The dose-response relationships of the direct scavenging activity of amide-based local anesthetics against multiple free radicals.

This study aimed to illustrate the dose-response relationships of the direct scavenging activity of amide-based local anesthetics against multiple free radicals in vitro. We have demonstrated that amide-type local anesthetics selectively and directly scavenge some free radicals. Three kinds of free radicals were eliminated by all the four local anesthetics examined. Mepivacaine, lidocaine, bupivacaine, and dibucaine scavenged hydroxyl radicals in dose-dependent manners. Ascorbyl free radicals were also scavenged in dose-dependent manners, and lastly singlet oxygen was scavenged in dose-dependent manners. Three other free radicals were not scavenged by all of the four local anesthetics; tert-butoxyl radical was scavenged by all the anesthetics examined but dibucaine, nitric oxide by mepivacaine but not by the other three, and tyrosyl radical by mepivacaine and lidocaine but not by the other two. Some free radicals (superoxide anion, tert-butyl peroxyl radical, DPPH) were not scavenged by any of the four local anesthetics. The local anesthetics were also shown to inhibit lipid peroxidation by TBARS assay. These results suggest that local anesthetics have antioxidant properties through their free radical scavenging activities.

A change in the timing of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination in 2013 was associated with an increase in the incidence rate of infants with latent tuberculosis infection.

BACKGROUND: A change in the timing of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination among infants in Japan appears to be associated with an increase in the incidence rate of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). METHODS: Data on both active and latent tuberculosis (TB) infections from 2007 to 2019, which were reported by the Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, were statistically analyzed by comparing TB incidence rates in 2007-2012 and 2013-2019. RESULTS: Although the incidence rate for active TB disease did not statistically increase nor decrease in the infant age group for either sex (and in fact decreased for some of the other age groups), the incidence rates of LTBI for both sexes were increased in the infant age group, while the incidence rates decreased in the other age groups. Between 2007 and 2012, the incidence rate of LTBI in females was statistically greater than those of males in the 1-4-year-old age group. From 2013 to 2019, the incidence rates of females were greater than those of males in both the infant and 1-4-year-old age groups, suggesting a growing preponderance of infections among female children in the youngest age groups. CONCLUSION: It may be that the change of BCG vaccination timing in Japan which took place in 2013 affected the infant incidence rate of LTBI, with a more prominent effect on females than males. In order to control TB infection, the ramifications of a change in vaccination timing therefore need careful exploration, as one such change appears associated with increased numbers of infants with LTBI, with disproportionate effects on females.

Dose-dependent scavenging activity of the ultra-short-acting ß1-blocker landiolol against specific free radicals.

Landiolol, a highly cardioselective ultra-short-acting ß1-blocker, prevents perioperative atrial fibrillation associated with systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. We evaluated the direct scavenging activity of landiolol against multiple free radical species. Nine free radical species (hydroxyl, superoxide anion, ascorbyl, tert-butyl peroxyl, tert-butoxyl, singlet oxygen, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, nitric oxide, and tyrosyl radicals) were directly quantified using an X-band ESR spectrometer with the spin-trapping method. IC50 and reaction rate constants were estimated from the dose-response curve for each free radical. Landiolol scavenged six of the free radical species examined: hydroxyl radical (IC50 = 0.76 mM, k landiolol = 1.4 × 10|10 M|-1 s|-1, p<0.001), superoxide anion (58 mM, 2.1 M|-1 s|-1, p = 0.044), tert-butoxyl radical (4.3 mM, k landiolol/k CYPMPO = 0.77, p<0.001), ascorbyl free radical (0.31 mM, p<0.001), singlet oxygen (0.69 mM, k landiolol/k 4-OH |TEMP = 2.9, p<0.001), and nitric oxide (15 mM, 1.7 × 10 M|-1 s|-1, p<0.001). This study is the first to report that landiolol dose-dependently scavenges multiple free radical species with different reaction rate constants. These results indicate the potential clinical application of landiolol as an antioxidative and anti-inflammatory agent in addition to its present clinical use as an anti-arrhythmic agent.

