Polymerase chain reaction for the evaluation of Schistosoma mansoni infection in two low endemicity areas of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of schistosomiasis in areas with low endemicity using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a diagnostic method. We analysed faecal samples from 219 individuals residing in Piau and Coronel Pacheco, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, using a single faecal sample from each individual and two slides of the Kato-Katz technique as a gold standard. Fifteen out of the 219 samples were positive with both methods of diagnosis. One sample was diagnosed as positive by the Kato-Katz technique only and 61 were diagnosed only by PCR. The positivity rates were 7.3% with the Kato-Katz method and 34.7% with PCR. When both techniques were assumed to have 100% specificity and positive individuals were identified by both methods, the sensitivity of the Kato-Katz method was 20.8% and the PCR sensitivity was 98.7%. The Kappa index between the two techniques was 0.234, suggesting weak agreement. The assessment of a single faecal sample by PCR detected more cases of infection than the analysis of one sample with two slides using the Kato-Katz technique, suggesting that PCR can be a useful diagnostic tool, particularly in areas with low endemicity.

Prevalence and risk factors for giardiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in three municipalities of Southeastern Minas Gerais State, Brazil: risk factors for giardiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis.

Giardiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) are parasitic diseases that are among the major health concerns observed in economically disadvantaged populations of developing countries, and have clear social and environmental bases. In Brazil, there is a lack of epidemiologic data concerning these infections in the study area, whose inhabitants have plenty of access to health care services, including good dwelling and adequate sanitary conditions. In this survey we investigated the risk factors for giardiasis and STH in three municipalities with good sanitation, situated in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in the municipalities of Piau, Coronel Pacheco and Goianá, in both urban and rural areas. The fieldwork consisted of a questionnaire and the examination of 2,367 stool samples using the Hoffmann, Pons and Janer method. Of all individuals from the population sample, 6.1% were found infected with the parasitic diseases included in this work. Hookworm infection was the most prevalent disease, followed by giardiasis, trichuriasis and ascariasis. Infection was more prevalent in males (8.1%, p < 0.001; odds ratio [OR] = 1.975) and in individuals living in rural areas (8.6%, p = 0.003; OR = 1.693). Multivariate analysis showed that variables such as inadequate sewage discharge (p < 0.001), drinking of unsafe water (p < 0.001), lack of sanitary infrastructure (p = 0.015), and host sex (p < 0.001) were the risk factors more strongly associated with infection status (95% confidence interval [CI]). In this study we demonstrate that giardiasis and STH still persist, infecting people who have good housing conditions and free access to public health care and education.

The Use of Feedback in Improving the Knowledge, Attitudes and Skills of Medical Students: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of the use of different feedback modalities in improving the knowledge, attitudes, and skills of medical students compared to students receiving no feedback or unstructured feedback. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was conducted based on a search of the Cochrane, ERIC, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. A total of 26 studies were included for the systematic review and 13 for the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed that the use of feedback was associated with better results compared to control groups (SMD = 0.80 [0.56-1.04], p < 0.001), and also when only high-quality studies were included (SMD = 0.86 [0.56-1.16], p < 0.001). Our findings revealed high heterogeneity in the use of feedback in medical education. However, the results of most of the studies and of the meta-analysis were positive, showing that feedback had a positive influence on the education-learning process of the students. PROSPERO registration: CRD42018112688.

Use of feedback on medium-term blood pressure measurement skills in medical students: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to assess the effect of feedback on medium-term blood pressure (BP) measurement skills in medical students versus a control group. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial in first-year medical students was conducted. After theoretical-practical training on measuring BP, the students were randomized into a control group or intervention group. The skill was assessed immediately after the training (T1) by evaluating students with a simulated standardized patient using a checklist. Students in the intervention group received feedback immediately after assessment, whereas the control group received no feedback. After 3 months (T2), each student was reassessed in the same way as for (T1). RESULTS: Ninety-two first-year medical students took part in the study (45 in control group and 47 in intervention group). At T1, there were no differences in the skill measured. At T2 (after three months), there was a significant difference in the intervention group (score = 23.97 ± 3.82) compared with the control group (score = 20.91 ± 4.87), P < 0.001, d = 0.69. In the intervention group, the scores were maintained at 3 months (T1 = 23.23 and T2 = 23.97, P = 0.335), whereas in the control group, scores declined significantly (T1 = 23.44 and T2 = 20.91; P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Receiving feedback promotes retention of learning of BP measurement skills over the medium term. Further studies applying feedback to other skills should be conducted.

