH vitamin D < 20 ng/mL. CONCLUSION: The absolute number of patients, the incidence and prevalence rates in dialysis in the country continue to increase, as well as the percentage of patients using venous catheter as dialysis access. There was an increase in the number of patients on the list for transplantation and a tendency to reduce gross mortality.

Hypothermia related to continuous renal replacement therapy: incidence and associated factors. / Hipotermia relacionada à terapia renal substitutiva contínua: incidência e fatores associados.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence of hypothermia in patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy in the intensive care unit. As secondary objectives, we determined associated factors and compared the occurrence of hypothermia between two modalities of continuous renal replacement therapy. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted with adult patients who were admitted to a clinical-surgical intensive care unit and underwent continuous renal replacement therapy in a high-complexity public university hospital in southern Brazil from April 2017 to July 2018. Hypothermia was defined as a body temperature ≤ 35ºC. The patients included in the study were followed for the first 48 hours of continuous renal replacement therapy. The researchers collected data from medical records and continuous renal replacement therapy records. RESULTS: A total of 186 patients were equally distributed between two types of continuous renal replacement therapy: hemodialysis and hemodiafiltration. The incidence of hypothermia was 52.7% and was higher in patients admitted for shock (relative risk of 2.11; 95%CI 1.21 - 3.69; p = 0.009) and in those who underwent hemodiafiltration with heating in the return line (relative risk of 1.50; 95%CI 1.13 - 1.99; p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Hypothermia in critically ill patients with continuous renal replacement therapy is frequent, and the intensive care team should be attentive, especially when there are associated risk factors.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a incidência de hipotermia em pacientes em terapia renal substitutiva contínua na unidade de terapia intensiva. Como objetivos secundários, determinar fatores associados e comparar a ocorrência de hipotermia entre duas modalidades de terapia renal substitutiva contínua. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte, prospectivo, realizado com pacientes adultos internados em uma unidade de terapia intensiva clínico-cirúrgica, que realizaram terapia renal substitutiva contínua em um hospital universitário público de alta complexidade do Sul do Brasil, de abril de 2017 a julho de 2018. A hipotermia foi definida como queda da temperatura corporal ≤ 35ºC. Os pacientes incluídos no estudo foram acompanhados nas 48 horas iniciais de terapia renal substitutiva contínua. Os dados foram coletados pelos pesquisadores por meio da consulta aos prontuários e às fichas de registro das terapias renais substitutivas contínuas. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 186 pacientes distribuídos igualmente entre dois tipos de terapia renal substitutiva contínua: hemodiálise e hemodiafiltração. A incidência de hipotermia foi de 52,7%, sendo maior nos pacientes que internaram por choque (risco relativo de 2,11; IC95% 1,21 - 3,69; p = 0,009) e nos que fizeram hemodiafiltração com aquecimento por mangueira na linha de retorno (risco relativo de 1,50; IC95% 1,13 - 1,99; p = 0,005). CONCLUSÃO: A hipotermia em pacientes críticos com terapia renal substitutiva contínua é frequente, e a equipe intensivista deve estar atenta, em especial quando há fatores de risco associados.

Enoxaparin versus unfractioned heparin as anticoagulant for continuous venovenous hemodialysis: a randomized open-label trial.

AIM: In this study we aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of enoxaparin with unfractioned heparin (UFH) as anticoagulant for continuous venovenous hemodialysis (CVVHD). METHODS: An open-label randomized controlled trial was carried out in an intensive care unit (ICU) where 40 patients with acute renal failure (ARF) who needed continuous renal replacement therapy were randomized to receive UFH (n=21) or enoxaparin (n=19). Coagulation parameters were evaluated, and antithrombotic activity of UFH was measured by activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and for enoxaparin by anti-factor Xa activity. Primary outcomes were thrombosis of the extracorporeal circuit and bleeding, classified as major or minor. RESULTS: Minor bleeding episodes were observed only in patients anticoagulated with enoxaparin (26 vs. 0%, p=0.018). Comparing patients with or without bleeding after 24 hours of therapy, the level of anticoagulation tended to be higher (anti-factor Xa: 1.62 vs. 1.13 IU/mL, p=0.09) and the platelet count to be lower [107+/-53 vs. 229+/-84 (x10(3)/microL), p=0.09] in patients who bled, but without statistical difference. Filter life span of enoxaparin and UFH groups was similar (43+/-15 vs. 52+/-18 hr, p=0.10), as well as the proportion of circuit clotting. CONCLUSION: Weight-unadjusted enoxaparin in patients with ARF in CVVHD was associated with an increased rate of bleeding, a finding that addresses the need to adjust drug dose and to monitor anti-factor Xa activity during dialysis. No benefit to prolong dialysis circuit survival was found with enoxaparin. In patients who do not present contraindication for systemic anticoagulation, UFH remains an effective and low-cost option.

