Analyses of the contributing factors associated with foodborne outbreaks in school settings (2000-2010).

State-reported school foodborne outbreaks account for about 3.8% (n = 464) of all outbreaks and 8.2% (n = 20,667) of all illnesses reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System. Of 464 school foodborne outbreaks, 122 (26%) outbreaks, 7,603 illnesses, and 301 reported food safety errors met the criteria for inclusion in the analyses. The purpose of the authors' study was to examine the role of contributing factors in school foodborne outbreaks. Contamination factors accounted for the greatest proportion (49.2%) of outbreaks involving some level of food handling interaction by a school food service worker, followed by proliferation (34.9%) and survival factors (15.9%). Over 56% of all illnesses were associated with norovirus and food service worker practices. The results of these analyses highlight the importance of effective food safety education programs that focus on the role of contributing factors and prevention of foodborne disease from food safety errors.

Retrospective case series of five nontraumatic deaths among U.S. Air Force basic military trainees (1997-2007).

INTRODUCTION: Basic military training is both physically and mentally demanding. New recruits represent a young and relatively healthy subpopulation of individuals, and premature mortality is rare. The purpose of this retrospective case series is to discuss the causes of nontraumatic deaths among U.S. Air Force Basic Military Trainees (BMTs) at Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas. STUDY OBJECTIVE: The study objective is to describe the demographic, environmental, and clinical factors associated with nontraumatic deaths among BMTs. METHODS: Data were extracted from medical records and autopsy reports. RESULTS: During the time period of 1997 to 2007, there were 5 nontraumatic deaths. CONCLUSION: Implementation of new policies or revisions to existing policies has reduced the number of nontraumatic deaths in the U.S. Air Force BMT population.

Dengue Virus Infections among Peace Corps Volunteers in Timor-Leste, 2018-2019.

Dengue is an ongoing health risk for Peace Corps Volunteers (PCVs) working in the tropics. On May 2019, the Peace Corps Office of Health Services notified the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of a dengue outbreak among PCVs in Timor-Leste. The purpose of this investigation was to identify the clinical, demographic, and epidemiological characteristics of PCVs with dengue and recommend dengue preventive measures. To identify PCVs with dengue and describe disease severity, the medical records of PCVs reporting fever during September 2018-June 2019 were reviewed. To identify factors associated with dengue virus (DENV) infection, we administered a questionnaire on demographics, travel history, and mosquito avoidance behaviors and collected blood specimens to detect the anti-DENV IgM antibody to diagnose recent infection. Of 35 PCVs in-country, 11 (31%) tested positive for dengue (NS1, IgM, PCR), eight requiring hospitalization and medical evacuation. Among 27 (77%) PCVs who participated in the investigation, all reported having been recently bitten by mosquitoes and 56% reported being bitten most often at home; only 16 (59%) reported having screens on bedroom windows. Nearly all (93%) PCVs reported using a bed net every night; fewer (70%) reported using mosquito repellent at least once a day. No behaviors were significantly associated with DENV infection. Raising awareness of dengue risk among PCVs and continuing to encourage mosquito avoidance behavior to prevent dengue is critical. Access to and use of measures to avoid mosquito bites should be improved or implemented. Peace Corps medical officers should continue to receive an annual refresher training on dengue clinical management.

Analyses of the eFORS (Electronic Foodborne Outbreak Reporting System) surveillance data (2000-2004) in school settings.

Frequently cited statistics indicate that the burden of foodborne disease is a serious public health problem, particularly for vulnerable populations such as children. The purpose of the descriptive retrospective study discussed in this article was to analyze data collected within the Electronic Foodborne Outbreak Reporting System (eFORS) in school settings in order to examine the magnitude of foodborne disease etiologies and to recommend strategies for prevention. Data on foodborne outbreaks (N = 96) and illnesses (N = 6,567) were extracted and analyzed from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) eFORS spanning the years 2000 to 2004.

Hydration status of Air Force military basic trainees after implementation of the back-mounted hydration system.

The Air Force makes an extraordinary effort to prevent heat-related illnesses associated with basic military training (BMT) in south Texas. However, inadequate hydration can still contribute to lost training time and qualified trainees leaving military service without completing BMT. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether equipping BMTs with back-mounted hydration systems (BM) is better than the standard-issue (SI) canteens with respect to hydration status. Male BMTs were randomly assigned to either BM (n = 40) or SI (n = 38) groups. Baseline values were assessed at week 0 before any physical readiness training (PRT). Subsequent data collection took place in the a.m. before PRT and in the p.m. before dinner the first 3 weeks, and during the 5 weeks of training. BMT total body water (TBW) and body composition were assessed by bioelectrical impedance. Saliva osmolality and total protein concentration were also determined. Hydration status increased daily in BM and SI and was well maintained over the duration of BMT. A significant hydration effect (p < 0.05) was observed for average daily increases in TBW and body weight with BM gaining more compared to SI. Average a.m. TBW was 0.3-0.8 L greater in SI versus BM (p < 0.05). Our findings demonstrate that adequate hydration status is maintained during Air Force BMT in a hot environment using either hydration mode and therefore do not support widespread issuance of the BM system on the premise of improved hydration during USAF BMT military training.

Effect on injuries of assigning shoes based on foot shape in air force basic training.

BACKGROUND: This study examined whether assigning running shoes based on the shape of the bottom of the foot (plantar surface) influenced injury risk in Air Force Basic Military Training (BMT) and examined risk factors for injury in BMT. METHODS: Data were collected from BMT recruits during 2007; analysis took place during 2008. After foot examinations, recruits were randomly consigned to either an experimental group (E, n=1042 men, 375 women) or a control group (C, n=913 men, 346 women). Experimental group recruits were assigned motion control, stability, or cushioned shoes for plantar shapes indicative of low, medium, or high arches, respectively. Control group recruits received a stability shoe regardless of plantar shape. Injuries during BMT were determined from outpatient visits provided from the Defense Medical Surveillance System. Other injury risk factors (fitness, smoking, physical activity, prior injury, menstrual history, and demographics) were obtained from a questionnaire, existing databases, or BMT units. RESULTS: Multivariate Cox regression controlling for other risk factors showed little difference in injury risk between the groups among men (hazard ratio [E/C]=1.11, 95% CI=0.89-1.38) or women (hazard ratio [E/C]=1.20, 95% CI= 0.90-1.60). Independent injury risk factors among both men and women included low aerobic fitness and cigarette smoking. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective study demonstrated that assigning running shoes based on the shape of the plantar surface had little influence on injury risk in BMT even after controlling for other injury risk factors.