1-α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 potentiates avian osteoclast activation by increasing the formation of zipper-like structure via Src/Rac1 signaling.

Avian bone metabolism diseases affect the development and production of chickens, and many of these diseases can be prevented and controlled by balanced nutrition and hormone medicine. The steroid hormone 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 plays a key role in maintaining the balance of avian bone metabolism. Clinically, 1α,25-(OH)2D3 has been used to treat several bone diseases. Although several previous studies have investigated the effects of 1α,25-(OH)2D3 on osteoclastogenesis, the mechanisms underpinning osteoclast (OC) activity remain largely unknown. Herein, we used molecular and cell biology approaches to demonstrate that 1α,25-(OH)2D3 increases avian OC formation and activity, and upregulates bone resorption-related genes. Moreover, 1α,25-(OH)2D3 regulates the OC cytoskeleton by increasing the formation of zipper-like structure in OC precursor cells to potentiate OC activity via the Src/Rac1 signaling pathway. These findings provide new insight into the role of 1α,25-(OH)2D3 in OC activity.

Influence of osteoprotegerin on differentiation, activation, and apoptosis of Gaoyou duck embryo osteoclasts in vitro.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the influence of osteoprotegerin (OPG) on the differentiation, activation, and apoptosis of Gaoyou duck embryo osteoclasts cultured in vitro. Bone marrow cells were harvested from 23-d-old Gaoyou duck embryos and cultured in the presence of different concentrations of OPG (group A: no added factors, group B: 30 ng/mL of OPG, and group C: 100 ng/mL of OPG). Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, pit formation assay, and co-staining with tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC)-conjugated phalloidin and Hoechst 33258 were all performed to determine the number of TRAP-positive cells, bone resorption activity, and the level of apoptosis, respectively. The number of TRAP-positive cells and the net expansion of pit formations area peaked on d 7 of culture in all 3 groups. The number of osteoclasts and the total volume of pit formations in OPG-treated groups were significantly lower compared with group A (P < 0.05). At each time point, the net expansion of pit formations area correlated with the number of TRAP-positive cells. The OPG inhibited the de novo formation of filamentous (F)-actin rings and promoted the disruption of existing F-actin rings in mature osteoclasts. In addition, OPG induced apoptosis in mature osteoclasts, as demonstrated by morphological changes in the nuclei. In osteoclast precursors, OPG inhibited differentiation and downregulated the formation of F-actin rings. In mature osteoclasts, OPG suppressed activation and enhanced the development of apoptosis, observed as a decrease in the number of TRAP-positive cells, the disruption of F-actin rings and morphological changes of the nuclei.

Effects of 1α,25-(OH)2D3 on the formation and activity of osteoclasts in RAW264.7 cells.

The hormonally active form of vitamin D3, 1α,25-(OH)2D3, has an important role in bone metabolism. This study examined the effects of 1α,25-(OH)2D3 on the ability of two cytokines, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), to induce RAW 264.7 cells to form osteoclasts. A TRAP histochemical staining assay and bone resorption analysis were used to identify the rate of formation and activity of osteoclasts. The numbers of osteoclasts formed, and their bone resorption activity, was enhanced by the addition of 1α,25-(OH)2D3. The expression levels of osteoclast-specific proteins that are essential for bone resorption, integrin ß3, V-ATPase, CAII, CTSK, TRAP and MMP-9, were detected by western blotting. During 48 h, the expression levels of all these proteins significantly increased. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the expression levels of the transcription factors, c-Fos and NFATcl. The expression levels of c-Fos and NFATc1 also increased 24h after treatment with 1α,25-(OH)2D3. These results suggest that 1α,25-(OH)2D3 can regulate bone metabolism by directly enhancing the formation and maturation of osteoclasts.

Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 protein expression by 1α, 25-(OH)2D3 during osteoclast differentiation.

To investigate 1α,25-(OH)2D3 regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) protein expression during osteoclast formation and differentiation, receptor activator of nuclear factor kB ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) were administered to induce the differentiation of RAW264.7 cells into osteoclasts. The cells were incubated with different concentrations of 1α,25-(OH)2D3 during culturing, and cell proliferation was measured using the methylthiazol tetrazolium method. Osteoclast formation was confirmed using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and assessing bone lacunar resorption. MMP-9 protein expression levels were measured with Western blotting. We showed that 1α,25-(OH)2D3 inhibited RAW264.7 cell proliferation induced by RANKL and M-CSF, increased the numbers of TRAP-positive osteoclasts and their nuclei, enhanced osteoclast bone resorption, and promoted MMP-9 protein expression in a concentration-dependent manner. These findings indicate that 1α,25-(OH)2D3 administered at a physiological relevant concentration promoted osteoclast formation and could regulate osteoclast bone metabolism by increasing MMP-9 protein expression during osteoclast differentiation.

Osteoprotegerin influences the bone resorption activity of osteoclasts.

The aim of the present study was to determine whether osteoprotegerin (OPG) influences the bone resorption activity of osteoclasts. RAW264.7 cells were induced by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) + receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and 0, 10, 20, 50 and 100 ng/ml OPG were added into various groups in the presence of the two cytokines. The OPG treatment was continued for 24 h. Osteoclast differentiation and activation were estimated via TRAP staining assay, TRITC-conjugated phalloidin staining, resorption activity analysis. Furthermore, the expression levels of the osteoclastic bone resorption-related genes MMP-9, cathepsin K and carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) were examined using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The data demonstrated that high concentrations of OPG could inhibit the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts. Furthermore, real-time PCR analysis illustrated that OPG decreased the expression of MMP-9 and cathepsin K in different concentrations of OPG and it decreased the expression of CA II genes at 10 and 20 ng/ml concentrations of OPG. For the time gradient study, OPG decreased the expression of MMP-9 and CA II genes but not that of the cathepsin K gene. In summary, the resorption activity of osteoclasts was suppressed by high concentrations of OPG and, at the molecular level, OPG decreased the expression of osteoclastic bone resorption-related genes.

Inhibitory effects of osteoprotegerin on osteoclast formation and function under serum-free conditions.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether osteoprotegerin (OPG) could affect osteoclat differentiation and activation under serum-free conditions. Both duck embryo bone marrow cells and RAW264.7 cells were incubated with macrophage colony stimulatory factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator for nuclear factor kB ligand (RANKL) in serum-free medium to promote osteoclastogenesis. During cultivation, 0, 10, 20, 50, and 100 ng/mL OPG were added to various groups of cells. Osteoclast differentiation and activation were monitored via tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, filamentous-actin rings analysis, and a bone resorption assay. Furthermore, the expression osteoclast-related genes, such as TRAP and receptor activator for nuclear factor κB (RANK), that was influenced by OPG in RAW264.7 cells was examined using real-time polymerase chain reaction. In summary, findings from the present study suggested that M-CSF with RANKL can promote osteoclast differentiation and activation, and enhance the expression of TRAP and RANK mRNA in osteoclasts. In contrast, OPG inhibited these activities under serum-free conditions.