The educational preparation of nurses in a developing economy and patient mortality.

BACKGROUND: Most studies have reported that higher levels (baccalaureate degree) of educational attainment by nurses are associated with lower levels of patient mortality. Researchers working in developed economies (e.g. North America and Europe) have almost exclusively conducted these studies. The value of baccalaureate nurse education has not been tested in countries with a developing economy. METHOD: A retrospective observational study conducted in seven hospitals. Patient mortality was the main outcome of interest. Anonymized data were extracted from nurses and patients from two different administrative sources and linked using the staff identification number that exists in both systems. We used bivariate logistic regression models to test the association between mortality and the educational attainment of the admitting nurse (responsible for assessment and care planning). RESULTS: Data were extracted for 11 918 (12, 830 admissions) patients and 7415 nurses over the first 6 months of 2015. The majority of nurses were educated in South Asia and just over half were educated to at least bachelor degree level. After adjusting for confounding and clustering, nurse education was not found to be associated with mortality. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND HEALTH POLICY: Our observations may suggest that in a developing economy, the academic level of nurses' education is not associated with a reduction in patient mortality. Findings should be interpreted with considerable caution but do challenge widely held assumptions about the value of baccalaureate-prepared nurses. Further research focused on nursing education in developing economies is required to inform health policy and planning.

Open access follow-up care for early breast cancer: a randomised controlled quality of life analysis.

This study evaluated the acceptability of a supportive model of follow-up. One hundred and twelve women recovering from breast cancer were randomised to receive standard breast clinic aftercare (Control n = 56) or on demand by open access aftercare by breast care nurses (Intervention n = 56). Participants attended a support-based psycho-educational programme delivered in four half-day group sessions. Three quality of life questionnaires (EORTC QLQ-C30, QLQ-BR23, HADS) were administered at baseline and 6-monthly intervals for 2 years. Multilevel linear regression modelling methods were used for evaluation. Age was found to be a statistically significant predictor of quality of life in several sub-scales. Increasing age was negatively associated with sexual functioning, systematic therapy side effects and physical functioning, and positively associated with future perspective. Aftercare assignment was not found to be a statistically significant predictor. Women treated for early breast cancer were not disadvantaged by allocation to the open access supportive care model in terms of quality of life experienced. The model for follow-up was demonstrated to be a feasible alternative to routinised hospital-based follow-up and adds to the evidence for stratified follow-up for low-risk cancer patients, incorporating self-management education. Stratified follow-up pathways are viewed as a preferable approach.

Implementing a nursing systems framework in a developing country.

AIM: To test the effect on patient mortality of implementing a nursing systems framework across a national health system. BACKGROUND: There have been five previous observational studies that have tested the effect of a nursing systems framework on clinical outcomes for patients. Implementation of a nursing systems framework in the health system of a developing country has not been evaluated. DESIGN: Quasi-experimental (before and after) study. METHOD: A nursing systems framework consisting of six themes: (i) Professionalisation; (ii) Education; (iii) Structure; (iv) Quality of nursing care; (v) An academic health system; and (vi) Communication (Professional), was implemented across the national health system of Qatar in March 2015. Routine administrative data were extracted (March 2014-February 2016) for elective admissions. Our primary and secondary outcomes were, respectively, all cause mortality at discharge and readmission to hospital (within 28 days of discharge). We split the data into two time periods: before (March 2014-February 2015) and after (March 2015-February 2016) the implementation of the nursing systems framework. Multivariable regression modelling was used to examine the effect of the framework on patient mortality, after adjusting for key confounding variables (patient age, episode acuity, intensive care admission and length of stay). FINDINGS: Data were extracted for 318 548 patients (year 1 = 130 829; year 2 = 187 725). After adjusting for confounding, there was a significant association between the implementation of the nursing systems framework, mortality and readmission. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING POLICY AND PRACTICE: Our observations suggest that the implementation of a nursing systems framework may be important in improving outcomes for patients in emerging health systems.