Direct free radical scavenging effects of water-soluble HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, statins, are widely used for preventing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases by controlling blood cholesterol level. Additionally, previous studies revealed the scavenging effects of statins on free radicals. We assessed direct scavenging activities of two water-soluble statins, fluvastatin and pravastatin, on multiple free radicals using electron spin resonance spectrometry with spin trapping method. We estimated reaction rate constants (k fv for fluvastatin, and k pv for pravastatin). Superoxide anion was scavenged by fluvastatin and pravastatin with k fv and k pv of 4.82 M-1s-1 and 49.0 M-1s-1, respectively. Scavenging effects of fluvastatin and pravastatin on hydroxyl radical were comparable; both k fv and k pv were >109 M-1s-1. Fluvastatin also eliminated tert-butyl peroxyl radical with relative k fv of 2.63 to that of CYPMPO, whereas pravastatin did not affect tert-butyl peroxyl radical. Nitric oxide was scavenged by fluvastatin and pravastatin with k fv and k pv of 68.6 M-1s-1 and 701 M-1s-1, respectively. Both fluvastatin and pravastatin had scavenging effects on superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical and nitric oxide radical. On the other hand, tert-butyl peroxyl radical was scavenged only by fluvastatin, suggesting that fluvastatin might have more potential effect than pravastatin to prevent atherosclerosis and ischemia/reperfusion injury via inhibiting oxidation of lipids.

Dose-dependency of multiple free radical-scavenging activity of edaravone.

BACKGROUND: Edaravone is a powerful free radical scavenger that is in clinical use. However, data concerning its dose-response relationship against multiple free radicals remain sparse. The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate the dose-dependency of direct scavenging activity of edaravone against multiple free radical species. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Free radical-scavenging activities of edaravone against six free radical species were evaluated by electron spin resonance spectroscopy using spin-trapping method. RESULTS: Edaravone scavenged the following free radicals in dose-dependent manners with reaction rate constants (kedaravone) or 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) as indicated: hydroxyl radical (kedaravone = 5.2 × 1010 M-1 s-1), superoxide anion (kedaravone/kG-CYPMPO = 0.63), tert-butyl peroxyl radical (kedaravone/kG-CYPMPO = 8.8), ascorbyl free radical (IC50 = 0.17 ± 0.06 mM), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH, IC50 = 4.7 ± 0.3 µM), and nitric oxide (kedaravone = 7.0 × 103 M-1 s-1). CONCLUSIONS: The dose-dependent scavenging activities of edaravone against multiple free radical species were clearly illustrated. It is speculated that edaravone acts as antioxidant by dose-dependently scavenging multiple free radical species along the chain reactions of oxidative stress in surgery.

Re-employment of people with chronic stroke: A single-centre retrospective study.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Re-employment is the goal of rehabilitation for many patients after stroke. This study retrospectively examined previously employed stroke survivors who were unable to return to work at time of discharge from hospital and identified factors which were correlated with successful re-employment following a rehabilitation programme involving occupational therapy at a support facility. Factors correlated with reactivation of drivers' licence after stroke were also investigated. METHODS: Participants were 150 post-stroke patients who were discharged from a support facility for persons with disabilities from April 2011 to March 2016. Data on patients' sociodemographic information, activities of daily living, and physical functions had been recorded at the time of admission into the facility. Employment status was recorded at discharge. Data were collected retrospectively in July 2017 from the medical records. Logistic regression models were prepared to examine factors correlated with successful re-employment and reactivation of drivers' licence after occupational therapy. RESULTS: A stepwise logistic regression model revealed that the following four factors were significantly correlated with successful re-employment: (i) the dressing-lower body item in the Functional Independence Measure (P < 0.001), (ii) the grooming item in the Functional Independence Measure (P = 0.002), (iii) marital status (P = 0.007), and (iv) the problem-solving item in the Functional Independence Measure (P = 0.028). Another stepwise logistic regression model revealed that the factors were significantly correlated with successful reactivation of drivers' licence: (i) the problem-solving item in the Functional Independence Measure (P = 0.002), (ii) the dressing-lower body item in the Functional Independence Measure (P = 0.011) and (iii) the residence area (P = 0.038). CONCLUSION: A single-centre retrospective study demonstrated several significant correlates of successful re-employment and reactivation of drivers' licence after stroke following rehabilitation training which employs occupational therapy to target skills critical for employment.

Medical Problems and Concerns with Temporary Evacuation Shelters after Great Earthquake Disasters in Japan: A Systematic Review.