Depression, stress and anxiety in medical students: A cross-sectional comparison between students from different semesters.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress in medical students from all semesters of a Brazilian medical school and assess their respective associated factors. METHOD: A cross-sectional study of students from the twelve semesters of a Brazilian medical school was carried out. Students filled out a questionnaire including sociodemographics, religiosity (DUREL - Duke Religion Index), and mental health (DASS-21 - Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale). The students were compared for mental health variables (Chi-squared/ANOVA). Linear regression models were employed to assess factors associated with DASS-21 scores. RESULTS: 761 (75.4%) students answered the questionnaire; 34.6% reported depressive symptomatology, 37.2% showed anxiety symptoms, and 47.1% stress symptoms. Significant differences were found for: anxiety - ANOVA: [F = 2.536, p=0.004] between first and tenth (p=0.048) and first and eleventh (p=0.025) semesters; depression - ANOVA: [F = 2.410, p=0.006] between first and second semesters (p=0.045); and stress - ANOVA: [F = 2.968, p=0.001] between seventh and twelfth (p=0.044), tenth and twelfth (p=0.011), and eleventh and twelfth (p=0.001) semesters. The following factors were associated with (a) stress: female gender, anxiety, and depression; (b) depression: female gender, intrinsic religiosity, anxiety, and stress; and (c) anxiety: course semester, depression, and stress. CONCLUSION: Our findings revealed high levels of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms in medical students, with marked differences among course semesters. Gender and religiosity appeared to influence the mental health of the medical students.

Smoking and its association with cryptorchidism in Down syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: Cryptorchidism is a common and prevalent condition in patients with Down syndrome. Environmental factors, such as smoking, can be associated with malformations during fetal development. The study of the prevalence of cryptorchidism and its association with parental tobacco use in Down syndrome can contribute to alert health care professionals, patients and family members regarding the prevention of the harms caused by cryptorchidism and its possible predisposing factors. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of cryptorchidism in Down syndrome and its association with maternal and paternal smoking. METHOD: Forty (40) patients of a public clinic specialized in Down syndrome were evaluated, using a semi-structured questionnaire for evaluation of antecedents and sociodemographic characteristics, as well as physical and complementary examinations. RESULTS: Cryptorchidism was observed in 27.5% of the patients (95CI 15.98-42.96). Of these, 55% (5/9) were the children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy, and 19.35% (6/31) were the children of mothers who did not smoke during pregnancy (OR = 5.26 [95CI 1.06-25.41]; p=0.032). Similarly, paternal smoking was also observed in greater frequency among the parents of cryptorchid patients compared with subjects with descended testis, 63.36% (7/11) and 31.03% (9/29), respectively (OR = 3.89 [95CI 0.91-16.73]; p=0.060). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of cryptorchidism is high in patients with Down syndrome. We can show a strong association between smoking parents and the occurrence of cryptorchidism, especially when it comes to maternal smoking.

Prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms in individuals with Down syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: Down syndrome (DS), which is caused by the trisomy of chromosome 21, is the most frequent of all genetic syndromes. The current study aims to estimate the prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in individuals with DS buy using the Dysfunctional Voiding Symptom Score (DVSS) and correlate with functional constipation, age, and gender, as well as determine the most sensitive and specific factors associated with LUTS. METHODS: LUTS was assessed in individuals with DS using a cross-sectional study through the application of a validated and adapted version of the DVSS for the Brazilian population. The presence of functional constipation was evaluated according to the Rome III criteria. RESULTS: Of the 114 individuals assessed, 84 were included in the study (median age 16 ± 5.0 years, 66.7% female). The prevalence of LUTS was 27.3%. The symptoms were more frequent in males (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.1-8.3, p = 0.03) and in individuals younger than 10 years of age (OR 5.2, 95% CI 1.8-14, p = 0.001). Functional constipation was observed in 50% of subjects. It was detected in 95.65% of the individuals with LUTS and 32.78% without LUTS (OR 45.1, 95% CI 5.66-301, p = 0.001). The symptom listed in question 8 ("push to pee") was the most specific indicator. When present, this symptom indicated a higher probability of LUTS (LR+ = 6.3), while the symptom listed in question 4 ("push for bowel movements to come out") showed high sensitivity and, when absent, indicated a lower probability of LUTS (LR- = 0.1). CONCLUSIONS: LUTS was more prevalent in young males with DS and appeared to improve with age. Functional constipation was strongly associated with LUTS. These findings will contribute to raising the awareness of professionals involved in the follow-up of individuals with DS regarding the clinical manifestations and the need for a standardized investigation of LUTS.

Acute diarrhea in hospitalized children of the municipality of Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil: prevalence and risk factors associated with disease severity.

CONTEXT: Acute diarrhea is a common cause of hospitalization among children under 5 years of age. Knowing the prevalence and risk factors associated with the severity of acute diarrhea is essential to control morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: Describe the prevalence of demographic, epidemiologic and clinical features of children under 6 years of age hospitalized for acute diarrhea, and investigate the association between these determinants and the severity of the diarrheic episode. METHOD: Retrospective, cross-sectional study, during the period from January, 2005 through December, 2008, in the municipality of Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. Files from 6,201 children from 0 to 6 years of age, hospitalized in two public teaching institutions (which account for 84% of all the hospitalizations in the municipality), were assessed. Acute diarrhea was defined as the presence of at least three evacuations of liquid or loose stools, within 24 hours, for a maximum period of 14 days. The patients with acute diarrhea were divided in two groups, according to disease severity, severe diarrhea being considered whenever hospitalization lasted for at least 4 days. Epidemiologic and clinical data were assessed and compared through the application of the chi-squared test and the binomial logistic regression model. RESULTS: The prevalence rate for admission due to acute diarrhea was 8.4%. The factors significantly associated with the severity of the diarrheic episode were: age under 6 months (P = 0.01, OR = 2.762); disease onset during fall (P = 0.033, OR = 1.742), presence of fever (P = 0.017, OR = 1.715) and antibiotic use during hospitalization (P = 0.000, OR = 3.872). CONCLUSIONS: Diarrhea is the third most common cause of hospitalization among children under 6 years of age in Juiz de Fora. Young age (under or equal to 6 months), fever, antibiotic use during hospitalization and disease onset during fall are risk factors associated with longer hospital stay.

Disabling hearing loss prevalence in Juiz de Fora, Brazil.

UNLABELLED: Data on the prevalence of disabling hearing loss (DHL) in Brazil is scarce, which impacts healthcare professionals' knowledge on the extent of the problem. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed at estimating DHL prevalence in the municipality of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, to identify individual-related variables and find risk areas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a descriptive sectional population study held from January to October of 2009. We randomly selected 349 households with 1,050 individuals who with ages ranging between 4 days and 95 years. The data collection instruments were: WHO structured questionnaire, ENT examination and laboratory tests. Chi-square and Poison regression models were used for analyses. RESULTS: DHL prevalence was estimated at 5.2% (95% CI = 3.1 to 7.3) which was classified as moderate in 3.9% (95% CI = 0.001 to 0.134), severe in 0.9% (95% CI = 0.001 to 0.107) and profound in 0.4% (95% CI = 0.001 to 0.095). We found correlation between DHL and tinnitus; age over 60 years and low educational level. CONCLUSIONS: Our data obtained pointed to the need to create hearing health programs targeted to specific risk groups, promoting quality of life for hearing impaired patients.