Brazilian Dialysis Census: analysis of data from the 2009-2018 decade.

INTRODUCTION: National data on chronic dialysis treatment are essential for the development of health policies that aim to improve patient treatment. OBJECTIVE: To present data from the Brazilian Society of Nephrology on patients with chronic dialysis for kidney disease in July 2018, making a comparative analysis of the past 10 years. METHODS: Data collection from dialysis units, with filling in an online questionnaire for 2018. Data from 2009, 2013 and 2018 were compared. RESULTS: 288 (36.6%) centers answered the questionnaire. In July 2018, the estimated total number of patients on dialysis was 133,464. Estimates of the prevalence and incidence rates of patients undergoing dialysis treatment per million of the population (pmp) were 640 and 204, respectively, with average annual increases of 23.5 pmp and 6 pmp for prevalence and incidence, respectively. The annual gross mortality rate was 19.5%. Of the prevalent patients, 92.3% were on hemodialysis and 7.7% on peritoneal dialysis, with 29,545 (22.1%) on the waiting list for transplantation. Median bicarbonate concentration in the hemodialysis bath was 32 mEq/L. Venous catheters were used as access in 23.6% of the hemodialysis patients. The prevalence rate of positive serology for hepatitis C showed a progressive reduction (3.2%). CONCLUSION: The absolute number of patients and rates of incidence and prevalence in dialysis in the country increased substantially in the period, although there are considerable differences in rates by state. There has been a persistent increase in the use of venous catheters as an access for dialysis; and reduction in the number of patients with positive serology for hepatitis C.

Brazilian chronic dialysis survey 2017.

INTRODUCTION: Having national data on chronic dialysis is essential in treatment planning. OBJECTIVE: To present data of the survey from the Brazilian Society of Nephrology on patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis in July 2017. METHODS: Data was collected from dialysis units in Brazil. The data collection was done using a questionnaire completed online by the dialysis units. RESULTS: Two hundred and ninety-one centers (38.4%) answered the questionnaire. In July 2017, the estimated total number of dialysis patients was 126,583. National estimates of prevalence and incidence rates of dialysis patients per million population (pmp) were 610 (range: 473 in the North region and 710 in the Midwest) and 194, respectively. The incidence rate of new dialysis patients with diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy was 77 pmp. The annual gross mortality rate was 19.9%. Of the prevalent patients, 93.1% were on hemodialysis and 6.9% on peritoneal dialysis, with 31,226 (24%) on the waiting list for renal transplantation. Venous catheter was used as access in 22.6% of patients on hemodialysis. The prevalence rate of positive serology for hepatitis C continued with a tendency to decrease (3.3%). CONCLUSION: The absolute number of patients and rates of incidence and prevalence on dialysis continued to increase; the mortality rate tended to rise. There were obvious regional and state discrepancies in these rates.