Japan has repeatedly suffered from natural disasters. A number of temporary evacuation shelters have been opened for the benefit of evacuees. Although the operation of such evacuation shelters has improved after the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake (1995), a number of operational difficulties were encountered during the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 and the Kumamoto Earthquake in 2016. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify the medical concerns encountered in temporary evacuation shelters by focusing on unsanitary environment, food and nutrition, and shortage of medication. Actual sanitary conditions have been found to be below the standards stipulated by the Japanese government as per international guidelines. Food aid in evacuation shelters was neither nutritionally balanced, nor was the distribution to different shelters balanced. Furthermore, evacuees with chronic diseases feared that there may be a shortage of medication. Crowding in evacuation shelters increased the risk of outbreaks of infectious diseases (e.g., tuberculosis). Malnutrition and shortage of medication exacerbated the risk of deterioration of chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes mellitus, hypertension) among evacuees. Therefore, it is recommended that healthcare professionals should be promptly deployed to evacuation shelters, to promote sanitary control and education, as well as address limited space availability, and food and medication shortage.

A phase I study to evaluate safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of respiratory syncytial virus neutralizing monoclonal antibody MK-1654 in healthy Japanese adults.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection among all infants worldwide and remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. To address this unmet medical need, MK-1654, a half-life extended RSV neutralizing monoclonal antibody, is in clinical development for the prevention of RSV disease in infants. This was a phase I, randomized, placebo-controlled, single-site, double-blind trial of MK-1654 in 44 healthy Japanese adults. The safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, antidrug antibodies (ADAs), and serum neutralizing antibody (SNA) titers against RSV were evaluated for 1 year after a single intramuscular (i.m.) or intravenous (i.v.) dose of MK-1654 or placebo in five groups (100 mg i.m., 300 mg i.m., 300 mg i.v., 1000 mg i.v., or placebo). MK-1654 was generally well-tolerated in Japanese adults. There were no serious drug-related adverse events (AEs) reported in any MK-1654 recipient and no discontinuations due to any AEs in the study. The half-life of MK-1654 ranged from 76 to 91 days across dosing groups. Estimated bioavailability was 86% for 100 mg i.m. and 77% for 300 mg i.m. One participant out of 33 (3.0%) developed detectable ADA with no apparent associated AEs. The RSV SNA titers increased in a dose-dependent manner among participants who received MK-1654. These data support the development of MK-1654 for use in Japanese infants.

Age- and Sex-Related Differences in Morbidities of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Children.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are causes of public health burden globally. The purpose of this study is to document age-specific and sex-related changes in the morbidity of four representative STDs in children. Japanese national surveillance data from 1999 to 2017 on morbidities of the following four STDs were analyzed by age and sex: Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), condylomata acuminate (CA), and genital herpes simplex virus (GHSV). The morbidities of males and females in each age group were compared through the male-to-female morbidity (MFM) ratios. The MFM ratios were not different from one in infants, less than one in children, and greater than one after puberty in all four STDs. The reversal of MFM ratio less than 1 to greater than 1 for NG infection was observed between 10-14 and 15-19 year of age, i.e., during the puberty, while that for GHSV infection was observed between 35-39 and 40-44 year of age, i.e., during adulthood. In conclusion, the morbidities of the four STDs were similar between the sexes in infants, and were higher in female children than in male children, while the morbidities in all four diseases were higher in men after puberty.

Influence of aging on the color visual field in humans: A cross-sectional study.

ABSTRACT: Age-related narrowing of the visual field is observed in the elderly, which leads to reduced cognitive and psychomotor functions. The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to determine the influence of aging on the visual field for color vision in humans, with respect to angular thresholds for object detection and color detection.The subjects were divided into the elderly group (mean 76.1-year-old [70-89]) and the control group (25.2 [18-47]). Visual fields for different colors (blue, green, yellow, and red) were measured by manual kinetic perimetry and evaluated in terms of 2 measures of visual-field width: angular thresholds for object detection and those for color detection.While angular thresholds for object detection were significantly wider than those for color detection in the control group (P < .001), there was no difference in the elderly group (P = .06). Moreover, angular thresholds for object detection were significantly wider in the control group than in the elderly group (P = .019), but angular thresholds for color detection were not significantly different between the 2 groups (P = .903).The observed age-related changes in angular thresholds for object detection in color vision may reflect an age-related reduction in rod function. Stable cone function might explain the preserved angular thresholds for color detection in the elderly.

Neuroprotective effects of ethyl pyruvate on brain energy metabolism after ischemia-reperfusion injury: a 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance study.

