Italian translation and cross-cultural validation of an assessment tool for participation in stroke survivors: the Frenchay Activities Index.

PURPOSE: Participation needs to be assessed objectively, to state accurate rehabilitation objectives. The Frenchay Activities Index (FAI) is a widely used tool to measure participation in stroke patients. To date, no cross-culturally validated Italian version of FAI is available. This study provides a translation and cross-cultural adaptation of FAI into Italian, assessing its validity and reliability in sub-acute stroke patients. METHODS: According to international guidelines, a multistep translation and cultural adaptation protocol of forward and backward translations was conducted by qualified linguists and independent native English translators and revised by a healthcare committee. Patients admitted to intensive inpatient rehabilitation after stroke were recruited. Structural validity, reliability (internal consistency, inter- and intra-rater reliability and measurement error), and construct validity were studied. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy-three patients were included in this study. No significant observations in terms of comprehensibility and conceptual equivalence of the FAI Italian version emerged. The exploratory factorial analysis revealed the presence of two subscales (i.e., domestic chores and work/leisure). The internal consistency resulted good for the first and second subscale (α = 0.821 and 0.716, respectively). Intra- and inter-reliability showed an ICC > 0.90 for both subscales. SEM = 5.75% and 2.33% and MDC = 15.85% and 6.48% were found for the first and second subscale, respectively. Construct validity of first subscale was satisfactory, as 100.0% a priori hypotheses were met, while for the second subscale it was moderate, as 66.6% a priori hypotheses were respected. CONCLUSION: FAI-I provides a tool for professionals to measure participation in Italian stroke patients in health and social care settings.

Urinary incontinence after ischemic stroke: clinical and urodynamic studies.

AIMS: To investigate the frequency, the prognostic effect on functional status and the urodynamic patterns of post-stroke urinary incontinence (UI) in a sample of in-patients affected by ischemic stroke. METHODS: One hundred six patients with recent ischemic stroke admitted to a neurorehabilitation unit were enrolled. Stroke localization was made according to the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project (OCSP) stroke subtypes and assessment of stroke severity using the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). The presence of UI was associated with functional status, measured with Barthel Index and Functional Independence Measure (FIM). At admission, urodynamic studies were performed on all the patients and repeated in 63 patients after 30 days. RESULTS: Eighty-four patients (79%) were incontinent. Incontinence was associated with age (P<0.05) and functional disability (P=0.01), but not with sex, side of stroke, or time from stroke to entry in the study. Urodynamic studies, performed on all 106 patients at admission, showed normal studies in 15%, detrusor overactivity (DO) in 56%, detrusor overactivity with impaired contractility (DOIC) in 14%, and detrusor underactivity (DU) in 15%. After 1 month urodynamic studies, repeated on 63 patients, showed normal studies in 30%, DO in 48%, DOIC in 6%, and DU in 16%. CONCLUSIONS: Incontinent patients showed a worse functional outcome compared to continent patients. Post-stroke incontinence may be associated with different urodynamic patterns, each of which may necessitate different treatment strategies. Urodynamic findings in patients with ischemic stroke vary depending upon timing of the study.

Italian translation and transcultural validation of an assessment tool for community ambulation in stroke survivors: the modified Functional Walking Categories (mFWC).

BACKGROUND: Community ambulation ability is one of the most important functional loss after stroke. The assessment of the level of community walking plays an important role in the multidimensional bio-psycho-social approach, to improve quality of life and social participation of stroke survivors. The modified Functional Walking Categories (mFWC) is a worldwide widely used tool to assess community ambulation in stroke survivors, but no Italian version is yet available. OBJECTIVE: To cross-culturally adapt the mFWC into Italian and to assess its validity and reliability. METHODS: According to the international guidelines, a multistep translation and cultural adaptation were conducted and revised by a committee of experts. Patients admitted to intensive inpatient rehabilitation with a sub-acute stroke were recruited. Inter- and intra-rater reliability and construct validity were studied. RESULTS: Sixty patients with sub-acute stroke were prospectively enrolled in this study. Findings showed almost perfect intra- and inter-rater reliability (k = 1.000 [95% CI 1.000-1.000] and k = 0.984 [95% CI 0.955-1.000], respectively). The construct validity of the scale was satisfactory, as 100.0% a-priori hypotheses were met. CONCLUSIONS: The Italian mFWC offers a valid tool for measuring community ambulation in stroke patients. Our work provides a validated and a cross-cultural adapted Italian version of the mFWC to accurately measure community ambulation both in clinical and research settings in Italy.

Predictors of Function, Activity, and Participation of Stroke Patients Undergoing Intensive Rehabilitation: A Multicenter Prospective Observational Study Protocol.