Brazilian Dialysis Survey 2021 / Censo Brasileiro de Diálise 2021

ABSTRACT Introduction: The Brazilian Dialysis Survey (BDS) is an important source of national data about people on chronic dialysis that contributes to the formulation of health policies regarding kidney failure. Objective: To report the 2021 epidemiological data from the BDS of the Brazilian Society of Nephrology (BSN). Methods: A survey was carried out in Brazilian chronic dialysis centers using an online questionnaire covering clinical and epidemiological aspects of patients in chronic dialysis, data on dialysis therapy, characteristics of dialysis centers, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic of 2021. Results: Thirty percent (n = 252) of the centers answered the questionnaire. In July 2021, the estimated total number of patients on dialysis was 148,363. The estimated prevalence and incidence rates of patients per million population (pmp) were 696 and 224, respectively. Of the prevalent patients, 94.2% were on hemodialysis (HD) (1.8% of these on hemodiafiltration), and 5.8% on peritoneal dialysis (PD); 21% were on the transplant waiting list. The incidence rate of confirmed COVID-19 between January and July 2021 was 1,236/10,000 dialysis patients, and the case-fatality rate reached 25.5%. Up to July 2021, 88.6% of patients had received at least one dose of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The estimated overall and COVID-19 crude annual mortality rates were 22.3% and 5.3%, respectively. Conclusion: The absolute number and the prevalence rate of patients on chronic dialysis continue to increase. Most dialysis patients were vaccinated against COVID-19 during the year. The COVID-19 pandemic was associated to the overall mortality rate.

RESUMO Introdução: O Censo Brasileiro de Diálise (CBD) constitui importante fonte de dados nacionais sobre pessoas em diálise crônica que contribui para a formulação de políticas de saúde. Objetivo: Relatar dados epidemiológicos de 2021 do CBD da Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia (SBN). Métodos: Realizou-se pesquisa em centros brasileiros de diálise crônica utilizando questionário online abrangendo aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos de pacientes em diálise crônica, dados sobre terapia dialítica, características dos centros de diálise e o impacto da pandemia COVID-19 em 2021. Resultados: Trinta por cento (n = 252) dos centros responderam ao questionário. Em Julho de 2021, o número total estimado de pacientes em diálise foi 148.363. As taxas estimadas de prevalência e incidência de pacientes por milhão da população (pmp) foram 696 e 224, respectivamente. Dos pacientes prevalentes, 94,2% estavam em hemodiálise (HD) (1,8% destes em hemodiafiltração), e 5,8% em diálise peritoneal (DP); 21% estavam na lista de espera para transplante. A taxa de incidência de COVID-19 confirmada entre Janeiro e Julho de 2021 foi 1.236/10.000 pacientes em diálise, e a taxa de letalidade atingiu 25,5%. Até Julho de 2021, 88,6% dos pacientes haviam recebido pelo menos uma dose da vacina anti-SARS-CoV-2. As taxas estimadas de mortalidade bruta anual geral e por COVID-19 foram de 22,3% e 5,3%, respectivamente. Conclusão: O número absoluto e a taxa de prevalência de pacientes em diálise crônica continuam aumentando. A maioria dos pacientes em diálise foram vacinados contra COVID-19 durante o ano. A pandemia COVID-19 contribuiu com a taxa de mortalidade geral.

One-year impact of COVID-19 pandemic on renal replacement therapy and kidney transplantation in a tertiary center in Southern Brazil / Impacto de um ano da Pandemia COVID 19 na terapia renal substitutiva e no transplante renal em centro terciário no Sul do Brasil

ABSTRACT Introduction: Patients on renal replacement therapy (RRT) and kidney transplant recipients (KTR) present multiple factors that may increase the risk of death from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to evaluate the incidence and impact of COVID-19 in RRT patients and KTRs. Methods: Between March 2020 and February 2021, we monitored the RRT population of thirteen dialysis facilities that refer patients for transplantation to our center, a tertiary hospital in Southern Brazil. In the same period, we also monitor COVID-19 incidence and mortality in our KTR population. Demographical, clinical, and COVID-19-related information were analyzed. Results: We evaluated 1545 patients in the dialysis centers, of which 267 (17.4%) were infected by COVID-19 and 53 (19.9%) died. Among 275 patients on the kidney transplant waiting list, 63 patients (22.9%) were infected and seven (11.1%) died. COVID-19 was the leading cause of death (29.2%) among patients on the waiting list. Within the population of 1360 KTR, 134 (9.85%) were diagnosed with COVID-19 and 20 (14.9%) died. The number of kidney transplants decreased by 56.7% compared with the same period in the previous twelve months. Conclusion: In the study period, patients on RRT and KTRs presented a high incidence of COVID-19 and high COVID-19-related lethality. The impact on the patients on the transplant waiting list was less pronounced. The lethality rate observed in both cohorts seems to be related to age, comorbidities, and disease severity.