Depression, stress and anxiety in medical students: A cross-sectional comparison between students from different semesters

Summary Objective: To compare the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress in medical students from all semesters of a Brazilian medical school and assess their respective associated factors. Method: A cross-sectional study of students from the twelve semesters of a Brazilian medical school was carried out. Students filled out a questionnaire including sociodemographics, religiosity (DUREL - Duke Religion Index), and mental health (DASS-21 - Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale). The students were compared for mental health variables (Chi-squared/ANOVA). Linear regression models were employed to assess factors associated with DASS-21 scores. Results: 761 (75.4%) students answered the questionnaire; 34.6% reported depressive symptomatology, 37.2% showed anxiety symptoms, and 47.1% stress symptoms. Significant differences were found for: anxiety - ANOVA: [F = 2.536, p=0.004] between first and tenth (p=0.048) and first and eleventh (p=0.025) semesters; depression - ANOVA: [F = 2.410, p=0.006] between first and second semesters (p=0.045); and stress - ANOVA: [F = 2.968, p=0.001] between seventh and twelfth (p=0.044), tenth and twelfth (p=0.011), and eleventh and twelfth (p=0.001) semesters. The following factors were associated with (a) stress: female gender, anxiety, and depression; (b) depression: female gender, intrinsic religiosity, anxiety, and stress; and (c) anxiety: course semester, depression, and stress. Conclusion: Our findings revealed high levels of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms in medical students, with marked differences among course semesters. Gender and religiosity appeared to influence the mental health of the medical students.

Resumo Objetivo: Comparar a prevalência de ansiedade, depressão e estresse em estudantes de todos os períodos de graduação de medicina e avaliar os fatores associados. Método: Estudo transversal e comparativo, realizado com alunos dos seis anos (doze semestres) de um curso de medicina brasileiro. Os alunos preencheram um questionário com dados sociodemográficos e relacionados à religiosidade (Duke Religion Index) e à saúde mental (DASS-21 - Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale). Os estudantes dos 12 períodos do curso foram comparados quanto às variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas e saúde mental por meio dos testes de Qui-quadrado ou ANOVA. Para avaliar os fatores associados a cada variável dependente (estresse, depressão e ansiedade), foram utilizados modelos de regressão linear. Resultados: Responderam ao questionário 743 (73,63%) dos 1.009 estudantes matriculados no curso de medicina, com 34,6% apresentando sintomatologia depressiva; 37,2%, sintomas de ansiedade; e 47,1%, estresse. Houve diferenças significantes entre os períodos em relação à ansiedade - ANOVA: (F = 2,536; p=0,004), sendo as diferenças entre o primeiro e o décimo período (p=0,048) e entre o primeiro e o décimo primeiro período (p=0,025); à depressão - ANOVA: (F = 2,410; p=0,006), sendo as diferenças entre o primeiro e o segundo período (p=0,045); e ao estresse - ANOVA: (F = 2,968; p=0,001), sendo as diferenças entre o sétimo e o décimo segundo período (p=0,044), entre o décimo e o décimo segundo (p=0,011) e entre o décimo primeiro e o décimo segundo (p=0,001). Estiveram associados (a) ao estresse: gênero feminino, ansiedade e depressão; (b) à depressão: gênero feminino, religiosidade intrínseca, ansiedade e estresse; (c) à ansiedade: semestre do curso, depressão e estresse. Conclusão: Os achados do presente estudo mostram altos níveis de sintomas de depressão, ansiedade e estresse em estudantes de medicina, com diferenças marcantes nos diferentes semestres do curso. Fatores como gênero e religiosidade parecem influenciar a saúde mental dos estudantes de medicina.

