Scoping Review of Screening and Assessment Tools for Social Determinants of Health in the Field of Cardiovascular Disease.

BACKGROUND: Despite the importance of implementing the concept of social determinants of health (SDOH) in the clinical practice of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the tools available to assess SDOH have not been systematically investigated. We conducted a scoping review for tools to assess SDOH and comprehensively evaluated how these tools could be applied in the field of CVD.Methods and Results: We conducted a systematic literature search of PubMed and Embase databases on July 25, 2023. Studies that evaluated an SDOH screening tool with CVD as an outcome or those that explicitly sampled or included participants based on their having CVD were eligible for inclusion. In addition, studies had to have focused on at least one SDOH domain defined by Healthy People 2030. After screening 1984 articles, 58 articles that evaluated 41 distinct screening tools were selected. Of the 58 articles, 39 (67.2%) targeted populations with CVD, whereas 16 (27.6%) evaluated CVD outcome in non-CVD populations. Three (5.2%) compared SDOH differences between CVD and non-CVD populations. Of 41 screening tools, 24 evaluated multiple SDOH domains and 17 evaluated only 1 domain. CONCLUSIONS: Our review revealed recent interest in SDOH in the field of CVD, with many useful screening tools that can evaluate SDOH. Future studies are needed to clarify the importance of the intervention in SDOH regarding CVD.

Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Disease-Related Hospitalization and Mortality in Japan　- Analysis of Health Records From a Nationwide Claim-Based Database, the Japanese Registry of All Cardiac and Vascular Disease (JROAD).

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is rising in Japan with its aging population, but there is a lack of epidemiological data on sex differences in CVD, including acute coronary syndrome (ACS), acute heart failure (AHF), and acute aortic disease.Methods and Results: This retrospective study analyzed data from 1,349,017 patients (January 2012-December 2020) using the Japanese Registry Of All Cardiac and Vascular Diseases database. ACS patients were youngest on average (70.5±12.9 years) and had the lowest female proportion (28.9%). AHF patients had the oldest mean age (79.7±12.0 years) and the highest proportion of females (48.0%). Acute aortic disease had the highest in-hospital mortality (26.1%), followed by AHF (11.5%) and ACS (8.9%). Sex-based mortality differences were notable in acute aortic disease, with higher male mortality in Stanford Type A acute aortic dissection (AAD) with surgery (males: 14.2% vs. females: 10.4%, P<0.001) and similar rates in Type B AAD (males: 6.2% vs. females: 7.9%, P=0.52). Aging was a universal risk factor for in-hospital mortality. Female sex was a risk factor for ACS and acute aortic disease but not for AHF or Types A and B AAD. CONCLUSIONS: Sex-based disparities in the CVD-related hospitalization and mortality within the Japanese national population have been highlighted for the first time, indicating the importance of sex-specific strategies in the management and understanding of these conditions.

Effect of Empagliflozin Versus Placebo on Body Fluid Balance in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Subgroup Analysis of the EMBODY Trial.

BACKGROUND: The development of heart failure is associated with fluid balance, including that of extracellular water (ECW) and intracellular water (ICW). This study determined whether sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors affect fluid balance and improve heart failure in patients after acute myocardial infarction. METHODS AND RESULTS: EMBODY was a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of Japanese patients with acute myocardial infarction and type 2 diabetes. Overall, 55 patients who underwent bioelectrical impedance analysis were randomized to receive once daily 10 mg empagliflozin or placebo 2 weeks after acute myocardial infarction onset. We investigated the time course of body fluid balance measured using the bioelectrical impedance analysis device, InBody. The primary end points were changes in body fluid balance from weeks 0 to 24. Changes between baseline and week 24 in the empagliflozin and placebo groups were -0.21 L (P = .127) and +0.40 L (P = .001) in ECW (P = .001) and -0.23 L (P = .264) and +0.74 L (P < .001) in ICW (P < .001), respectively. In a stratified analysis, the rise in ECW and ICW was significantly attenuated in the empagliflozin group in contrast to the placebo group in participants with a body mass index of 25 or higher but not in those with a body mass index of less than 25. CONCLUSIONS: Early sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor administration may attenuate changes in ECW and ICW.