Resumo Introdução: Pacientes em terapia renal substitutiva (TRS) e receptores de transplante renal (RTR) apresentam múltiplos fatores que podem aumentar o risco de óbito por doença do coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19). Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar incidência e impacto da COVID-19 em pacientes em TRS e RTR. Métodos: Entre Março de 2020 e Fevereiro de 2021, monitoramos a população em TRS de treze unidades de diálise que encaminham pacientes para transplante ao nosso centro, um hospital terciário no Sul do Brasil. No mesmo período, também monitoramos a incidência e mortalidade da COVID-19 em nossa população de RTR. Foram analisadas informações demográficas, clínicas e relacionadas à COVID-19. Resultados: Avaliamos 1545 pacientes nos centros de diálise, dos quais 267 (17,4%) foram infectados pela COVID-19 e 53 (19,9%) foram a óbito. Entre 275 pacientes na lista de espera para transplante renal, 63 (22,9%) foram infectados e sete (11,1%) foram a óbito. COVID-19 foi a principal causa de óbito (29,2%) entre pacientes na lista de espera. Dentre a população de 1360 RTR, 134 (9,85%) foram diagnosticados com COVID-19 e 20 (14,9%) foram a óbito. O número de transplantes renais diminuiu em 56,7% comparado ao mesmo período nos doze meses anteriores. Conclusão: No período do estudo, pacientes em TRS e RTR apresentaram alta incidência de COVID-19 e alta letalidade relacionada à COVID-19. O impacto nos pacientes na lista de espera para transplante foi menos pronunciado. A taxa de letalidade observada em ambas as coortes parece estar relacionada à idade, comorbidades e gravidade da doença.

[Chronic renal disease, inflammation and atherosclerosis: new concepts about an old problem]. / Doença renal crônica, inflamação e aterosclerose: novos conceitos de um velho problema.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has reached epidemic proportions in the last few years, generating an emergent public health problem. Common risk factors for CKD and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are now well known resulting in a high prevalence rate of cardiovascular events which are the main cause of death in CKD patients. Development of accelerated atherosclerosis is related to traditional risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, dislipidemia and smoking, but recently other non traditional factors were found to be significantly associated with cardiovascular mortality, including inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and uremia, even at early stages of CKD. Inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, interleukin 6 and fibrinogen are all correlated with cardiovascular death. The MIA syndrome is characterized by the association between inflammation, malnutrition and accelerated atherosclerosis, a condition commonly found in uremic patients, which is related to the genesis of CVD. Other important factors are the high level of oxidative stress, expressed by oxidized lipids, proteins and carbohydrates (AGES) (Advanced Glycation End Products), which cause tissue damage and endothelial dysfunction, that is aggravated by the uremic environment and other factors. These alterations are the basis for the pathogenic process of atherosclerosis and CVD in CKD patients, contributing to their high morbidity/mortality. This article is an updated review of the mechanisms of inflammation and oxidative stress and their relation to atherosclerosis in CKD.

Brazilian Chronic Dialysis Survey 2016.

INTRODUCTION: National chronic dialysis data are important for the treatment planning. OBJECTIVE: To report data of the annual survey of the Brazilian Society of Nephrology about chronic kidney disease patients on dialysis in July 2016. METHODS: A survey based on data of dialysis centers from the whole country. The data collection was performed by using a questionnaire filled out on-line by the dialysis centers. RESULTS: 309 (41%) of the dialysis units in the country answered the questionnaire. In July 2016, the total estimated number of patients on dialysis was 122,825. The estimated prevalence and incidence rates of chronic maintenance dialysis were 596 (range: 344 in the North region and 700 in the Southeast) and 193 patients per million of population (pmp), respectively. The annual incidence rate of patients with diabetic nephropathy was 79 pmp. The annual gross mortality rate was 18.2%. For prevalent patients, 92% were on hemodialysis and 8% on peritoneal dialysis, and 29,268 (24%) were on a waiting list of renal transplant. A venous catheter was the vascular access for 20.5% of the hemodialysis patients. The prevalence rates of positive serology for hepatitis B and C showed a tendency to reduce from 2013 (1.4% and 4.2%, respectively) to 2016 (0.7% and 3.7%, respectively). CONCLUSION: The absolute number and the prevalence and incidence rates of patients on dialysis continue to rise steadily; the gross mortality rate remained stable. Regional inequities are evident in these rates.

