Therapeutic alphavirus cross-reactive E1 human antibodies inhibit viral egress.

Alphaviruses cause severe arthritogenic or encephalitic disease. The E1 structural glycoprotein is highly conserved in these viruses and mediates viral fusion with host cells. However, the role of antibody responses to the E1 protein in immunity is poorly understood. We isolated E1-specific human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with diverse patterns of recognition for alphaviruses (ranging from Eastern equine encephalitis virus [EEEV]-specific to alphavirus cross-reactive) from survivors of natural EEEV infection. Antibody binding patterns and epitope mapping experiments identified differences in E1 reactivity based on exposure of epitopes on the glycoprotein through pH-dependent mechanisms or presentation on the cell surface prior to virus egress. Therapeutic efficacy in vivo of these mAbs corresponded with potency of virus egress inhibition in vitro and did not require Fc-mediated effector functions for treatment against subcutaneous EEEV challenge. These studies reveal the molecular basis for broad and protective antibody responses to alphavirus E1 proteins.

Extending the spectrum of fully integrated photonics to submicrometre wavelengths.

Integrated photonics has profoundly affected a wide range of technologies underpinning modern society1-4. The ability to fabricate a complete optical system on a chip offers unrivalled scalability, weight, cost and power efficiency5,6. Over the last decade, the progression from pure III-V materials platforms to silicon photonics has significantly broadened the scope of integrated photonics, by combining integrated lasers with the high-volume, advanced fabrication capabilities of the commercial electronics industry7,8. Yet, despite remarkable manufacturing advantages, reliance on silicon-based waveguides currently limits the spectral window available to photonic integrated circuits (PICs). Here, we present a new generation of integrated photonics by directly uniting III-V materials with silicon nitride waveguides on Si wafers. Using this technology, we present a fully integrated PIC at photon energies greater than the bandgap of silicon, demonstrating essential photonic building blocks, including lasers, amplifiers, photodetectors, modulators and passives, all operating at submicrometre wavelengths. Using this platform, we achieve unprecedented coherence and tunability in an integrated laser at short wavelength. Furthermore, by making use of this higher photon energy, we demonstrate superb high-temperature performance and kHz-level fundamental linewidths at elevated temperatures. Given the many potential applications at short wavelengths, the success of this integration strategy unlocks a broad range of new integrated photonics applications.

Functional genomics analysis identifies loss of HNF1B function as a cause of Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome.

Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome is a congenital condition characterized by aplasia or hypoplasia of the uterus and vagina in women with a 46,XX karyotype. This condition can occur as type I when isolated or as type II when associated with extragenital anomalies including kidney and skeletal abnormalities. The genetic basis of MRKH syndrome remains unexplained and several candidate genes have been proposed to play a role in its etiology, including HNF1B, LHX1 and WNT4. Here, we conducted a microarray analysis of 13 women affected by MRKH syndrome, resulting in the identification of chromosomal changes, including the deletion at 17q12, which contains both HNF1B and LHX1. We focused on HNF1B for further investigation due to its known association with, but unknown etiological role in, MRKH syndrome. We ablated Hnf1b specifically in the epithelium of the Müllerian ducts in mice and found that this caused hypoplastic development of the uterus, as well as kidney anomalies, closely mirroring the MRKH type II phenotype. Using single-cell RNA sequencing of uterine tissue in the Hnf1b-ablated embryos, we analyzed the molecules and pathways downstream of Hnf1b, revealing a dysregulation of processes associated with cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. Thus, we establish that loss of Hnf1b function leads to an MRKH phenotype and generate the first mouse model of MRKH syndrome type II. Our results support the investigation of HNF1B in clinical genetic settings of MRKH syndrome and shed new light on the molecular mechanisms underlying this poorly understood condition in women's reproductive health.

Role of NaV1.7 in postganglionic sympathetic nerve function in human and guinea-pig arteries.