Smoking and its association with cryptorchidism in Down syndrome / Associação entre tabagismo e criptorquidia na síndrome de Down

Summary Introduction: Cryptorchidism is a common and prevalent condition in patients with Down syndrome. Environmental factors, such as smoking, can be associated with malformations during fetal development. The study of the prevalence of cryptorchidism and its association with parental tobacco use in Down syndrome can contribute to alert health care professionals, patients and family members regarding the prevention of the harms caused by cryptorchidism and its possible predisposing factors. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of cryptorchidism in Down syndrome and its association with maternal and paternal smoking. Method: Forty (40) patients of a public clinic specialized in Down syndrome were evaluated, using a semi-structured questionnaire for evaluation of antecedents and sociodemographic characteristics, as well as physical and complementary examinations. Results: Cryptorchidism was observed in 27.5% of the patients (95CI 15.98-42.96). Of these, 55% (5/9) were the children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy, and 19.35% (6/31) were the children of mothers who did not smoke during pregnancy (OR = 5.26 [95CI 1.06-25.41]; p=0.032). Similarly, paternal smoking was also observed in greater frequency among the parents of cryptorchid patients compared with subjects with descended testis, 63.36% (7/11) and 31.03% (9/29), respectively (OR = 3.89 [95CI 0.91-16.73]; p=0.060). Conclusion: The prevalence of cryptorchidism is high in patients with Down syndrome. We can show a strong association between smoking parents and the occurrence of cryptorchidism, especially when it comes to maternal smoking.

Resumo Introdução: A criptorquidia é uma condição comum e prevalente em pacientes com síndrome de Down. Fatores ambientais, como o tabagismo, estão associados a malformações fetais. A avaliação da prevalência do criptorquidismo e a associação com tabagismo dos pais na síndrome de Down podem contribuir para alertar os profissionais de saúde e familiares sobre a prevenção dos danos causados pelo criptorquidismo e os possíveis fatores predisponentes. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de criptorquidismo na síndrome de Down e a associação com tabagismo materno e paterno. Método: Quarenta (40) pacientes acompanhados em um centro de referência para atendimento da síndrome de Down foram avaliados por meio de questionário semiestruturado para avaliação de antecedentes parentais e características sociodemográficas, bem como de exames físico e laboratoriais complementares. Resultados: Criptorquidia foi observada em 27,5% dos pacientes (IC95% 15,98-42,96). Nesses pacientes, o criptorquidismo foi encontrado em 55% (5/9) das crianças cujas mães fumavam e em 19,35% (6/31) daquelas cujas mães não fumavam (OR = 5,26 [IC95% 1,06-25,41]; p=0,032). Do mesmo modo, o tabagismo paterno foi observado com maior frequência entre crianças com criptorquidia, 63,36% (7/11) e 31,03% (9/29), respectivamente (OR = 3,89 [IC95% 0,91-16,73]; p=0,060). Conclusão: A prevalência de criptorquidismo é alta em pacientes com síndrome de Down. Podemos mostrar uma forte associação entre hábito tabágico dos pais e ocorrência de criptorquidismo, especialmente no caso de tabagismo materno.

[Schistosoma mansoni in the context of the Brazilian health policy]. / A esquistossomose mansoni no contexto da política de saúde brasileira.

There are many factors involved in the determination of the emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases. In the case of Schistosomiasis biological factors are highlighted as related to the habitat, to the microorganisms and hosts adaptations and mutations, to the immunologic reply of the host and to the bio-ecology adaptations of intermediate hosts. These are added to the not less important factors related to the management politics, occupation of the environment and allocation of financial resources. Brazil congregates, today, an important echo-epidemiologic conditions for the reemergence of Schistosomiasis. The expansion of its borders reaches the urban and agricultural environments, destined to work or leisure, also damaging income sectors as the ecotourism. The advances in the researches concerning the intermediate and definitive hosts of the Schistosoma mansoni, to change them into public benefits, need the public sustainability, compromised, interdisciplinary, and strengthened in the government's different spheres. The organized civil society has fundamental paper in the control of the government actions.