Acute effects of intradialytic aerobic exercise on solute removal, blood gases and oxidative stress in patients with chronic kidney disease.

INTRODUCTION: Hemodialysis contributes to increased oxidative stress and induces transitory hypoxemia. Compartmentalization decreases the supply of solutes to the dialyzer during treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of intradialytic aerobic exercise on solute removal, blood gases and oxidative stress in patients with chronic kidney disease during a single hemodialysis session. METHODS: Thirty patients were randomized to perform aerobic exercise with cycle ergometer for lower limbs during 30 minutes with intensity between 60-70% of maximal heart rate, or control group (CG). Blood samples were collected prior to and immediately after exercise or the equivalent time in CG. Analysis of blood and dialysate biochemistry as well as blood gases were performed. Mass removal and solute clearance were calculated. Oxidative stress was determined by lipid peroxidation and by the total antioxidant capacity. RESULTS: Serum concentrations of solutes increased with exercise, but only phosphorus showed a significant elevation (p = 0.035). There were no significant changes in solute removal and in the acid-base balance. Both oxygen partial pressure and saturation increased with exercise (p = 0.035 and p = 0.024, respectivelly), which did not occur in the CG. The total antioxidant capacity decreased significantly (p = 0.027). CONCLUSION: The acute intradialytic aerobic exercise increased phosphorus serum concentration and decreased total antioxidant capacity, reversing hypoxemia resulting from hemodialysis. The intradialytic exercise did not change the blood acid-base balance and the removal of solutes.

Brazilian Dialysis Survey 2020 / Censo Brasileiro de Diálise 2020

Abstract Introduction: National data on chronic dialysis treatment are essential to support the development of health policies aimed at improving the treatment for thousands of people. Objective: To report epidemiological data from the 2020 Brazilian Dialysis Survey, sponsored by the Brazilian Society of Nephrology. Methods: A survey was carried out in Brazilian chronic dialysis centers using an online questionnaire for the year, covering clinical and epidemiological aspects of patients in a chronic dialysis program, data on dialysis therapy, characteristics of dialysis units and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: 235 (28%) of the centers responded to the questionnaire. In July 2020, the estimated total number of patients on dialysis was 144,779. The estimated prevalence and incidence rates of patients per million population (pmp) were 684 and 209, respectively. Of the prevalent patients, 92.6% were on hemodialysis (HD) and 7.4% were on peritoneal dialysis (PD); 23% were on the transplant waiting list. A central venous catheter was used by a quarter of patients on HD. The incidence rate of confirmed COVID-19 between February and July 2020 was 684/10,000 dialysis patients, and the lethality rate was 25.7%. The estimated overall mortality and COVID-19 crude annual mortality rates were 24.5 and 4.2%, respectively. Conclusion: The absolute number of patients on chronic dialysis and prevalence rate continued to increase. The low use of PD as dialysis therapy was maintained and the use of long-term catheters for HD increased. The COVID-19 pandemic contributed to the increase in the overall mortality rate.

Resumo Introdução: Dados nacionais sobre tratamento dialítico crônico são essenciais para apoiar o desenvolvimento de políticas de saúde destinadas a melhorar o tratamento de milhares de pessoas. Objetivo: Relatar dados epidemiológicos do Censo Brasileiro de Diálise 2020, patrocinado pela Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia. Métodos: Realizou-se pesquisa em centros brasileiros de diálise crônica utilizando questionário online relativo ao ano, abrangendo aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos de pacientes em programa de diálise crônica, dados sobre terapia dialítica, características das unidades de diálise e impacto da pandemia COVID-19. Resultados: 235 (28%) centros responderam ao questionário. Em julho de 2020, o número total estimado de pacientes em diálise foi 144.779. As taxas estimadas de prevalência e incidência de pacientes por milhão da população (pmp) foram 684 e 209, respectivamente. Dos pacientes prevalentes, 92,6% estavam em hemodiálise (HD) e 7,4% em diálise peritoneal (DP); 23% estavam na lista de espera para transplante. Cateter venoso central foi utilizado por um quarto dos pacientes em HD. A taxa de incidência de COVID-19 confirmada entre fevereiro e julho de 2020 foi 684/10.000 pacientes em diálise, a taxa de letalidade foi 25,7%. As taxas estimadas de mortalidade geral e mortalidade bruta anual por COVID-19 foram 24,5 e 4,2%, respectivamente. Conclusão: O número absoluto de pacientes em diálise crônica e a taxa de prevalência continuaram a aumentar. O baixo uso de DP como terapia de diálise foi mantido e o uso de cateteres de longa permanência para HD aumentou. A pandemia COVID-19 contribuiu para o aumento da taxa de mortalidade geral.