NaV1.7 plays a crucial role in inducing and conducting action potentials in pain-transducing sensory nociceptor fibres, suggesting that NaV1.7 blockers could be effective non-opioid analgesics. While SCN9A is expressed in both sensory and autonomic neurons, its functional role in the autonomic system remains less established. Our single neuron rt-PCR analysis revealed that 82% of sympathetic neurons isolated from guinea-pig stellate ganglia expressed NaV1.7 mRNA, with NaV1.3 being the only other tetrodotoxin-sensitive channel expressed in approximately 50% of neurons. We investigated the role of NaV1.7 in conducting action potentials in postganglionic sympathetic nerves and in the sympathetic adrenergic contractions of blood vessels using selective NaV1.7 inhibitors. Two highly selective NaV1.7 blockers, GNE8493 and PF 05089771, significantly inhibited postganglionic compound action potentials by approximately 70% (P < 0.01), with residual activity being blocked by the NaV1.3 inhibitor, ICA 121431. Electrical field stimulation (EFS) induced rapid contractions in guinea-pig isolated aorta, pulmonary arteries, and human isolated pulmonary arteries via stimulation of intrinsic nerves, which were inhibited by prazosin or the NaV1 blocker tetrodotoxin. Our results demonstrated that blocking NaV1.7 with GNE8493, PF 05089771, or ST2262 abolished or strongly inhibited sympathetic adrenergic responses in guinea-pigs and human vascular smooth muscle. These findings support the hypothesis that pharmacologically inhibiting NaV1.7 could potentially reduce sympathetic and parasympathetic function in specific vascular beds and airways. KEY POINTS: 82% of sympathetic neurons isolated from the stellate ganglion predominantly express NaV1.7 mRNA. NaV1.7 blockers inhibit action potential conduction in postganglionic sympathetic nerves. NaV1.7 blockade substantially inhibits sympathetic nerve-mediated adrenergic contractions in human and guinea-pig blood vessels. Pharmacologically blocking NaV1.7 profoundly affects sympathetic and parasympathetic responses in addition to sensory fibres, prompting exploration into the broader physiological consequences of NaV1.7 mutations on autonomic nerve activity.

Emerging Monkeypox Virus Sublineage C.1 Causing Community Transmission, Vietnam, 2023.

We studied a community cluster of 25 mpox cases in Vietnam caused by emerging monkeypox virus sublineage C.1 and imported into Vietnam through 2 independent events; 1 major cluster carried a novel APOBEC3-like mutation. Three patients died; all had advanced HIV co-infection. Viral evolution and its potential consequences should be closely monitored.

Long-term Outcome of Risankizumab in Crohn's Disease: a Real-world GETAID Study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The aim of this study was to assess the long-term effectiveness and safety of risankizumab maintenance treatment in a large real-world cohort of patients with Crohn's Disease (CD). METHODS: From May 2021 to August 2023, all consecutive patients with CD treated with risankizumab in 25 GETAID centers have been retrospectively included. The primary endpoint was steroid-free clinical remission (Harvey Bradshaw Index [HBI] <5) at 52 weeks. RESULTS: Of the 174 patients included, 99%, 93%, and 96% had been previously exposed to anti-TNF, vedolizumab, and ustekinumab, respectively. All patients had received ≥3 biologics, and 108 (62%) had previous intestinal resection. Median follow-up was 13.7 months (interquartile range, 10.0-18.1 months). The rates of steroid-free clinical remission and clinical remission at week 26 were 47% (72/152) and 52% (79/152), and 46% (58/125), and 48% (60/125) at week 52, respectively. Risankizumab persistence rates were 94%, 89%, and 79% at weeks 12, 26, and 52, respectively. At the end of follow-up, 45 (45/174; 26%) patients had discontinued risankizumab (loss of response, 42%; primary failure, 37%; intolerance, 13%). Thirty-six patients (36/174; 20.9%) were hospitalized, and 22 (22/174; 12.6%) required intestinal resection. Fifty-one patients (29%) had an adverse event, including 26 (15%) serious adverse events (CD flare, n = 17). One death (myocardial infarction) and one cancer (papillary thyroid carcinoma) were observed. CONCLUSION: This is the first real-life study to report long-term outcomes in patients with refractory CD treated with risankizumab. One-half of the patients achieved steroid-free clinical remission after 1 year, and the safety profile was consistent with the literature.

Aquaporin-0-protein interactions elucidated by crosslinking mass spectrometry.

Aquaporin-0 (AQP0) constitutes 50 % of the lens membrane proteome and plays important roles in lens fiber cell adhesion, water permeability, and lens transparency. Previous work has shown that specific proteins, such as calmodulin (CaM), interact with AQP0 to modulate its water permeability; however, these studies often used AQP0 peptides, rather than full-length protein, to probe these interactions. Furthermore, the specific regions of interaction of several known AQP0 interacting partners, i.e. αA and αB-crystallins, and phakinin (CP49) remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to use crosslinking mass spectrometry (XL-MS) to identify interacting proteins with full-length AQP0 in crude lens cortical membrane fractions and to determine the specific protein regions of interaction. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that the AQP0 N-terminus can engage in protein interactions. Specific regions of interaction are elucidated for several AQP0 interacting partners including phakinin, α-crystallin, connexin-46, and connexin-50. In addition, two new interacting partners, vimentin and connexin-46, were identified.