Effects of empagliflozin versus placebo on cardiac sympathetic activity in acute myocardial infarction patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the EMBODY trial.

BACKGROUND: Protection from lethal ventricular arrhythmias leading to sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a crucial challenge after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic activity can be noninvasively assessed using heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate turbulence (HRT). The EMBODY trial was designed to determine whether the Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor improves cardiac nerve activity. METHODS: This prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial included patients with AMI and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Japan; 105 patients were randomized (1:1) to receive once-daily 10-mg empagliflozin or placebo. The primary endpoints were changes in HRV, e.g., the standard deviation of all 5-min mean normal RR intervals (SDANN) and the low-frequency-to-high-frequency (LF/HF) ratio from baseline to 24 weeks. Secondary endpoints were changes in other sudden cardiac death (SCD) surrogate markers such as HRT. RESULTS: Overall, 96 patients were included (46, empagliflozin group; 50, placebo group). The changes in SDANN were + 11.6 and + 9.1 ms in the empagliflozin (P = 0.02) and placebo groups (P = 0.06), respectively. Change in LF/HF ratio was - 0.57 and - 0.17 in the empagliflozin (P = 0.01) and placebo groups (P = 0.43), respectively. Significant improvement was noted in HRT only in the empagliflozin group (P = 0.01). Whereas intergroup comparison on HRV and HRT showed no significant difference between the empagliflozin and placebo groups. Compared with the placebo group, the empagliflozin group showed significant decreases in body weight, systolic blood pressure, and uric acid. In the empagliflozin group, no adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first randomized clinical data to evaluate the effect of empagliflozin on cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic activity in patients with T2DM and AMI. Early SGLT2 inhibitor administration in AMI patients with T2DM might be effective in improving cardiac nerve activity without any adverse events. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The EMBODY trial was registered by the UMIN in November 2017 (ID: 000030158). UMIN000030158; https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000034442 .

Validation of wearable textile electrodes for ECG monitoring.

A highly conductive textile was woven from nano-fibers coated with the PEDOT-PSS polymer. The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of textile electrodes for ECG recording as a smart garment. Electrode textile pads and lead wires were sewn to the lining of sportswear and their tolerability to repeated washings were tested up to 150 times. The electrical conductivity of the textile electrode remained functional for up to 50 machine washes. To assess the level of motion artifacts or noise during the daily monitoring of ECG, a single lead ECG with conventional or textile electrodes was recorded during supine rest, seated rest, upright trunk rotation (i.e., twisting), and stepping movement in 66 healthy adults. A Holter system was used for data storage and analysis. ECG patterns of P, QRS, and T waves were comparable between the conventional and textile electrodes. However, the signal-to-artifact-and/or-noise ratio (SAR) during twisting was larger in the textile electrodes than in the conventional electrodes. No skin irritation was seen in the textile electrodes. The single lead textile electrodes embedded in an inner garment were usable for continuous and/or repeated ECG monitoring in daily life except during vigorous trunk movement.

Extracellular volume fraction assessed using cardiovascular magnetic resonance can predict improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.