The neuroprotective effects of ethyl pyruvate (EP), a stable derivative of pyruvate, on energy metabolism of rat brain exposed to ischemia-reperfusion stress were investigated by (31)P-nuclear magnetic resonance ((31)P-NMR) spectroscopy. Recovery level of phosphocreatine after ischemia was significantly greater when superfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) with 2 mM EP than when superfused with ACSF without EP. EP was neuroprotective against ischemia only when administered before the ischemic exposure. Intracellular pH during ischemia was less acidic when superfused ahead of time with EP. EP did not show neuroprotective effects in neuron-rich slices pretreated with 100 microM fluorocitrate, a selective glial poison. It was suggested that both the administration of EP before ischemic exposure and the presence of astrocytes are required for EP to exert neuroprotective effects. We suggest the potential involvement of multiple mechanisms of action, such as less acidic intracellular pH, glial production of lactate, and radical scavenging ability.

Effects of gamma ray irradiation on energy metabolism in the rat brain: a 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.

OBJECT: Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) is performed to treat patients with functional neurological diseases, but the neurophysiological mechanisms of GKS's biological effects with subnecrotic doses remain largely undefined. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of gamma irradiation on energy metabolism in the rat brain by using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-NMRS). METHODS: The whole brains of Wistar rats were irradiated with a subnecrotic (60-Gy) dose of radiation. One week after the irradiation, brain slices (400 microm thick) were incubated in standard artificial cerebrospinal fluid to undergo 31P-NMRS investigation. Changes in high-energy phosphate, phosphocreatine (PCr), and gamma-ATP, as well as inorganic phosphate levels before, during, and after ischemic stress for 64 minutes were measured. Histological findings were also evaluated using light and electron microscopy. The decrease in the PCr level was significantly slower during ischemia and recovery after reperfusion was significantly faster and greater in the gamma-irradiated rats than in the control animals. The gamma-ATP level after ischemia was also higher in the gamma-irradiated rats than in the controls. Neither neuronal damage nor astrocytosis was observed in the irradiated cerebral cortices. CONCLUSIONS: Gamma irradiation with a subnecrotic dose may have neuroprotective effects that maintain a more stable cellular phosphorylation potential after ischemic stress. Such effects of GKS on energy metabolism coupled with neurotransmission (glutamate-glutamine cycling between neurons and astrocytes) may play a role in the treatment of neurological disease.

Incidence of cancer among female flight attendants: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Airline flight personnel work in a unique environment with exposure to known or suspected carcinogens and mutagens including ionizing cosmic radiation. A meta-analysis was conducted to study whether the occupational exposure of female flight attendants (FA) increased their relative risk of cancer incidence. METHODS: A bibliographical computer search from 1966 to 2005 of cancer incidence cohort studies of female FA was performed. Combined relative risks (RRc) in cancer incidence were calculated by means of meta-analysis. RESULTS: RRc and 95% confidence interval (CI) for malignant melanoma and breast cancer in female FA were 2.13 (95% CI: 1.58-2.88) and 1.41 (1.22-1.62) (p < 0.0001). Excess risk was not significant for all-site cancer with RRc of 1.10 (0.99-1.21). CONCLUSIONS: The meta-analysis confirmed the significantly increased risks for malignant melanoma and breast cancer in female FA. Increased exposure to cosmic radiation during flight has been suggested as a potential occupational risk factor. Ultraviolet radiation exposure on board seems an unlikely occupational risk, but nonoccupational leisure time sun exposure is a possible risk factor. The etiology of the observed increase in incidence of some cancers remains controversial because assessment of possible confounders, especially nonoccupational exposure factors, has thus far been limited.

The effect of gamma knife irradiation on functions of striatum in rats.

OBJECT: An animal model has been developed to study the effect of gamma knife surgery(GKS) on cerebral function. METHODS: A rat was fixed in a newly developed Régis-Valliccioni frame that enables the target region to be planned directly on the magnetic resonance images. The left striatum was irradiated with 150 Gy via a 4-mm collimator of the Leksell gamma knife. Apomorphine (dopamine agonist) was administered to elicit a circling behavior (apomorphine test) after the GKS so as to examine the time course of the changes in dopaminergic functions of irradiated striatum. After a series of behavioral analyses, irradiated brains were subjected to histological examination. Necrosis was observed in the irradiated area surrounded by hemorrhage and gliosis. The distance between the histologically estimated and planned centers of the irradiation areas was 1.0 +/- 0.5 mm. The extent of the distance was due to errors along dorsoventral axis. The distribution of the irradiation areas influenced the activity and the circling behaviors in apomorphine test, which was suggestive of involvement of the nigrostriatal pathway. CONCLUSIONS: Targeting by using the Régis-Valliccioni frame was very accurate compared with targeting with coordinates based on brain maps used hitherto. Although targeting improved the accuracy, further effort will still be necessary to reduce errors along dorsoventral axis. The apomorphine test indicated a reduced dopaminergic function of the irradiated area including striatum, which accompanied histological changes after a high dose of irradiation (150 Gy).