Platelet-rich fibrin as an apical barrier for MTA placement in the treatment of teeth with open apices: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present pilot study was to assess the effectiveness of the platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) apical barrier for the placement of MTA for the treatment of teeth with periapical lesions and open apices. METHODS: A total of thirty teeth on twenty-eight patients with open apices and periapical periodontitis were enrolled and divided into two groups in the present pilot study. In the PRF group (fourteen teeth in thirteen patients), nonsurgical endodontic treatment was performed using PRF as an apical matrix, after which the apical plug of the MTA was created. For the non-PRF group (fourteen teeth in fourteen patients), nonsurgical endodontic therapy was performed using only the MTA for an apical plug with no further periapical intervention. Clinical findings and periapical digital radiographs were used for evaluating the healing progress after periodic follow-ups of 1, 3, 6, and 9 months. The horizontal dimension of the periapical lesion was gauged, and the changes in the dimensions were recorded each time. The Friedman test, Dunn-Bonferroni post hoc correction, and Mann-Whitney U test were used for statistical analysis, with P < 0.05 serving as the threshold for determining statistical significance. RESULTS: All patients in both groups in the present pilot study had no clinical symptoms after 1 month, with a significant reduction in the periapical lesion after periodic appointments. The lesion width of the PRF group was significantly smaller than that of the non-PRF group in the sixth and ninth month after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: PRF is a promising apical barrier matrix when combined with MTA for the treatment of teeth with open apices and periapical periodontitis. Small number of study subjects and the short time of follow-up period limit the generalizability of these results. TRIAL REGISTRATION: TCTR, TCTR20221109006. Registered 09 November 2022 - Retrospectively registered, https://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org/show/TCTR20221109006 .

Thrombotic microangiopathy - the importance of a multidisciplinary approach.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review is to highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary thrombotic microangiopathies (TMA) Team. This goal will be accomplished through review of the complement system, discuss various causes of thrombotic microangiopathies (TMA), and aspects of their diagnosis and management. In so doing, readers will gain an appreciation for the complexity of this family of disorders and realize the benefit of a dedicated multidisciplinary TMA Team. RECENT FINDINGS: TMA causes derive from multiple specialty areas, are difficult to timely recognize, pose complex challenges, and require multidisciplinary management. Hematopoietic stem cell transplant-associated TMA (TA-TMA) and TA-TMA related multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (TA-TMA MODS) are areas of burgeoning research; use of complement testing and eculizumab precision-dosing has been found to better suppress complement activity in TA-TMA than standard eculizumab dosing. Newer tests are available to risk-stratify obstetric patients at risk for severe pre-eclampsia, whose features resemble those of TA-TMA MODS. Numerous disorders may produce TMA-like findings, and a systematic approach aids in their identification. TMA Teams elevate institutional awareness of increasingly recognized TMAs, will help expedite diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, and create pathways to future TMA-related research and facilitate access to clinical trials. SUMMARY: Establishment of a TMA-Team is valuable in developing the necessary institutional expertise needed to promptly recognize and appropriately manage patients with TMA.

A systematic review of machine learning models for management, prediction and classification of ARDS.

AIM: Acute respiratory distress syndrome or ARDS is an acute, severe form of respiratory failure characterised by poor oxygenation and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. Advancements in signal processing and machine learning have led to promising solutions for classification, event detection and predictive models in the management of ARDS. METHOD: In this review, we provide systematic description of different studies in the application of Machine Learning (ML) and artificial intelligence for management, prediction, and classification of ARDS. We searched the following databases: Google Scholar, PubMed, and EBSCO from 2009 to 2023. A total of 243 studies was screened, in which, 52 studies were included for review and analysis. We integrated knowledge of previous work providing the state of art and overview of explainable decision models in machine learning and have identified areas for future research. RESULTS: Gradient boosting is the most common and successful method utilised in 12 (23.1%) of the studies. Due to limitation of data size available, neural network and its variation is used by only 8 (15.4%) studies. Whilst all studies used cross validating technique or separated database for validation, only 1 study validated the model with clinician input. Explainability methods were presented in 15 (28.8%) of studies with the most common method is feature importance which used 14 times. CONCLUSION: For databases of 5000 or fewer samples, extreme gradient boosting has the highest probability of success. A large, multi-region, multi centre database is required to reduce bias and take advantage of neural network method. A framework for validating with and explaining ML model to clinicians involved in the management of ARDS would be very helpful for development and deployment of the ML model.