Brazilian Chronic Dialysis Census 2014.

INTRODUCTION: National chronic dialysis data have had impact in the treatment planning. OBJECTIVE: To report data of the annual survey of the Brazilian Society of Nephrology about chronic kidney disease patients on dialysis in July 2014. METHODS: A survey based on data of dialysis units from the whole country. The data collection was performed by using a questionnaire filled out on-line by the dialysis units. RESULTS: Three hundred twelve (44%) of the dialysis units in the country answered the questionnaire. In July 2014, the total estimated number of patients on dialysis was 112,004. The estimated prevalence and incidence rates of chronic maintenance dialysis were 552 (range: 364 in the North region and 672 in the Southeast) and 180 patients per million population (pmp), respectively. The annual incidence rate of patients with diabetic nephropathy was 77 pmp. The annual gross mortality rate was 19%. For prevalent patients, 91% were on hemodialysis and 9% on peritoneal dialysis, 32,499 (29%) were on a waiting list of renal transplant, 37% were overweight/obese, 29% were diabetics, 16% had PTH levels > 600 pg/ml and 26% hemoglobin < 10 g/dl. A venous catheter was the vascular access for 17% of the hemodialysis patients. CONCLUSION: During 2011-2014 the prevalence and incidence rates of patients on dialysis tended to increase, while the gross mortality rate remained stable. In 2014, diabetes was the primary renal disease in 42% of the new dialysis patients.

Brazilian dialysis survey 2019 / Inquérito brasileiro de diálise 2019

Abstract Introduction: National data on chronic dialysis treatment are essential for the development of health policies that aim to improve the treatment of patients. Objective: To present data from the Brazilian Dialysis Survey 2019, promoted by the Brazilian Society of Nephrology. Methods: Data collection from dialysis units in the country through a completed online questionnaire for 2019. Results: 314 (39%) centers responded the questionnaire. In July 2019, the estimated total number of patients on dialysis was 139,691. Estimates of the prevalence and incidence rates of patients undergoing dialysis treatment per million of the population (pmp) were 665 and 218, respectively, with mean annual increases of 25 pmp and 14 pmp for prevalence and incidence, respectively. The annual gross mortality rate was 18.2%. Of the prevalent patients, 93.2% were on hemodialysis and 6.8% on peritoneal dialysis; and 33,015 (23.6%) on the waiting list for transplantation. 55% of THE centers offered treatment with peritoneal dialysis. Venous catheters were used as access in 24.8% of THE patients on hemodialysis. 17% of the patients had K ≥ 6.0mEq/L; 2.5% required red blood cell transfusion in July 2019 and 10.8% of the patients had serum levels of 25-OH vitamin D < 20 ng/mL. Conclusion: The absolute number of patients, the incidence and prevalence rates in dialysis in the country continue to increase, as well as the percentage of patients using venous catheter as dialysis access. There was an increase in the number of patients on the list for transplantation and a tendency to reduce gross mortality.