T1 mapping using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is useful for myocardial assessment. However, its prognostic value is not well defined. The aim of this study was to determine whether T1 mapping with CMR can predict reverse cardiac remodeling in patients with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDCM). We also investigated the predictive prognostic value of T1 mapping with CMR in these patients. We included 33 patients with NIDCM admitted to Nippon Medical School Hospital between February 2012 and October 2015. All patients underwent CMR and echocardiography for clinical assessment within 1 month of admission (13 ± 16 days). Follow-up echocardiography was performed no sooner than 6 months after the initial echocardiogram (536 ± 304 days). We evaluated the correlations between native and post-contrast T1 values/extracellular volume fraction (ECV) and the difference in left ventricular ejection fraction (ΔLVEF) determined at baseline and follow-up echocardiography. No correlation was noted between ΔLVEF and native (p = 0.150, r = - 0.256) or post-contrast T1 values (p = 0.956, r = - 0.010). However, a significant and substantial correlation was found between ΔLVEF and ECV (p = 0.043, r = - 0.355). Four patients were hospitalized for heart failure (HF), but no cardiovascular-related deaths occurred over a median follow-up period of 34 months (interquartile range 25-49 months). Kaplan-Meier curves stratified by the median value of ECV were created. The higher ECV groups experienced a significantly higher incidence of HF-related hospitalization (p = 0.0159). ECV measured by CMR can predict improvements in LVEF in patients with NIDCM. In addition, ECV may be a predictive factor for HF-related hospitalization.

Factors Affecting Resumption of Oral Intake of Food in Patients Undergoing Swallowing Rehabilitation.

In this study, we investigated for a period of 8 years, 884 patients who underwent swallowing rehabilitation in our hospital, and evaluated the factors affecting resumption of oral intake of food. We found that the number of patients undergoing swallowing rehabilitation in our hospital increased over time. Of the included patients, 82.8% were ≥70 years of age and men were more frequent than women (p=0.004). At the end of the rehabilitation, 56.3% patients' main nutrition route was oral. Most (60.5%) patients required <30 days of rehabilitation. We evaluated correlation between the states of patients at starting point of swallowing rehabilitation and the result of the rehabilitation. The patients having a desire for eating were significantly more successful in regaining oral intake of food than those without the desire (p<0.001) and those with desire unknown (p<0.001). We classified the patients as per the Japan Coma Scale into four groups: alert, 1 digit, 2 digits, and 3 digits; the 3-digit group was significantly less successful in resumption of oral ingestion compared to all other groups (p<0.001). Based on the activities of daily living (ADL), we classified the patients into four groups: supine position, possible to semi-sitting group (get-up more than 30°), possible to sit-up group, and possible more than transferring by oneself group. It was proved that the supine position group was significantly less successful in regaining oral intake of food compared to all other groups (p<0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that the strongest correlation for regaining oral ingestion was desire for eating (p<0.001), followed by ADL and level of consciousness. In conclusion, we found that the number of patients undertaking swallowing rehabilitation in our hospital is increasing, and that factors such as desire for eating, ADL, and level of consciousness significantly influence the resumption of oral intake of food.

[A Case Treated with Selective Embolization for Hemorrhage during Tonsillectomy].

Though tonsillectomy is one of the most common surgical procedures in otorhinolaryngology generally for benign diseases and mainly for young people, uncontrollable perioperative bleeding associated with tonsillectomy is a rare but potentially life-threatening event. We report herein on a case of a 19-year-old female with uncontrollable hemorrhage during a tonsillectomy, which was controlled through selective embolization. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on endovascular treatment in the management of tonsillectomy-associated intraoperative uncontrollable hemorrhage rather than postoperative bleeding. Selective embolization for perioperative bleeding during a tonsillectomy is considered as an efficient and important therapeutic option in the definitive treatment of this life-threatening occurrence. We also reviewed patients who underwent tonsillectomy in our hospital in the past five years. The ratio of postoperative hemorrhage was 11.8%. All patients with post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage were classified as grade 1 bleeding (spontaneous cessation).

[Pursed Lips Inspiration for Vocal Cord Dysfunction].

Paradoxical vocal cord motion (PVCM) during vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) generally occurs spasmodically and transiently. After we had experienced 36 cases of VCD and successfully treated with conservative treatment including "pursed lips inspiration" method, we experienced a boy who had persistent PVCM. It was observed his PVCM vanished when he breathed in through pursed lips, while it appeared again when he stopped pursed lips inspiration. An airway reflex has been reported where the negative pressure in the subglottic space resulting from the inspiratory effort against a narrowed glottis activates the vocal cord adductor. VCD is considered to have both acceleration of laryngeal closure reflex against airway stimuli and active adductive movement of vocal cords against negative pressure in the subglottic space as underlying factors. The pursed lips inspiration method enables VCD patients not only to accomplish slow and light breathing but also to decrease the difference in the pressure between the supra--and subglottic space by occluding the nasal cavity and voluntary puckering up of the mouth which generate negative pressure in the supraglottic space. This is the first report of the pursed lips inspiration method as a treatment for VCD. Pursed lips inspiration is a simple method which is easy to perform anytime, anywhere without any special equipment, and is considered to be worth trying for VCD.