A real-world cohort study of first-line afatinib in patients with EGFR-mutant advanced non-small cell lung cancer in Vietnam.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and side effects of first-line afatinib treatment in a real-world setting in Vietnam. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted across nine hospitals in Vietnam. Advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who received afatinib as first-line therapy between April 2018 and June 2022 were included, and patient medical records were reviewed. Key outcomes were overall response rate (ORR), time-to-treatment failure (TTF), and tolerability. RESULTS: A total of 343 patients on first-line afatinib were eligible for the study. EGFR exon 19 deletion (Del19) alone was detected in 46.9% of patients, L858R mutation alone in 26.3%, and other uncommon EGFR mutations, including compound mutations, in 26.8%. Patients with brain metastases at baseline were 25.4%. Patients who received 40 mg, 30 mg, and 20 mg as starting doses of afatinib were 58.6%, 39.9%, and 1.5%, respectively. The ORR was 78.1% in the overall population, 82.6% in the Del19 mutation subgroup, 73.3% in the L858R mutation subgroup, and 75.0% in the uncommon mutation subgroup (p > 0.05). The univariate and multivariate analyses indicate that the ORR increased when the starting dose was 40 mg compared to starting doses below 40 mg (83.9% vs. 74.3%, p = 0.034). The median TTF (mTTF) was 16.7 months (CI 95%: 14.8-18.5) in all patients, with a median follow-up time of 26.2 months. The mTTF was longer in patients in the common EGFR mutation subgroup (Del19/L858R) than in those in the uncommon mutation subgroup (17.5 vs. 13.8 months, p = 0.045) and in those without versus with brain metastases at baseline (17.5 vs. 15.1 months, p = 0.049). There were no significant differences in the mTTF between subgroups based on the starting dose of 40 mg and < 40 mg (16.7 vs. 16.9 months, p > 0.05). The most common treatment-related adverse events (any grade/grade ≥ 3) were diarrhea (55.4%/3.5%), rash (51.9%/3.2%), paronychia (35.3%/5.0%), and stomatitis (22.2%/1.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Afatinib demonstrated clinical effectiveness and good tolerability in Vietnamese EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients. In our real-world setting, administering a starting dose below 40 mg might result in a reduction in ORR; however, it might not have a significant impact on TTF.

Peripheral blood stem cell collection: Are midline catheters a viable alternative to central venous catheters?

BACKGROUND: Vascular access is a rate-limiting step for peripheral blood stem cell collection. In the absence of readily accessible superficial veins, placement of tunnelled or non-tunnelled central venous catheters (CVCs) is common. These invasive access routes create medical risks for patients and are associated with logistical challenges, thus prompting a search for alternatives. One such option is the off-label use of midline catheters. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We carried out a literature search for published experience with the use of midline catheters for peripheral blood stem cell collection. Data extracted included whether collections were allogeneic or autologous, donor sex, age and weight, inlet flow rate, total blood volumes (TBV) processed, collection duration, number of collections per donor, and achievement of collection targets. RESULTS: The search produced three reports (one in abstract form) comprising 19 patients and 26 collection events. Donor sex and status were provided for 18 patients; 10 were female, 8 were male, 12 were allogeneic, and 6 autologous. Median (range) for: donor age was 28 (12-59); donor body weight (kg) was 77.5 (45.4-113.4); inlet flow rate (in mL/min) was 66 (28-80); TBV processed (in mL) was 15,880 (6178-21,871); collection duration (in hours) was 5.0 (3.2-7.0); and CD34 × 106/kg collection yield was 5.9 (3.6-23.0). Target CD34 yields were achieved in 14/19 (74%) of donors with 7/19 (37%) requiring two collections days. DISCUSSION: Peripheral blood stem cell collection does appear to be viable via midline-based catheter access, particularly for allogeneic donors and shorter collection courses. Development of institution-specific guidelines and care pathways are recommended.