Gamma knife surgery of the pituitary: new treatment for thalamic pain syndrome.

OBJECT: Although reports in the literature indicate that thalamic pain syndrome can be controlled with chemical hypophysectomy, this procedure is associated with transient diabetes insipidus. It was considered reasonable to attempt gamma knife surgery (GKS) to the pituitary gland to control thalamic pain. METHODS: Inclusion criteria in this study were poststroke thalamic pain, failure of all other treatments, intolerance to general anesthetic, and the main complaint of pain and not numbness. Seventeen patients met these criteria and were treated with GKS to the pituitary. The target was the pituitary gland together with the border between the pituitary stalk and the gland. The maximum dose was 140 to 180 Gy. All patients were followed for more than 3 months. CONCLUSIONS: An initial significant pain reduction was observed in 13 (76.5%) of 17 patients. Some patients experienced pain reduction within 48 hours of treatment. Persistent pain relief for more than 1 year was observed in five (38.5%) of 13 patients. Rapid recurrence of pain in fewer than 3 months was observed in four (30.8%) of 13 patients. The only complication was transient diabetes insipidus in one patient. It would seem that GKS of the pituitary might have a role to play in thalamic pain arising after a stroke.

EEG activity of aviators during imagery flight training.

OBJECTIVE: Imagery flight training (IFT) is widely used in aviation without neurophysiological evaluation. Electroencephalogram (EEG) during IFT was compared between experienced fighter pilots (FP) and novice pilots (NP). METHODS: Six FP and 9 NP performed imagery right bank, left bank, right roll, and left roll maneuvers. Each task was repeated 5 times in a random order. Instantaneous EEG power was calculated by the intertrial variance method. RESULTS: In FP, 3 waves of event-related desynchronization (ERD) were observed. The third ERD (ERD3) was observed at all the electrode positions except Fp1 which began 0.25 s before the beginning of IFT and reached its peak 0.25 s after the beginning of IFT. In NP, ERD was not related to the start of IFT. The difference in event-related EEG at the peak of ERD3 was not significant between FP and NP. However, the negative change to the peak of ERD3 was significantly larger in FP than in NP. CONCLUSIONS: It is speculated that ERD3 in FP may indicate the activation of cortical areas including visual- and motor-related areas involved in IFT. SIGNIFICANCE: It is speculated that the representation of IFT was programmed in visual- and motor-related cortical areas as an aviator's career advances.

Age-specific sex-related differences in infections: a statistical analysis of national surveillance data in Japan.

BACKGROUND: To prevent and control infectious diseases, it is important to understand how sex and age influence morbidity rates, but consistent clear descriptions of differences in the reported incidence of infectious diseases in terms of sex and age are sparse. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Data from the Japanese surveillance system for infectious diseases from 2000 to 2009 were used in the analysis of seven viral and four bacterial infectious diseases with relatively large impact on the Japanese community. The male-to-female morbidity (MFM) ratios in different age groups were estimated to compare incidence rates of symptomatic reported infection between the sexes at different ages. MFM ratios were >1 for five viral infections out of seven in childhood, i.e. male children were more frequently reported as infected than females with pharyngoconjunctival fever, herpangina, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, mumps, and varicella. More males were also reported to be infected with erythema infectiosum and exanthema subitum, but only in children 1 year of age. By contrast, in adulthood the MFM ratios decreased to <1 for all of the viral infections above except varicella, i.e. adult women were more frequently reported to be infected than men. Sex- and age-related differences in reported morbidity were also documented for bacterial infections. Reported morbidity for enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection was higher in adult females and females were reportedly more infected with mycoplasma pneumonia than males in all age groups up to 70 years. CONCLUSIONS: Sex-related differences in reported morbidity for viral and bacterial infections were documented among different age groups. Changes in MFM ratios with age may reflect differences between the sexes in underlying development processes, including those affecting the immune, endocrine, and reproductive systems, or differences in reporting rates.