Sex Differences in Bleeding Risk Associated With Antithrombotic Therapy Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

Background: Antithrombotic therapy is crucial for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD), but women with CVD may face increased bleeding complications post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) under antithrombotic therapy. However, women are often underrepresented in clinical trials in this field, so evidence for sex-specific recommendations is lacking. Methods and Results: A search on PubMed was conducted for English-language articles addressing bleeding complications and antithrombotic therapy in women. Despite women potentially showing higher baseline platelet responsiveness than men, the clinical implications remain unclear. Concerning antiplatelet therapy post-PCI, although women have an elevated bleeding risk in the acute phase, no sex differences were observed in the chronic phase. However, women require specific considerations for factors such as age, renal function, and weight when determining the dose and duration of antiplatelet therapy. Regarding anticoagulation post-PCI, direct oral anticoagulants may pose a lower bleeding risk in women compared with warfarin. Concerning triple antithrombotic therapy (TAT) post-PCI for patients with atrial fibrillation, there is a lack of evidence on whether sex differences should be considered in the duration and regimen of TAT. Conclusions: Recent findings on sex differences in post-PCI bleeding complications did not provide enough evidence to recommend specific therapies for women. Further studies are needed to address this gap and recommend optimal antithrombotic therapy post-PCI for women.

Awareness and Feasibility of Women Chairing Cardiology Sessions in Scientific Meetings: A Nationwide Survey by the Japanese Circulation Society.

Background: Diversity and inclusion remain a concern in the field of cardiology. Female cardiologists have less opportunity to chair sessions in scientific meetings than men. However, cardiologists' awareness and perspectives on feasibility of chairing sessions is poorly understood. Methods and Results: A web-based survey on awareness regarding the commitment of chairing sessions was sent to 14,798 certificated cardiologists registered with the Japanese Circulation Society (JCS). A total of 3,412 valid responses were obtained, such as 523 women and 2,889 men. Female cardiologists exhibited less interest in serving as chairpersons in Japanese and English sessions (71% women vs. 82% men, p < 0.001, 30% women vs. 40% men, p < 0.001). Influencing factors of chair acceptance in Japanese sessions for female cardiologists were being a cardiologist for over 10 years [odds ratio (OR) 1.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-3.33], experience studying abroad (OR 3.35, 95% CI 1.93-5.81) and chairing sessions (OR 8.39, 95% CI 5.48-12.9), having a Doctor of Philosophy (OR 2.82, 95% CI 1.09-7.31), presence of 4 or more female cardiovascular specialists in the hospital (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.10-2.61) and of role models (OR 2.86, 95% CI 1.93-4.24), and awareness of the JCS chairperson's manual (OR 10.7, 95% CI 6.67-17.1). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve revealed that the number of female cardiovascular specialists in a hospital was a more sensitive predictor of chair acceptance among male than female cardiologists. Conclusions: Female cardiologists were less likely to accept chairing sessions compared with male cardiologists and the presence of female cardiovascular specialists positively influenced chair acceptance.

Status of Medical Care and Management Requirements of Elderly Patients With Heart Failure in a Comprehensive Community Health System　- Survey of General Practitioners' Views.