Why are women considering ovarian tissue cryopreservation to preserve reproductive and hormonal ovarian function? A qualitative study protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Current fertility preservation options available to women are oocyte cryopreservation (egg freezing) or embryo cryopreservation. A newer procedure, ovarian tissue cryopreservation (OTC), has become available in some centres, which offers another option for women and girls considering fertility preservation. These procedures are commonly offered to women about to undergo treatments for cancer. OTC involves removing sections of ovarian tissue and cryopreserving it for future reimplantation, often several years later. OTC offers girls and women who may become infertile with optionality and the possibility of pregnancy. OTC has potential for other applications, including restoring ovarian endocrine function beyond biological menopause. This is not without controversy but has led to some women considering undergoing the procedure for purposes of ovarian hormonal preservation (conservation of ovarian endocrine function). OTC is invasive, involves two surgical procedures with concomitant risks and can be costly. Understanding why women may consider and ultimately undergo OTC is timely, so that evidence-based and women-centred care can be provided. METHODS: A pragmatic narrative qualitative design will be used. A purposive sample of women aged 18-45 who are considering, or have sought, OTC will be recruited over 1-year period. Potential participants will be approached via a clinic that offers OTC on a private basis or via social media. ANALYSIS: Participant interviews will be audio and, if consented, video recorded. These will be conducted face-to-face or virtually. The recordings will be transcribed verbatim and analysed using a thematic analysis approach supported by NVivo software. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval has been granted by the Institutional Ethical Review ERN_19-1578A. We expect to disseminate the findings of this study through journal articles, conference presentations and multimedia to public.

'Out of sync': a qualitative investigation of patients' experiences of atrial fibrillation and perceptions of weight management.

OBJECTIVES: To explore ways to enhance the design of risk factor management and weight-loss services for people with overweight/obesity and atrial fibrillation (AF). BACKGROUND: AF is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, with serious consequences for health and quality of life. Some evidence indicates weight reduction in people with AF and overweight/obesity may improve symptoms. This population may require additional support with weight management due to factors associated with ageing and health. DESIGN: Qualitative investigation based on semi-structured interviews. METHODS: 12 adult participants (4 female, 8 male) with diagnosed AF and a current or previous body mass index >27 kg/m2 were recruited at a large tertiary cardiac referral centre in southern England between September 2020 and January 2021. Participants completed quality of life and AF symptom questionnaires using Think-Aloud technique and semi-structured interviews relating to their weight management experiences, needs and preferences. Interviews were audio recorded and analysed thematically using the Capability, Opportunity and Motivation-Behaviour model as a theoretical framework. RESULTS: Three main themes were identified. Being out of rhythm explores the psychological and physical impact of AF on weight management; doing the right thing discusses participants' weight management experiences and broaching the subject explores participants' perspectives on weight management conversations with clinicians. CONCLUSIONS: There was dissatisfaction with the weight management advice received from healthcare professionals including cardiologists. Participants wanted open, non-judgemental discussion of cardiac health implications of overweight/obesity supported by referral to weight management services. Improved communication including research findings regarding the benefits of weight loss as a factor in AF management might increase motivation to adhere to weight-loss advice in this population.

Metaphors that shape parents' perceptions of effective communication with healthcare practitioners following child death: a qualitative UK study.

OBJECTIVES: To offer an interpretation of bereaved parents' evaluations of communication with healthcare practitioners (HCPs) surrounding the death of a child. DESIGN: Interpretative qualitative study employing thematic and linguistic analyses of metaphor embedded in interview data. SETTING: England and Scotland. PARTICIPANTS: 24 bereaved parents (21 women, 3 men). METHODS: Participants were recruited through the True Colours Trust website and mailing list, similar UK charities and word of mouth. Following interviews in person or via video-conferencing platforms (Skype/Zoom), transcripts first underwent thematic and subsequently linguistic analyses supported by NVivo. A focused analysis of metaphors used by the parents was undertaken to allow in-depth interpretation of how they conceptualised their experiences. RESULTS: The findings illuminate the ways parents experienced communication with HCPs surrounding the death of a child. Key findings from this study suggest that good communication with HCPs following the death of a child should acknowledge parental identity (and that of their child as an individual) and offer opportunities for them to enact this; taking account their emotional and physical experiences; and accommodate their altered experiences of time. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that HCPs when communicating with bereaved parents need to recognise, and seek to comprehend, the ways in which the loss impacts on an individual's identity as a parent, the 'physical' nature of the emotions that can be unleashed and the ways in which the death of a child can alter their metaphorical conceptions of time.

Evolution of an audit and monitoring tool into an infection prevention and control process.