Current state and potential applications of neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) inhibitors in hematologic conditions.

The neonatal fragment crystallizable (Fc) receptor (FcRn) transports IgG across mucosal surfaces and the placenta and protects IgG from degradation. Numerous clinical trials are investigating therapeutic FcRn inhibition for various immune-mediated neuromuscular and rheumatologic conditions; however, FcRn inhibition also represents a potential therapy for IgG-mediated hematologic conditions (e.g., immune thrombocytopenia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, immune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, acquired hemophilia, red blood cell/platelet alloimmunization). Current evidence derived from both in vitro and in vivo studies suggests that FcRn inhibitors effectively reduce total IgG levels without impacting its production or altering the levels of other immunoglobulin isotypes. Moreover, the risk of serious adverse events, including serious infections, appears to be lower than that seen with other commonly used immunomodulatory/immunosuppressive therapies, albeit in the setting of limited clinical trial data. Ultimately, additional clinical trials that include varied patient populations are required prior to incorporating these agents into standard treatment algorithms for most hematologic conditions. However, based on the pathophysiology of IgG-mediated hematologic disorders and the mechanism of action of FcRn inhibitors, these agents may represent a future novel therapeutic strategy for patients with hematologic conditions caused by IgG antibodies.

Exploring Synergistic Effects of Levan and Levan-Metabolizing Bacillaceae in Promoting Growth and Enhancing Immunity of Tomato and Wheat.

Boosting plant immunity by priming agents can lower agrochemical dependency in plant production. Levan and levan-derived oligosaccharides (LOS) act as priming agents against biotic stress in several crops. Additionally, beneficial microbes can promote plant growth and protect against fungal diseases. This study assessed possible synergistic effects caused by levan, LOS and five levan- and LOS-metabolizing Bacillaceae (Bacillus and Priestia) strains in tomato and wheat. Leaf and seed defense priming assays were conducted in non-soil (semi-sterile substrate) and soil-based systems, focusing on tomato-Botrytis cinerea and wheat-Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum (MoT) pathosystems. In the non-soil system, seed defense priming with levan, the strains (especially Bacillus velezensis GA1), or their combination significantly promoted tomato growth and protection against B. cinerea. While no growth stimulatory effects were observed for wheat, disease protective effects were also observed in the wheat-MoT pathosystem. When grown in soil and subjected to leaf defense priming, tomato plants co-applied with levan and the bacterial strains showed increased resistance to B. cinerea compared with plants treated with levan or single strains, and these effects were synergistic in some cases. For seed defense priming in soil, more synergistic effects on disease tolerance were observed in a non-fertilized soil as compared to a fertilized soil, suggesting that potential prebiotic effects of levan are more prominent in poor soils. The potential of using combinations of Bacilliaceae and levan in sustainable agriculture is discussed.

Infliximab desensitization in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: a safe therapeutic alternative.

BACKGROUND: Hypersensitivity reactions (HSR) to the administration of infliximab (IFX) in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) patients are not rare and usually lead to drug discontinuation. We report data on safety and effectiveness of desensitization to IFX in patients with previous HSR. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective monocentric observational study. Patients for whom a desensitization protocol to IFX was realized after a previous HSR were included. Anti-drug antibodies (ADA) and IFX trough levels at both inclusion and six months after desensitization were collected. Clinical outcomes, including recurrence of HSR were evaluated. RESULTS: From 2005 to 2020, 27 patients (Crohn's Disease: 26 (96%) were included). Desensitization after HSR was performed after a median time of 10.4 months (2.9-33.1). Nineteen (70%) patients received immunosuppressants at time of desensitization. Eight (30%) patients presented HSR at first (n = 2), second (n = 4) or third (n = 2) IFX perfusion after desensitization. None led to intensive care unit transfer or death. Thirteen (48%) had clinical response at 6 months and 8 (29%) were still under IFX treatment two years after desensitization. IFX trough levels and ADA were available for 14 patients at time of desensitization. Most patients (12 out of 14) had ADA at a high level. At 6 months, among the 7 patients with long term response to IFX, 4 presented a decrease of ADA titers and 2 had a significant trough level of IFX. CONCLUSION: IFX desensitization in patients with IBD is a safe therapeutic alternative and represents a potential option for patients refractory to multiple biologics.What is already known? Hypersensitivity reactions to the administration of infliximab is frequent. Occurrence of hypersensitivity reaction, either immediate or delayed, usually leads to permanent drug discontinuation.What is new here? Infliximab desensitization is well tolerated with no hypersensitivity reaction recurrence in 70% of patients. Clinical success at 6 months was of 48% and around a third of patients remained under infliximab therapy two years after desensitization. Antidrug antibodies decreased and infliximab trough levels increased in these patients showing the impact of desensitization on immunogenicity.How can this study help patient care? Infliximab desensitization represents a potential option for patients refractory to multiple biologics who presented hypersensitivity reaction to the drug.