Background: The complex nature of stroke sequelae, the heterogeneity in rehabilitation pathways, and the lack of validated prediction models of rehabilitation outcomes challenge stroke rehabilitation quality assessment and clinical research. An integrated care pathway (ICP), defining a reproducible rehabilitation assessment and process, may provide a structured frame within investigated outcomes and individual predictors of response to treatment, including neurophysiological and neurogenetic biomarkers. Predictors may differ for different interventions, suggesting clues to personalize and optimize rehabilitation. To date, a large representative Italian cohort study focusing on individual variability of response to an evidence-based ICP is lacking, and predictors of individual response to rehabilitation are largely unexplored. This paper describes a multicenter study protocol to prospectively investigate outcomes and predictors of response to an evidence-based ICP in a large Italian cohort of stroke survivors undergoing post-acute inpatient rehabilitation. Methods: All patients with diagnosis of ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke confirmed both by clinical and brain imaging evaluation, admitted to four intensive rehabilitation units (adopting the same stroke rehabilitation ICP) within 30 days from the acute event, aged 18+, and providing informed consent will be enrolled (expected sample: 270 patients). Measures will be taken at admission (T0), at discharge (T1), and at follow-up 6 months after a stroke (T2), including clinical data, nutritional, functional, neurological, and neuropsychological measures, electroencephalography and motor evoked potentials, and analysis of neurogenetic biomarkers. Statistics: In addition to classical multivariate logistic regression analysis, advanced machine learning algorithms will be cross-validated to achieve data-driven prognosis prediction models. Discussion: By identifying data-driven prognosis prediction models in stroke rehabilitation, this study might contribute to the development of patient-oriented therapy and to optimize rehabilitation outcomes. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03968627. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03968627?term=Cecchi&cond=Stroke&draw=2&rank=2.

Development and implementation of a stroke rehabilitation integrated care pathway in an Italian no profit institution: an observational study.

BACKGROUND: To standardize assessment and coordinate processes in stroke rehabilitation, an integrated care pathway (ICP) was developed in an Italian Rehabilitation and Research Institution by a knowledge-translation interdisciplinary process, from evidence-based guidelines to rehabilitation practice. The ICP was implemented in two pilot Tuscan rehabilitation Centers. AIM: The purpose of this study was to describe ICP development and assess the ICP effects on postacute stroke inpatient rehabilitation outcomes. DESIGN: Prospective observational study, before and after comparison. SETTING: Two Tuscan inpatient rehabilitation centers. POPULATION: Patients accessing either centers for intensive rehabilitation after acute stroke. METHODS: Two cohorts were prospectively recruited before (2015-2017) and after (2018) implementation of the pathway. The primary outcome was change in activities of daily living disability, assessed by the modified Barthel Index (mBI) from admission to discharge. Secondary outcomes included length of stay (LOS), adverse outcomes, and changes in communication ability, trunk control, pain, ambulation, bladder catheter (Y/N), bedsores (Y/N). RESULTS: In 2015-2017, 443 postacute stroke patients (mean age 77±11 years, 47% women), while in 2018, 84 patients (mean age 76±13 years, 61% women) were admitted to the two facilities. Comparing the 2018 vs. the 2015-17 cohort, the mean mBI increase was not substantially different (26 vs. 24 points), nor were LOS (37±18 vs. 36±16 days), adverse outcomes, discharge destination, and improvement of ambulation, pain, and communication (P>0.05). Instead, a significantly higher improvement of trunk control (trunk control test: 69.6±33.2 vs. 79.0±31.3, P=0.019), and a higher percentage of bedsore resolution (13% vs. 5%, P=0.033), and bladder catheter removal (37% vs. 17% P<0.001) were observed in 2018 vs. 2015-2017. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to prior practice, ICP was associated to improvement of trunk control recovery, bladder catheter removal, and bedsores resolution. Further ICP implementation on a larger scale is needed to verify improvements of stroke inpatient rehabilitation outcomes. CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT: An evidence-based stroke rehabilitation ICP was interdisciplinary developed and implemented in two rehabilitation centers of a multicenter Italian health group. ICP implementation as to inpatient intensive postacute stroke rehabilitation was associated to improved trunk control recovery, bladder catheter removal, and bedsore resolution. Further ICP implementation will allow multicenter studies and quality benchmarking.

Gait in hemiplegia: evaluation of clinical features with the Wisconsin Gait Scale.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the ability of the Wisconsin Gait Scale to evaluate qualitative features of changes in hemiplegic gait in post-stroke patients. DESIGN: A prospective observational study. SUBJECTS: Ten healthy subjects and 56 hemiplegic outpatients, more than 12 months post-stroke, consecutively admitted in a rehabilitation centre. METHODS: Patients were videotaped while walking at a comfortable speed. Quantitative and clinical gait parameters were derived from videotaped walking tasks at admission and at the end of a period of rehabilitation training. Qualitative features were assessed using the Wisconsin Gait Scale. Functional status was rated through the modified Barthel Index. RESULTS: After training, the median Wisconsin Gait Scale score improved significantly (28 vs 26.5; p = 0.003). In particular, "weight shift to paretic side" and patterns during the swing phase of the affected leg were improved. Gait velocity (0.3 vs 0.4 m/sec; p = 0.001) and stride length (77 vs 85 cm; p = 0.0002) increased significantly, whereas number of steps (25 vs 23; p = 0.004), stride period (2.5 vs 2.3 sec; p = 0.04), and stance period (2.1 vs 2 sec; p = 0.03) of the unaffected side were reduced. The Barthel Index score increased (71 vs 78; p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: The Wisconsin Gait Scale is a useful tool to rate qualitative gait alterations of post-stroke hemiplegic subjects and to assess changes over time during rehabilitation training. It may be used when a targeted and standardized characterization of hemiplegic gait is needed for tailoring rehabilitation and monitoring results.