Background: Given the high prevalence of heart failure (HF) in the elderly, it is essential to establish medical coordination between general practitioners (GPs) and acute care hospitals (ACHs) in an aging society. The aim of this study was to elucidate the status of acceptance of elderly patients with HF and their management requirements in a comprehensive community health system. Furthermore, we investigated GPs' interest in using information and communications technology (ICT) in patient care. Methods and Results: We sent a questionnaire survey to 1,800 GPs in January 2015 and received 392 replies. The overall prevalence of home visits was 55%, with no differences according to GP background characteristics or geographic area. However, less than half (44%) reported accepting patients with symptomatic HF for treatment in their clinic. In addition, only 3 GPs reported accepting and providing emergency visits for patients with refractory HF. In particular, GPs who were not certificated cardiologists, female, and older showed poorer acceptance of symptomatic HF patients. More than half the GPs wanted the prompt acceptance by ACHs of emergency patients, followed by strengthening of home care support at discharge and support for end-of-life care. Half the GPs were interested in telemedicine. Conclusions: ACHs must promptly accept patients with HF in cases of emergency and strengthen nursing care support at discharge. It is also necessary to consider how to support older and female GPs.

Empagliflozin confers reno-protection in acute myocardial infarction and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

AIMS: Although the reno-protective effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors are known in patients with heart failure or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), this effect has not been confirmed in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS AND RESULTS: The prospective, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled EMBODY trial investigated patients with AMI and T2DM in Japan. The eligible patients included adults aged 20 years or older, diagnosed with AMI and T2DM, and who could be discharged within 2-12 weeks after the onset of AMI. One hundred and five patients were randomized (1:1) to receive once daily 10 mg empagliflozin or placebo within 2 weeks of AMI onset. In this sub-analysis, we investigated the time course of renal functional parameters such as serum creatinine levels and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from baseline to Weeks 4, 12, and 24. Ninety-six patients (64 ± 11 years, 78 male) were included in the full analysis (n = 46 and 50 in the empagliflozin and placebo groups, respectively). We used serum creatinine and eGFR as indicators of renal function. In the placebo group, eGFR decreased from 66.14 mL/min/1.73 m2 at baseline to 62.77 mL/min/1.73 m2 by Week 24 (P = 0.023) but remained unchanged in the empagliflozin group (from 64.60 to 64.36 mL/min/1.73 m2 , P = 0.843). In the latter group, uric acid improved from 5.8 mg/dL at baseline to 4.9 mg/dL at Week 24 (P < 0.001). In the earlier analysis of 56 patients with eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 , the eGFR decreased and the serum creatinine increased from baseline to 24 weeks in the placebo group, significantly different to the empagliflozin group (-6.61 vs. +0.22 mL/min/1.73 m2 , P = 0.008 and +0.063 vs. -0.001 mg/dL, P = 0.030, respectively). The changes in serum creatinine and eGFR from baseline to Week 24 were significantly correlated with those in uric acid in the placebo group (r = 0.664, P < 0.001 and r = -0.675, P < 0.001, respectively) but not in the empagliflozin group. CONCLUSIONS: Empagliflozin prevented the kidney functional decline in patients with AMI and T2DM, especially those with baseline eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 . Early administration of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in these patients is considered desirable for renal protection.

Effect of Empagliflozin Versus Placebo on Plasma Volume Status in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

INTRODUCTION: Plasma volume status (PVS), a parameter of the discrepancy between actual plasma volume (PV) and ideal PV, has been recently evaluated as a prognostic marker in patients with heart failure. This subgroup analysis of the EMBODY trial was designed to determine whether a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor affects the alleviation of heart failure and improvement of PVS in patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with congestive heart failure (CHF). METHODS: The EMBODY trial was a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to identify the effect of an SGLT2 inhibitor on cardiac sympathetic hyperactivity in patients with AMI and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Japan. In total, 105 patients were randomized (1:1) to receive 10 mg empagliflozin or a placebo (once daily), 2 weeks after the onset of AMI. In this subanalysis, we investigated the time-course of PVS at baseline and weeks 4, 12, and 24. RESULTS: Overall, 96 patients were included in the subgroup analysis set (age 64.3 ± 10.9 years, 80.2% men; 46 in the empagliflozin group and 50 in the placebo group). Body weight and PVS decreased in the empagliflozin group compared with the placebo group at 24 weeks (- 2.2 vs. + 0.1 kg, P < 0.001, and - 5.1 vs. - 0.3%, P < 0.001, respectively). Decreased PVS, defined as a change in PVS of < - 4.5%, was associated with the administration of empagliflozin (odds ratio 2.61, 95% confidence interval 1.11-6.15, P = 0.028). N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide levels decreased in both the empagliflozin and placebo groups (1028.7-370.3 pg/mL, P < 0.001, and 1270.6-673.7 pg/mL, P < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION: Empagliflozin reduced the body weight and PVS. Early SGLT2 inhibitor administration in patients with AMI, CHF, and T2DM can therefore be effective in reducing the body weight and PVS. TRIAL REGISTRATION: UMIN 000030158.