Malacological survey of Biomphalaria snails in municipalities along the Estrada Real in the southeast of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: The increasing practice of ecotourism and rural tourism in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, highlights the importance of studies concerning the occurrence of potential intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni. This study aimed to identify species of Biomphalaria snails in municipalities along the Estrada Real, an important Brazilian tourism project. METHODS: The specimens were collected in different water collections of 36 municipalities along the Estrada Real in the southeast of the State of Minas Gerais. Biomphalaria species were characterized using both morphological and molecular approaches. The research was conducted between August 2005 and September 2009 and all the sites visited were georeferenced using GPS. RESULTS: Six Biomphalaria species were found in 30 of the 36 municipalities studied: glabrata, tenagophila, straminea, peregrina, occidentalis and schrammi. The first three species of Biomphalaria, recognized as intermediate hosts of S. mansoni, were present in 33.3%, 47.2% and 8.3% of the municipalities studied, respectively. The mollusks were found in different types of water collections and no infection by S. mansoni was detected. The highest occurrence of Biomphalaria concentration was verified in the area covered by the Caminho Novo route (Diamantina/MG to Rio de Janeiro/RJ). CONCLUSIONS: Considering the occurrence of schistosomiasis in the State of Minas Gerais and the socioeconomic repercussions involved in the Estrada Real Project, this work focuses on the vulnerability of water collections due to the presence of Biomphalaria mollusks and emphasizes the need for epidemiological surveillance and sanitary and educational measures integrated with the local community and tourism sectors.

Metanephric adenoma: a rare differential diagnosis of renal tumor in children.

Metanephric adenoma is an extremely rare tumor of the kidney. The clinical and anatomic characteristics are not yet well defined, but it is currently considered to be a benign tumor with a good prognosis, although recently two metastatic cases have been reported. Around 50% of cases are incidental findings, and symptoms include polycythemia, abdominal pain, hematuria and palpable mass. The morphological characteristics are similar to those of Wilms' tumor, suggesting a common embryological precursor. We present here the youngest girl yet to be reported with a diagnosis of metanephric adenoma.

Acute diarrhea in hospitalized children of the municipality of juiz de fora, MG, Brazil: prevalence and risk factors associated with disease severity / Diarreia aguda em crianças hospitalizadas no município de Juiz de Fora, MG: prevalência e fatores de risco associados à gravidade da doença

CONTEXT: Acute diarrhea is a common cause of hospitalization among children under 5 years of age. Knowing the prevalence and risk factors associated with the severity of acute diarrhea is essential to control morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: Describe the prevalence of demographic, epidemiologic and clinical features of children under 6 years of age hospitalized for acute diarrhea, and investigate the association between these determinants and the severity of the diarrheic episode. METHOD: Retrospective, cross-sectional study, during the period from January, 2005 through December, 2008, in the municipality of Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. Files from 6,201 children from 0 to 6 years of age, hospitalized in two public teaching institutions (which account for 84% of all the hospitalizations in the municipality), were assessed. Acute diarrhea was defined as the presence of at least three evacuations of liquid or loose stools, within 24 hours, for a maximum period of 14 days. The patients with acute diarrhea were divided in two groups, according to disease severity, severe diarrhea being considered whenever hospitalization lasted for at least 4 days. Epidemiologic and clinical data were assessed and compared through the application of the chi-squared test and the binomial logistic regression model. RESULTS: The prevalence rate for admission due to acute diarrhea was 8.4%. The factors significantly associated with the severity of the diarrheic episode were: age under 6 months (P = 0.01, OR = 2.762); disease onset during fall (P = 0.033, OR = 1.742), presence of fever (P = 0.017, OR = 1.715) and antibiotic use during hospitalization (P = 0.000, OR = 3.872). CONCLUSIONS: Diarrhea is the third most common cause of hospitalization among children under 6 years of age in Juiz de Fora. Young age (under or equal to 6 months), fever, antibiotic use during hospitalization and disease onset during fall are risk factors associated with longer hospital stay.