Sex- and age-related differences in morbidity rates of 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus of swine origin in Japan.

BACKGROUND: The objective of the present study was to determine whether the morbidity rates of the 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus (pdmH1N1) varied by age and/or sex. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Retrospective analysis of 2,024,367 cases of pdmH1N1 was performed using the national surveillance data from influenza sentinel points in Japan. The male-to-female morbidity ratios (M/F ratios) in nineteen age groups were estimated as the primary outcome. The M/F ratios for pdmH1N1 influenza were: >1 in age groups <20 years and ≥80 years (p<0.001); <1 in age groups 20-79 years (p<0.001). This data suggests that males <20 years of age may be more likely to suffer from pdmH1N1 influenza than females in the same age categories. When the infection pattern for pdmH1N1 was compared with that of seasonal influenza outbreaks between 2000 and 2008, the M/F ratio for pdmH1N1 influenza was higher in ages 3-29 years and lower in ages 40-79 years. Because the present study was based on the national surveillance, it was impossible to estimate the morbidity rate for the Japanese population. It is also likely that the data did not capture asymptomatic or mild infections. CONCLUSIONS: Although exposure to the pdmH1N1 virus is assumed to be similar in both boys and girls, M/F ratios were >1 in those younger than 20 years. The subsequent reversal of the M/F ratio in the adult generation could be due to several possibilities, including: greater immunity among adult males, more asymptomatic infections among males, less reporting of illness by males, or differences in exposure to the virus and probability of visiting a clinic. These results suggest that the infection and virulence patterns of pdmH1N1 are more complex than previously considered.

Gamma knife radiosurgery targeting protocols for the experiments with small animals.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Manipulation of brain functions via Gamma Knife (GK) irradiation would have numerous applications in clinical and experimental neurology. METHODS: Alteration of brain functions in the unilaterally irradiated striatum was indexed through monitoring freely moving rat behaviors. Spontaneous activity and rotations on the apomorphine test, which can detect dopaminergic function imbalance, were indexed employing our behavior tracking system. The spatial distribution of necrotic lesions was explored using serial sections, and was assumed to represent the real foci of the GK target. RESULTS: Distinct behavioral alterations corresponded to the precise locations of the lesions in various areas of the basal ganglia. Displacement of the irradiation sites in the anteromedial direction increased spontaneous activity, and posterolateral shift provoked circling behavior on the apomorphine test. CONCLUSION: Accurate positioning of the target is crucial for experimental GK irradiation locally focused on domains of a small brain such as that of the rat. Here, we propose a protocol for converting the 'intended' focus, based on brain map coordinates, to a 'planned' focus on the MR imaging coordinate system with the Régis-Valliccioni stereotactic frame.

Effects of acupressure on gastric myoelectrical activity in healthy humans.

OBJECTIVE: Acupressure at Neiguan point (P6) has been used as an antiemetic in Eastern countries and many studies have reported its effectiveness on gastrointestinal symptoms. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of acupressure on gastric myoelectrical activity in healthy humans. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifteen healthy volunteers (9 M, 6 F) served as subjects. Acupressure at P6 was applied for 1 min followed by 1 min of rest, and this alternating sequence was continued for a total of 30 min. Electrogastrogram (EGG) was recorded for 30 min before ("baseline"), during ("acupressure") and after ("recovery") the application of acupressure. Heart rate variability (HRV) was also recorded to analyze autonomic nervous activities. RESULTS: The percentage of normal 3 cycles per minute slow wave (%NSW) was changed significantly by the application of acupressure (86.5+/-2.4, 92.3+/-1.2, 92.8+/-1.9% in the baseline, acupressure and recovery periods, respectively, p = 0.0424). The %NSW was significantly larger in the acupressure and the recovery periods than in the baseline period (p <0.03). The changes in %NSW from the baseline to the acupressure (r = -0.8598, p < 0.001) and to the recovery (r = -0.6422, p <0.01) periods were negatively correlated with the baseline %NSW. There was no change in HRV. CONCLUSIONS: Acupressure at P6 increased %NSW of gastric myoelectrical activity. The negative correlation between the baseline value and the change in %NSW may extrapolate a possible normalizing effect of acupressure on impaired gastric myoelectrical activity in symptomatic patients.