Autophagy and protein kinase C are required for cardioprotection by sulfaphenazole.

Previously, we showed that sulfaphenazole (SUL), an antimicrobial agent that is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P4502C9, is protective against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury (Ref. 15). The mechanism, however, underlying this cardioprotection, is largely unknown. With evidence that activation of autophagy is protective against simulated I/R in HL-1 cells, and evidence that autophagy is upregulated in preconditioned hearts, we hypothesized that SUL-mediated cardioprotection might resemble ischemic preconditioning with respect to activation of protein kinase C and autophagy. We used the Langendorff model of global ischemia to assess the role of autophagy and protein kinase C in myocardial protection by SUL during I/R. We show that SUL enhanced recovery of function, reduced creatine kinase release, decreased infarct size, and induced autophagy. SUL also triggered PKC translocation, whereas inhibition of PKC with chelerythrine blocked the activation of autophagy in adult rat cardiomyocytes. In the Langendorff model, chelerythrine suppressed autophagy and abolished the protection mediated by SUL. SUL increased autophagy in adult rat cardiomyocytes infected with GFP-LC3 adenovirus, in isolated perfused rat hearts, and in mCherry-LC3 transgenic mice. To establish the role of autophagy in cardioprotection, we used the cell-permeable dominant-negative inhibitor of autophagy, Tat-Atg5(K130R). Autophagy and cardioprotection were abolished in rat hearts perfused with recombinant Tat-Atg5(K130R). Taken together, these studies indicate that cardioprotection mediated by SUL involves a PKC-dependent induction of autophagy. The findings suggest that autophagy may be a fundamental process that enhances the heart's tolerance to ischemia.

Solutions for retention of female cardiologists: from the survey of gender differences in the work and life of cardiologists.

BACKGROUND: To prevent a future shortage of cardiologists, it is important for female cardiologists to continue working. Gender differences in the professional and private lives of cardiologists, as well as the barriers to work for female cardiologists, were surveyed. METHODS AND RESULTS: In August 2007, a questionnaire was mailed to all 195 faculty members/fellows and 155 alumni of the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine at Nippon Medical School. More female cardiologists were dissatisfied with their job than male cardiologists (34% vs 17%, P<0.005). Women reported greater career limitation by family responsibilities and housework. Men and women both reported that long working hours was the most problematic issue, but significantly more women reported this than men (76% vs 94%, P<0.05). Female cardiologists were more concerned about occupational radiation exposure (88% vs 59%, P<0.01) and wanted opportunities for retraining after childcare leave (100% vs 76%, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The following measures should be taken: (1)establishment of more family-friendly working conditions in hospitals, (2)provision of various work positions that allow more flexibility and predictability for women, (3)establishment of a retraining system, and (4)development of work and research opportunities that are attractive to women. The Japanese Circulation Society is expected to establish a retraining system at certified institutions.

Effect of Empagliflozin Versus Placebo on Cardiac Sympathetic Activity in Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Rationale.