CONTEXTO: Diarreia aguda é uma causa frequente de internação em crianças menores de 5 anos. O conhecimento da prevalência e dos fatores de risco associados à gravidade da diarreia aguda é fundamental no controle da morbimortalidade. OBJETIVO: Descrever a prevalência das características demográficas, epidemiológicas e clínicas de pacientes menores de 6 anos hospitalizados por diarreia aguda e investigar a associação entre esses determinantes e a gravidade do episódio diarreico. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal, retrospectivo, realizado no período de janeiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2008, no município de Juiz de Fora, MG. Foram avaliados 6.201 prontuários das crianças de 0 a 6 anos de idade hospitalizadas em duas instituições públicas de ensino que respondem juntas por 84% das internações no município. Diarreia aguda foi definida como presença de pelo menos três evacuações líquidas ou de consistência amolecida em 24 horas por no máximo 14 dias. Os pacientes com diarreia aguda foram divididos em dois grupos, de acordo com a gravidade do quadro e foi considerado diarreia grave o período de hospitalização maior ou igual a 4 dias. Os dados epidemiológicos e clínicos dos pacientes foram avaliados e comparados através da aplicação do teste do qui ao quadrado e do modelo de regressão logística binomial. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de internações por diarreia aguda foi de 8,4%. Os fatores que mostraram associação significativa com gravidade do episódio diarreico foram: idade inferior a 6 meses (P = 0,01, OR = 2,762); início da doença no outono (P = 0,033, OR = 1,742), presença de febre (P = 0,017, OR = 1,715) e uso de antibioticoterapia durante a internação (P = 0,000, OR = 3,872). CONCLUSÕES: Diarreia é a terceira causa de internação em crianças abaixo dos 6 anos em Juiz de Fora. Baixa idade (inferior ou igual a 6 meses), febre, uso de antibiótico na internação e início do episódio diarreico no outono são fatores de risco associados ao maior tempo de hospitalização.

Prevalência de perda auditiva incapacitante em Juiz de Fora, Brasil / Disabling hearing loss prevalence in Juiz de Fora, Brazil

No Brasil, dados de prevalência da perda auditiva incapacitante (PAI) são escassos, o que impacta o conhecimento dos profissionais da saúde sobre a extensão desse problema. OBJETIVOS: O presente estudo visou estimar a prevalência da PAI no município de Juiz de Fora, MG, identificar possíveis variáveis individuais relacionadas e verificar áreas de risco. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo descritivo populacional seccional realizado de janeiro a outubro de 2009. Foram selecionados, aleatoriamente, 349 domicílios com 1.050 indivíduos com idade entre 4 dias e 95 anos. Os instrumentos de coleta foram: questionário estruturado da OMS, exame otorrinolaringológico e exames complementares. Teste de qui-quadrado e modelos de regressão de Poisson foram utilizados para análise. RESULTADOS: A prevalência da PAI foi estimada em 5,2% (95% CI = 3,1-7,3) a qual foi classificada como moderada em 3,9% (95% IC = 0,001-0,134), grave em 0,9% (95% IC = 0,001-0,107) e profunda em 0,4% (95% IC = 0,001-0,095). Foi verificada correlação entre PAI e zumbido, idade acima de 60 anos e baixa escolaridade. CONCLUSÕES: Os dados obtidos apontam para a necessidade de se criar programas de saúde auditiva direcionados aos grupos de risco, promovendo qualidade de vida em pacientes com surdez.