BACKGROUND: In 2010, an infection prevention and control team in an acute hospital trust integrated an audit and monitoring tool (AMT) into the management regime for patients with Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). AIM: To examine the mechanisms through which the implementation of an AMT influenced the care and management of patients with CDI. METHODS: A constructivist grounded theory approach was used, employing semi-structured interviews with ward staff (N=8), infection prevention and control practitioners (IPCPs) (N=7) and matrons (N=8), and subsequently a theoretical sample of senior managers (N=4). All interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using a constant comparison approach until explanatory categories emerged. FINDINGS: The AMT evolved into a daily review process (DRP) that became an essential aspect of the management of all patients with CDI. Participants recognized that the DRP had positively influenced the care received by patients with CDI. Two main explanatory themes emerged to offer a framework for understanding the influence of the DRP on care management: education and learning, and the development and maintenance of relationships. CONCLUSION: The use of auditing and monitoring tools as part of a daily review process may enable ward staff, matrons, and IPCPs to improve patient outcomes and achieve the required levels of environmental hygiene if they act as a focal point for interaction, education, and collaboration. The findings offer insights into the behavioural changes and improved patient outcomes that ensue from the implementation of a DRP.

The microanatomic location of metastatic melanoma in sentinel lymph nodes predicts nonsentinel lymph node involvement.

PURPOSE: Sentinel node biopsy is now widely accepted as the most accurate prognostic indicator in melanoma, and is important in guiding management of patients with clinical stage I or II disease. Patients with a positive sentinel node have conventionally undergone completion lymphadenectomy (CLND) of the involved basin, but only 20% have involvement beyond the sentinel node, suggesting that CLND may be unnecessary for the other 80% of patients. This study seeks to identify criteria that might be used to be more restrictive in selecting those who should undergo CLND. METHODS: A total of 146 patients were identified who had had a positive sentinel node biopsy for malignant melanoma. Their sentinel nodes and lymphadenectomy specimens were re-evaluated pathologically. The metastatic melanoma in each sentinel node was assessed according to its microanatomic location within the node (subcapsular, combined subcapsular and parenchymal, parenchymal, multifocal, or extensive), and this was correlated with the presence of involved nonsentinel nodes in the CLND. The depth of the metastases from the sentinel node capsule was also recorded. RESULTS: The metastatic deposits in the sentinel node were subcapsular in 26.0% of patients. None of these patients had any nonsentinel nodes involved on CLND. In the patients whose sentinel node metastases had a different microanatomic location, the rate of nonsentinel node involvement was 22.2% overall. CONCLUSION: The microanatomic location of metastases within sentinel nodes predicts nonsentinel lymph node involvement. In patients with only subcapsular deposits in the sentinel node, it is possible that CLND could safely be avoided.

Community care for Canadian seniors: an exercise in educational planning.

This paper outlines the demography of disability among Canada's elderly population, and examines whether services such as Home Care and the Extramural Hospital programmes are meeting the needs of disabled, as opposed to sick, housebound elderly. In the future, an increasing number of rehabilitation professionals will provide services in community-based programmes rather than in hospitals and other health care institutions. A description is given of planned changes in occupational therapy and physical therapy curricula designed to prepare students to work effectively with disabled older persons in the community.

Unpacking the 'value added' impact of continuing professional education: a multi-method case study approach.

The tangible benefits of continued professional education (CPE) continues to be widely debated within nursing. Whilst there is a plethora of literature relating to CPE, there is an absence of empirical evidence confirming the value of educational activities. Using a case study approach, this study sought to examine the relationship between undertaking a named course (Children's Neuroscience Course) and the perceived benefits to practitioners. Nursing students who had successfully undertaken the course (n = 14) were invited to participate. Self-report evaluations (completed at induction, mid point and exit), academic performance, and data collected from a questionnaire were analyzed using non-parametric measures. In addition, semi-structured interviews (n = 9) were undertaken and analyzed using a thematic content approach. Second level analysis involved triangulating the various data sets using coding frames and three themes were identified: improved knowledge, improved care delivery and professional development, which were judged as benefits to the practitioners who had undertaken the course. Further, there was a significant relationship between undertaking the course and participant's perception of their increased abilities in delivering care to the child with a neurological problem and their families. This paper will illustrate the benefits of a multi-method case study approach for evaluating the 'value added' impact of educational provision.

Determining the effectiveness of thresholds, an intervention to enhance the career development of young people with physical disabilities.