INTRODUCTION: Protection from lethal ventricular arrhythmias leading to sudden cardiac death is one of the most important problems after myocardial infarction. Cardiac sympathetic hyperactivity is related to poor prognosis and fatal arrhythmias and can be non-invasively assessed with heart rate variability, heart rate turbulence, T-wave alternans, late potentials, and 123I-meta-iodobenzylguanide (123I-MIBG) scintigraphy. Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors potentially reduce sympathetic nervous system activity that is augmented in part due to the stimulatory effect of hyperglycemia. The EMBODY trial is designed to determine whether the suppression of cardiac sympathetic activity induced by the SGLT2 inhibitor is accompanied by protection against adverse cardiovascular outcomes. METHODS: The EMBODY trial is a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients with acute MI and type 2 diabetes in Japan. A total of 98 patients will be randomized (1:1) to receive once-daily placebo or empagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, 10 mg. The primary end point is the change from baseline to 24 weeks in heart rate variability. Secondary end points include the change from baseline for other sudden cardiac death surrogate-markers such as heart rate turbulence, T-wave alternans, late potentials, and 123I-MIBG scintigraphy imaging. Adverse effects will be evaluated throughout the trial period. PLANNED OUTCOMES: The EMBODY trial will evaluate the potential cardioprotective effect of empagliflozin and will provide additional important new data regarding its preventative effects on sudden cardiac death. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Unique Trial Number, UMIN000030158 ( https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000034442 ). FUNDING: Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim and Eli Lilly and Company.

COPD advances in left ventricular diastolic dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: COPD is concomitantly present in ~30% of patients with heart failure. Here, we investigated the pulmonary function test parameters for left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction and the relationship between pulmonary function and LV diastolic function in patients with COPD. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Overall, 822 patients who underwent a pulmonary function test and echocardiography simultaneously between January 2011 and December 2012 were evaluated. Finally, 115 patients with COPD and 115 age- and sex-matched control patients with an LV ejection fraction of ≥50% were enrolled. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 74.4±10.4 years, and 72.3% were men. No significant differences were found between the two groups regarding comorbidities, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and anemia. The index of LV diastolic function (E/e') and the proportion of patients with high E/e' (defined as E/e' ≥15) were significantly higher in patients with COPD than in control patients (10.5% vs 9.1%, P=0.009; 11.3% vs 4.3%, P=0.046). E/e' was significantly correlated with the residual volume/total lung capacity ratio. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed severe COPD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease III or IV) to be a significant predictive factor for high E/e' (odds ratio [OR] 5.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.13-15.89, P=0.001 and OR 6.00, 95% CI 2.08-17.35, P=0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that LV diastolic dysfunction as a complication of COPD may be associated with mechanical exclusion of the heart by pulmonary overinflation.

Impact of sleep-disordered breathing and efficacy of positive airway pressure on mortality in patients with chronic heart failure and sleep-disordered breathing: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUNDS: To conduct a meta-analysis to investigate whether sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is an independent risk factor for mortality and whether positive airway pressure (PAP) decreases mortality in patients with chronic heart failure (HF). The impact of SDB and the effects of PAP on mortality in patients with chronic HF remain unclear. METHODS: We searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. Clinical trials that addressed mortality and the effect of PAP on mortality in chronic HF patients with SDB were included in this meta-analysis. RESULTS: Eleven studies (1,944 participants in total) that addressed mortality in chronic HF patients with SDB were included in this study. Patients with SDB showed a significantly increased mortality risk compared to those without SDB [risk ratio (RR) 1.66 (1.19-2.31)]. In sub-analyses, a significant increase in risk of mortality was observed for central sleep apnea versus no-SDB [RR 1.48 (1.15-1.91)], whereas no significant increase in risk was observed for obstructive sleep apnea versus no-SDB. Five randomized controlled studies (395 participants) that assessed the effect of PAP in chronic HF patients with SDB were analyzed. Adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV) significantly reduced all-cause mortality in chronic HF patients with SDB [RR 0.13 (0.02-0.95)], whereas continuous PAP did not significantly reduce all-cause mortality [RR 0.71 (0.32-1.57)]. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of SDB in patients with chronic HF is associated with worse survival, and ASV reduces all-cause mortality in patients with chronic HF concomitant with SDB.