Data on the prevalence of disabling hearing loss (DHL) in Brazil is scarce, which impacts healthcare professionals' knowledge on the extent of the problem. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed at estimating DHL prevalence in the municipality of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, to identify individual-related variables and find risk areas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a descriptive sectional population study held from January to October of 2009. We randomly selected 349 households with 1,050 individuals who with ages ranging between 4 days and 95 years. The data collection instruments were: WHO structured questionnaire, ENT examination and laboratory tests. Chi-square and Poison regression models were used for analyses. RESULTS: DHL prevalence was estimated at 5.2% (95% CI = 3.1 to 7.3) which was classified as moderate in 3.9% (95% CI = 0.001 to 0.134), severe in 0.9% (95% CI = 0.001 to 0.107) and profound in 0.4% (95% CI = 0.001 to 0.095). We found correlation between DHL and tinnitus; age over 60 years and low educational level. CONCLUSIONS: Our data obtained pointed to the need to create hearing health programs targeted to specific risk groups, promoting quality of life for hearing impaired patients.

Polymerase chain reaction for the evaluation of Schistosoma mansoni infection in two low endemicity areas of Minas Gerais, Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of schistosomiasis in areas with low endemicity using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a diagnostic method. We analysed faecal samples from 219 individuals residing in Piau and Coronel Pacheco, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, using a single faecal sample from each individual and two slides of the Kato-Katz technique as a gold standard. Fifteen out of the 219 samples were positive with both methods of diagnosis. One sample was diagnosed as positive by the Kato-Katz technique only and 61 were diagnosed only by PCR. The positivity rates were 7.3% with the Kato-Katz method and 34.7% with PCR. When both techniques were assumed to have 100% specificity and positive individuals were identified by both methods, the sensitivity of the Kato-Katz method was 20.8% and the PCR sensitivity was 98.7%. The Kappa index between the two techniques was 0.234, suggesting weak agreement. The assessment of a single faecal sample by PCR detected more cases of infection than the analysis of one sample with two slides using the Kato-Katz technique, suggesting that PCR can be a useful diagnostic tool, particularly in areas with low endemicity.

A esquistossomose mansoni no contexto da política de saúde brasileira / Schistosoma mansoni in the context of the Brazilian health policy

São muitos os fatores envolvidos na determinação da emergência e reemergência de doenças infecciosas. No caso da esquistossomose destacam-se os fatores biológicos como os relacionados ao habitat, às mutações e adaptações de microrganismos e hospedeiros, à resposta imunológica do hospedeiro e às adaptações bioecológicas de hospedeiros intermediários. Somam-se a esses, os não menos importantes fatores relacionados à gestão política, ocupação do ambiente e alocação de recursos financeiros. O Brasil reúne, hoje, importantes condições ecoepidemiológicas para a reemergência da esquistossomose e aumento da prevalência de algumas formas graves como mielorradiculopatia esquistossomótica, principalmente em áreas de baixa endemicidade. A expansão de suas fronteiras atinge os meios urbanos e rurais, destinados ao trabalho ou ao lazer, com comprometimento inclusive de setores de renda como o ecoturismo. Os avanços nas pesquisas acerca dos hospedeiros intermediário e definitivo do Schistosoma mansoni, para se transformarem em benefícios públicos, necessitam da sustentabilidade gerencial pública comprometida, interdisciplinar, fortalecida nas diferentes esferas de governo, vinculada ás sociedades civis tecnicamente capacitadas ao gerenciamento e comprometidas com as necessidades de saúde da população.

There are many factors involved in the determination of the emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases. In the case of Schistosomiasis biological factors are highlighted as related to the habitat, to the microorganisms and hosts adaptations and mutations, to the immunologic reply of the host and to the bio-ecology adaptations of intermediate hosts. These are added to the not less important factors related to the management politics, occupation of the environment and allocation of financial resources. Brazil congregates, today, an important echo-epidemiologic conditions for the reemergence of Schistosomiasis. The expansion of its borders reaches the urban and agricultural environments, destined to work or leisure, also damaging income sectors as the ecotourism. The advances in the researches concerning the intermediate and definitive hosts of the Schistosoma mansoni, to change them into public benefits, need the public sustainability, compromised, interdisciplinary, and strengthened in the government's different spheres. The organized civil society has fundamental paper in the control of the government actions.