People with disabilities have lower work force participation rates than the general public. One factor that has been attributed to this is a lack of vocational programs for adolescents with disabilities. Thresholds is a vocational program designed to enhance the career development strategies of adolescents with physical disabilities. In a three-part series, participants reflect on who they are, clarify their career future and explore the world of work, and test out strategies for investigating career opportunities and addressing obstacles to career success. Following pilot testing, Thresholds was field tested with two groups of adolescents in two urban centres in Canada. Findings suggested that this program could enhance the vocational decision-making abilities and self-appraisal skills of participants. Entry level characteristics of participants were critical in determining the extent of change. Feedback encouraged modifications to make the program more useful and effective.

Increasing response rates to lifestyle surveys: a pragmatic evidence review.

AIMS: Lifestyle surveys are often a key component of a local Joint Strategic Needs Assessment (JSNA), undertaken to inform public health planning. They are usually administered to a large number of people in order to provide a comprehensive profile of population health. However, declining response rates coupled with the under-representation of certain population groups in lifestyle survey data has led to doubts concerning the reliability of findings. In order to inform the design of their own lifestyle survey, NHS Calderdale commissioned an evidence-based review of the methodological literature relating to the administration of lifestyle surveys, with the specific aim of identifying practical and resource-efficient strategies shown to be effective for maximizing whole-population response rates. METHODS: A pragmatic review of the published literature was undertaken, specifically to explore the most practical and resource-efficient ways to maximize lifestyle survey response rates to the most commonly used methods (postal surveys, face-to-face interviews, telephone interviews and electronic surveys). Electronic databases including MEDLINE, CINAHL, DARE, EMBASE and PsychINFO were searched. Empirical evidence published in the last 10 years was identified and citation tracking performed on all retrieved articles. An internet search for 'grey literature' was also conducted. RESULTS: The postal questionnaire remains an important lifestyle survey tool, but reported response rates have decreased rapidly in recent years. Interviews and telephone surveys are recommended in order to supplement data from postal questionnaires and increase response rates in some population groups, but costs may be prohibitive. Electronic surveys are a cheaper alternative, but the empirical evidence on effectiveness is inconclusive. Careful planning and tailoring of survey design to the characteristics of target populations can increase response rates and representativeness of lifestyle survey data. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this pragmatic review could provide a valuable resource for those involved in the design and administration of lifestyle surveys.

A comparison of condom use errors and problems for heterosexual anal and vaginal intercourse.

Condom use errors and problems were compared for anal and vaginal intercourse among a convenience sample of heterosexual men aged 18-66 years (n = 757). Men completed an online questionnaire for the last male condom use event for penile-anal (10.4%) or penile-vaginal (89.6%) intercourse. The prevalence of condom use errors and problems was similar regardless of intercourse type with a few exceptions; those reporting anal intercourse were significantly more likely to report using water-based (P < 0.001) and oil-based (P = 0.037) lubricant and to remove condoms before sex was finished (P < 0.001). The large majority of the sample (93.8%) reported at least one of the nine errors assessed and almost half (46.2%) reported at least one of the seven problems, indicating that many adults may need assistance with these issues. Condom use promotion programmes designed for heterosexual adults are needed that address condom use errors and problems for penile-anal as well as penile-vaginal intercourse.

Immunogenicity of recombinant protective antigen and efficacy against aerosol challenge with anthrax.

Immunization with a recombinant form of the protective antigen (rPA) from Bacillus anthracis has been carried out with rhesus macaques. Rhesus macaques immunized with 25 mug or more of B. subtilis-expressed rPA bound to alhydrogel had a significantly increased immunoglobulin G (IgG) response to rPA compared with macaques receiving the existing licensed vaccine from the United Kingdom (anthrax vaccine precipitated [AVP]), although the isotype profile was unchanged, with bias towards the IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses. Immune macaque sera from all immunized groups contained toxin-neutralizing antibody and recognized all the domains of PA. While the recognition of the N terminus of PA (domains 1 to 3) was predominant in macaques immunized with the existing vaccines (AVP and the U.S. vaccine anthrax vaccine adsorbed), macaques immunized with rPA recognized the N- and C-terminal domains of PA. Antiserum derived from immunized macaques protected macrophages in vitro against the cytotoxic effects of lethal toxin. Passive transfer of IgG purified from immune macaque serum into naive A/J mice conferred protection against challenge with B. anthracis in a dose-related manner. The protection conferred by passive transfer of 500 mug macaque IgG correlated significantly (P = 0.003; r = 0.4) with the titers of neutralizing antibody in donor macaques. Subsequently, a separate group of rhesus macaques immunized with 50 mug of Escherichia coli-derived rPA adsorbed to alhydrogel was fully protected against a target dose of 200 50% lethal doses of aerosolized B. anthracis. These data provide some preliminary evidence for the existence of immune correlates of protection against anthrax infection in rhesus macaques immunized with rPA.