Stability of Cs2NaBiBr6 and Cs2NaBiCl6.

Bismuth-based halide perovskites are nontoxic alternatives to widely studied lead-based perovskites for optoelectronic applications. Here, we synthesized Cs2NaBiCl6 thin films and attempted to synthesize Cs2NaBiBr6 using physical vapor deposition. While Cs2NaBiCl6 forms a stable cubic structure with a 3.4 eV band gap and could be synthesized successfully, Cs2NaBiBr6 does not form and is unstable with respect to dissociation into Cs3-xNaxBi2Br9 and Cs3-xNaxBiBr6. Furthermore, the close X-ray diffraction patterns of Cs3-xNaxBi2Br9 and Cs2NaBiBr6 raise doubts about the previous reports of the latter's formation based on X-ray diffraction alone.

Effects of antivirals on patients with COVID-19 breakthrough.

BACKGROUND: Antivirals have been given widely for patients with COVID-19 breakthrough in Asian countries, creating a "black market" for unapproved and unprescribed medications. More evidence is needed to clarify the benefits of antivirals in these settings. METHODS: We conducted a random-sampling retrospective cohort study at a general hospital in Vietnam. We recruited patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 breakthrough who were given either standard of care (SoC) alone or SoC + antiviral. Primary outcome was residual respiratory symptoms that lasted > 7 days. Secondary outcome was long COVID-19, diagnosed by specialized physicians. We used logistic regression to measure odds ratio (OR), in addition to a sensitivity and subgroup analyses to further explore the results. RESULTS: A total of 142 patients (mean age 36.2 ± 9.8) were followed. We recorded residual symptoms in 27.9% and 20.3% of the SoC and SoC + antiviral group, while the figures for long COVID-19 were 11.8% and 8.1%, respectively. Antiviral use was not significantly associated with lower the risks of residual symptoms (OR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.22-1.20, p = 0.12) or long COVID-19 (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.16-1.90, p = 0.35). The sensitivity and subgroup analyses did not show any significant differences between the study groups (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Antivirals were not associated with faster resolution of respiratory symptoms or lower risks of long COVID-19. Further studies should focus on different antivirals to confirm their effects on different sub-populations. Meanwhile, antivirals should only be used in very high-risk patients to avoid excessive costs and harms.

Co-infections and secondary infections amid COVID-19 outbreaks in Vietnam.

BACKGROUND: The mortality risk of co-infections/secondary infections (CoI/ScI) is under-reported in patients with non-critical COVID-19, leading to the under-management of CoI/ScI and publication bias in the medical literature. We aimed to investigate the association between CoI/ScI and mortality in patients hospitalised with mild-to-severe COVID-19. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study at a COVID-19 treatment hospital in Vietnam and collected all eligible medical records, with CoI/ScI status as the exposure (non-CoI/ScI and CoI/ScI, with the latter including nature of pathogen [bacterial, fungal, or bacterial + fungal] and multidrug-resistance pathogen [no MDRp or ≥ 1 MDRp]). The outcome was all-cause mortality, defined as in-hospital death by all causes or being discharged under critical illness. We used time-dependent analysis to report rates of mortality with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI, Poisson regression) and hazard ratios (HR) with 95% CI (Cox proportional hazards regression with Holm's method for multiplicity control). RESULTS: We followed 1466 patients (median age 61, 56.4% being female) for a median of 9 days. We recorded 387 (26.4%) deaths (95/144 [66.0%] in the CoI/ScI group and 292/1322 [22.1%] in the non-CoI/ScI group). Adjusted mortality rates (per 100 person-days) of the CoI/ScI (6.4, 95% CI 5.3 to 7.8), including bacterial (8.0, 95% CI 7.2 to 8.9), no MDRp (5.9, 95% CI 4.8 to 7.4), and ≥ 1 MDRp (9.0, 95% CI 8.2 to 10.0) groups were higher than that of the non-CoI/ScI group (2.0, 95% CI 1.8 to 2.2). These corresponded to higher risks of mortality in the overall CoI/ScI (HR 3.27, 95% CI 2.58 to 4.13, adjusted p < 0.001), bacterial CoI/ScI (HR 3.79, 95% CI 2.97 to 4.83, adjusted p < 0.001), no MDRp CoI/ScI (HR 3.13, 95% CI 2.42 to 4.05, adjusted p < 0.001), and ≥ 1 MDRp CoI/ScI group (HR 3.89, 95% CI 2.44 to 6.21, adjusted p < 0.001). We could not attain reliable estimates for fungal and bacterial + fungal CoI/ScI. CONCLUSION: Compared with the non-CoI/ScI group, patients with CoI/ScI had a significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality, regardless of resistance status. More evidence is needed to confirm the mortality risks in patients with fungal or bacterial + fungal CoI/ScI.