Resumo Introdução: Dados nacionais sobre o tratamento dialítico crônico são essenciais para a elaboração de políticas de saúde que almejem melhora no tratamento dos pacientes. Objetivo: Apresentar dados do Inquérito brasileiro de diálise de 2019, promovido pela Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia. Métodos: Coleta de dados das unidades de diálise do país através de questionário preenchido on-line referente a 2019. Resultados: 314 (39%) centros responderam ao questionário. Em julho de 2019, o número total estimado de pacientes em diálise foi de 139.691. As estimativas das taxas de prevalência e incidência de pacientes em tratamento dialítico por milhão da população (pmp) foram 665 e 218, respectivamente, com médias de aumento anuais de 25 pmp e 14 pmp para prevalência e incidência, respectivamente. A taxa anual de mortalidade bruta foi de 18,2%. Dos pacientes prevalentes, 93,2% estavam em hemodiálise e 6,8% em diálise peritoneal, e 33.015 (23,6%) em fila de espera para transplante. 55% dos centros ofereciam tratamento com diálise peritoneal. Cateter venoso era usado como acesso em 24,8% dos pacientes em hemodiálise. 17% dos pacientes tinham K ≥ 6,0mEq/L, 2,5% necessitaram de transfusão de hemácias em julho/2019 e 10,8% dos pacientes apresentavam níveis séricos de 25-OH vitamina D < 20 ng/mL. Conclusão: O número absoluto de pacientes e as taxas de incidência e prevalência em diálise no país continuam aumentando, assim como o percentual de pacientes em uso de cateter venoso como acesso para diálise. Houve aumento do número de pacientes na lista para transplante e tendência para redução da mortalidade bruta.

Brazilian Dialysis Census: analysis of data from the 2009-2018 decade / Censo Brasileiro de Diálise: análise de dados da década 2009-2018

ABSTRACT Introduction: National data on chronic dialysis treatment are essential for the development of health policies that aim to improve patient treatment. Objective: To present data from the Brazilian Society of Nephrology on patients with chronic dialysis for kidney disease in July 2018, making a comparative analysis of the past 10 years. Methods: Data collection from dialysis units, with filling in an online questionnaire for 2018. Data from 2009, 2013 and 2018 were compared. Results: 288 (36.6%) centers answered the questionnaire. In July 2018, the estimated total number of patients on dialysis was 133,464. Estimates of the prevalence and incidence rates of patients undergoing dialysis treatment per million of the population (pmp) were 640 and 204, respectively, with average annual increases of 23.5 pmp and 6 pmp for prevalence and incidence, respectively. The annual gross mortality rate was 19.5%. Of the prevalent patients, 92.3% were on hemodialysis and 7.7% on peritoneal dialysis, with 29,545 (22.1%) on the waiting list for transplantation. Median bicarbonate concentration in the hemodialysis bath was 32 mEq/L. Venous catheters were used as access in 23.6% of the hemodialysis patients. The prevalence rate of positive serology for hepatitis C showed a progressive reduction (3.2%). Conclusion: The absolute number of patients and rates of incidence and prevalence in dialysis in the country increased substantially in the period, although there are considerable differences in rates by state. There has been a persistent increase in the use of venous catheters as an access for dialysis; and reduction in the number of patients with positive serology for hepatitis C.

RESUMO Introdução: Dados nacionais sobre o tratamento dialítico crônico são essenciais para a elaboração de políticas de saúde que almejem melhora no tratamento dos pacientes. Objetivo: Apresentar dados do inquérito da Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia sobre pacientes com doença renal crônica dialítica em julho de 2018, fazendo análise comparativa dos últimos 10 anos. Métodos: Coleta de dados a partir das unidades de diálise, com preenchimento de questionário on-line referentes a 2018. Foram comparados dados de 2009, 2013 e 2018. Resultados: 288 (36,6%) centros responderam ao questionário. Em julho de 2018, o número total estimado de pacientes em diálise foi de 133.464. Estimativas das taxas de prevalência e incidência de pacientes em tratamento dialítico por milhão da população (pmp) foram de 640 e 204, respectivamente, com médias de aumento anuais de 23,5 pmp e 6 pmp para prevalência e incidência, respectivamente. Taxa anual de mortalidade bruta foi de 19,5%. Dos pacientes prevalentes, 92,3% estavam em hemodiálise e 7,7%, em diálise peritoneal, com 29.545 (22,1%) em fila de espera para transplante. Concentração mediana de bicarbonato no banho de hemodiálise foi de 32 mEq/L. Cateter venoso era usado como acesso em 23,6% dos pacientes em hemodiálise. Taxa de prevalência de sorologia positiva para hepatite C apresentou redução progressiva (3,2%). Conclusão: Número absoluto de pacientes e taxas de incidência e prevalência em diálise no país aumentaram substancialmente no período, embora haja diferenças consideráveis nas taxas por estado. Tem havido persistente aumento no uso de cateter venoso como acesso para diálise; e redução de pacientes com sorologia positiva para hepatite C.