Young men's knowledge of testicular cancer and testicular self-examination: a lost opportunity?

Testicular cancer remains the most commonly occurring cancer in young men (aged 20-45 years) and recent trends suggest an increase throughout the western world. Whilst testicular cancer is highly treatable late diagnosis resulting in poorer treatment outcomes remains a problem. Testicular self-examination (TSE) a procedure whereby young men can routinely systematically examine their testicles has been advocated as a particularly effective health education intervention. This study aimed to establish the knowledge of testicular cancer and prevalence of TSE practice amongst young men. A descriptive survey approach using a 16-item self-report questionnaire was administered to a convenience sample of 203 male undergraduate and postgraduate students at the University of Huddersfield. Results indicated that the majority of the respondents were either uninformed or misinformed about the risks and symptoms of testicular cancer although 78% indicated an interest in accessing information. Only 32% had prior knowledge of TSE, 22% practiced TSE, and worryingly only a single respondent was able to recognize the correct procedure and indicated he regularly practiced TSE. Sixty-eight per cent indicated that TSE should be a part of general health assessments for men. Although some critics of TSE argue the cost of teaching TSE outweighs the benefits in terms of early diagnosis this study suggests that young men may be willing to participate in an aspect of personal health surveillance. If this is the case then low cost strategies to increase impact on the target audience should be considered.

Contraindications to sentinel lymph node biopsy in cutaneous malignant melanoma.

This paper discusses possible contraindications to sentinel node biopsy in cutaneous malignant melanoma based on a large series from our Melanoma Unit.

The 6p deletion syndrome: a new orofacial clefting syndrome and its implications for antenatal screening.

Foetal genetic screening has become the centre of the ethical debate surrounding the screening of foetuses for chromosomal defects to help create 'eugenic' children with either perceived advantageous characteristics or traits that could be used to medically aid unhealthy siblings. This report highlights the problems facing the medical establishment by citing, by way of example, a case of a genetic abnormality producing a clefting syndrome. The 6p deletion syndrome was first described almost 20 years ago, and the evidence is mounting for its inclusion as an orofacial clefting syndrome. This case report includes a description of the syndrome, the method used for detecting chromosomal aberrations and a comparison with other reports of the syndrome published to date. However, by pursuing a genetic-testing policy at our unit to detect new abnormalities or to help substantiate previously reported abnormalities, the way could be left open for its subsequent abuse by parents and corporations alike, so having implications not only for the individual but also for the unit performing the test. A brief synopsis is therefore also provided regarding the current circumstances of foetal screening in the UK.

The temperatures reached and the damage caused to hair follicles by the normal-mode ruby laser when used for depilation.

Although it is proposed that heat is the cause of follicular damage leading to depilation, this has never been proved. This study aims to determine the mode by which depilation is effected and, if heat is the mechanism, what temperatures are reached within treated follicles and if sufficient damage is produced therein. Two excised specimens of hair-bearing skin from 5 patients undergoing facelifts were dissected to reveal the hair bulbs/shafts on the deep surface. They were placed on a jig, and one pulse from a normal-mode ruby laser (NMRL) of 15 J per square centimeter was fired on the epidermal surface. A thermal imaging camera recorded dermal temperature changes on the deep surface in real time. Specimens were then examined histologically for the site and extent of cellular damage by immunohistochemical staining for a protein marker of cell damage (p53). The NMRL targeted hair follicles specifically. The most common follicular temperature increase ranged from 5 to 10 degrees C. In specimens from 1 patient the increase was more than 30 degrees C (p < 0.001). Heat dissipation into interfollicular tissue in all specimens occurred 2 seconds after exposure. Evidence of laser-induced damage to follicle-lining cells was found only in those follicles with damaged hair shafts. The changes were found to a greater depth (to the bulb) and greater extent (beyond the bulge) in those follicles reaching higher temperatures. These findings suggest that the NMRL should produce permanent depilation. The variability between follicles and between patients explains, perhaps, the uneven outcome regarding depilation using the NMRL. Success appears to depend on peak follicular temperatures achieved during laser exposure, which may result from the follicular characteristics of the individual patient.