Urchin-like CoP3/Cu3P heterostructured nanorods supported on a 3D porous copper foam for high-performance non-enzymatic electrochemical dopamine sensors.

In this study, we developed a high-performance non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor based on urchin-like CoP3/Cu3P heterostructured nanorods supported on a three-dimensional porous copper foam, namely, CoP3/Cu3P NRs/CF, for the detection of dopamine. Benefiting from the promising intrinsic catalytic activities of CoP3 and Cu3P, urchin-like microsphere structures, and a large electrochemically active surface area for exposing numerous accessible catalytic active sites, the proposed CoP3/Cu3P NRs/CF shows extraordinary electrochemical response towards the electrocatalytic oxidation of dopamine. As a result, the CoP3/Cu3P NRs/CF sensing electrode has a broad detection window (from 0.2 to 2000 µM), low detection limit (0.51 µM), high electrochemical sensitivity (0.0105 mA µM-1 cm-2), excellent selectivity towards dopamine in the coexistence of some interfering species, and good stability for dopamine determination. More importantly, the CoP3/Cu3P NRs/CF catalyst also exhibits excellent catalytic activity, sensitivity, and selectivity for dopamine detection under simulated human body conditions at a physiological pH of 7.25 (0.1 M PBS) at 36.6 °C.

Hemodynamic Renal Reserve Response in Conscious Normotensive and Hypertensive Mice.

INTRODUCTION: Renal function may be compromised following recovery from kidney insults. Renal functional reserve (RFR) is a measure of the difference between the kidney's maximum capacity and its baseline function, which helps identify any areas of the kidney with compromised function. Usually, RFR is evaluated using acute volume expansion (AVE), but this is typically done in anesthetized animals, which may not accurately represent the kidney's complete functional capacity. In this study, we have introduced a novel method that enables AVE to be conducted in conscious mice. METHODS: We have implemented this innovative approach in two animal models representing either intact or impaired renal function, specifically utilizing a lower nephron hypertensive model. Mice were implanted with radio-transmitters for mean artery blood pressure (MAP) monitoring during the experiment. After recovery, half of the mice were induced hypertension by right kidney nephrectomy combined with the ligation of the upper branch of the left kidney. For the AVE, a volume equivalent to 5% of the mouse's body weight was administered via intravenous (IV) or intraperitoneal bolus injection. Subsequently, the mice were individually housed in cages covered with plastic wrap. Urine was collected every hour for a total of 3 h for the measurement of urine and sodium excretion. RESULTS: The MAPs for all normotensive mice were consistent throughout the AVE, but it increased 5-16 mm Hg in the hypertensive mice upon AVE. Remarkably, conscious mice exhibited a significantly stronger response to IV-administered AVE when compared to anesthetized mice. This response was evident in the increase in urinary flow, which was approximately 170% and 145% higher in conscious normotensive and hypertensive mice, respectively, compared to their respective baselines. In contrast, anesthetized normotensive and hypertensive mice showed only around a 130% and 100% increase in urinary flow, respectively. Additionally, upon AVE, conscious normotensive mice excreted approximately 47% more sodium than conscious hypertensive mice. In contrast, anesthetized normotensive mice excreted only about 30% more sodium than their anesthetized hypertensive counterparts. CONCLUSION: Performing a kidney stress test with a significant solution load in conscious mice seems to be a superior method for evaluating RFR compared to conducting the test under anesthesia. Assessing kidney clearance while the mice are conscious has the potential to enhance the precision of diagnosing and predicting both acute and chronic kidney diseases.