Prognostic value of motor evoked potentials in motor function recovery of upper limb after stroke.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prognostic value of clinical assessment and motor evoked potentials for upper limb strength and functional recovery after acute stroke, and to establish the possible use of motor evoked potentials in rehabilitation. DESIGN: A prospective study. SUBJECTS: Fifty-two patients with hemiparesis were enrolled one month post-stroke; 38 patients concluded the study at 12 months. METHODS: Motor evoked potentials were recorded at baseline and after one month. Upper limb muscular strength (Medical Research Council Scale, MRC) and functional tests (Frenchay Arm Test, Barthel Index) were used as dependent outcome variables 12 months later. Motor evoked potentials were classified as present or absent. Predictive values of motor evoked potentials and MRC were evaluated. RESULTS: At 12 months, patients with baseline recordable motor evoked potentials showed a good functional recovery (positive predictive value 94%). The absence of motor evoked potentials did not exclude muscular strength recovery (negative predictive value 95%). Motor evoked potentials had a higher positive predictive value than MRC only in patients with MRC < 2. CONCLUSION: Motor evoked potentials could be a supportive tool to increase the prognostic accuracy of upper limb motor and functional outcome in hemiparetic patients, especially those with severe initial paresis (MRC < 2) and/or with motor evoked potentials absent in the post-stroke acute phase.

Application of a volar static splint in poststroke spasticity of the upper limb.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clinical and neurophysiologic effects of 3-month reflex inhibitory splinting (RIS) for poststroke upper-limb spasticity. DESIGN: Pretest-posttest trial. SETTING: Outpatient rehabilitation center. PARTICIPANTS: Forty consecutive patients with hemiplegia and upper-limb spasticity after stroke that had occurred at least 4 months before. INTERVENTION: Patients wore an immobilizing hand splint custom-fitted in the functional position for at least 90 minutes daily for 3 months. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: Patients underwent measurement of (1) spasticity at the elbow and wrist according to Modified Ashworth Scale; (2) passive range of motion (PROM) at the wrist and elbow; (3) pain at the shoulder, elbow, and wrist using a visual analog scale; (4) spasms; and (5) comfort and time of splint application. The instrumental measure of spasticity was the ratio between the maximum amplitude of the H-reflex and the maximum amplitude of the M response (Hmax/Mmax ratio). RESULTS: A significant improvement of wrist PROM (F=8.92, P=.001) with greater changes in extension than in flexion, and a reduction of elbow spasticity (F=5.39, P=.002), wrist pain (F=2.89, P=.04), and spasms (F=4.33, P=.008) were observed. The flexor carpi radialis Hmax/Mmax ratio decreased significantly (F=4.2, P=.007). RIS was well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: RIS may be used as an integrative treatment of poststroke upper-limb spasticity. It can be used comfortably at home, in selected patients without functional hand movements, and in cases of poor response or tolerance to antispastic drugs.

Evaluation of upper-limb spasticity after stroke: A clinical and neurophysiologic study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess upper-limb spasticity after stroke by means of clinical and instrumental tools and to identify possible variables influencing the clinical pattern. DESIGN: Descriptive measurement study of a consecutive sample of patients with upper-limb spasticity after stroke. SETTING: Neurorehabilitation hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-five poststroke hemiplegic patients. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. Main outcome measures Upper-limb spasticity, as assessed clinically (Modified Ashworth Scale [MAS], articular goniometry) and neurophysiologically (maximum H-reflex [Hmax], maximum M response [Mmax], Hmax/Mmax ratio). RESULTS: Poorer MAS scores were associated with lower passive range of motion (PROM) values at the wrist ( P =.01) and elbow ( P =.002). The flexor carpi radialis Hmax/Mmax ratio correlated directly with MAS scores at the wrist ( P =.005) and correlated inversely with PROM. The presence of pain in the fingers, wrist, and elbow was significantly associated only with lower PROM values at the wrist. CONCLUSIONS: Upper-limb spasticity is involved in the development of articular PROM limitation after a stroke. Pain appears to be related to PROM reduction as well, but the exact causal relationship between these 2 factors is still unclear. The MAS and the Hmax/Mmax ratio correlated when evaluating poststroke spasticity; they characterize 2 different aspects of spasticity, clinical and neurophysiologic, respectively, and they could be used as an integrated approach to study and follow poststroke patients.