RESUMEN
Scarring and remodeling of the left ventricle (LV) after myocardial infarction (MI) results in ischemic cardiomyopathy with reduced contractile function. Regional differences related to persisting ischemia may exist. We investigated the hypothesis that mitochondrial function and structure is altered in the myocardium adjacent to MI with reduced perfusion (MIadjacent) and less so in the remote, nonischemic myocardium (MIremote). We used a pig model of chronic coronary stenosis and MI (n = 13). Functional and perfusion MR imaging 6 wk after intervention showed reduced ejection fraction and increased global wall stress compared with sham-operated animals (Sham; n = 14). Regional strain in MIadjacent was reduced with reduced contractile reserve; in MIremote strain was also reduced but responsive to dobutamine and perfusion was normal compared with Sham. Capillary density was unchanged. Cardiac myocytes isolated from both regions had reduced basal and maximal oxygen consumption rate, as well as through complex I and II, but complex IV activity was unchanged. Reduced respiration was not associated with detectable reduction of mitochondrial density. There was no significant change in AMPK or glucose transporter expression levels, but glycogen content was significantly increased in both MIadjacent and MIremote Glycogen accumulation was predominantly perinuclear; mitochondria in this area were smaller but only in MIadjacent where also subsarcolemmal mitochondria were smaller. In conclusion, after MI reduction of mitochondrial respiration and glycogen accumulation occur in all LV regions suggesting that reduced perfusion does not lead to additional specific changes and that increased hemodynamic load is the major driver for changes in mitochondrial function.
Asunto(s)
Cardiomiopatías/metabolismo , Mitocondrias Cardíacas/metabolismo , Infarto del Miocardio/metabolismo , Miocitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Consumo de Oxígeno , Remodelación Ventricular , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP/genética , Animales , Western Blotting , Cardiomiopatías/diagnóstico por imagen , Cardiomiopatías/etiología , Cardiomiopatías/patología , Respiración de la Célula , Cicatriz , Estenosis Coronaria/complicaciones , Complejo I de Transporte de Electrón/metabolismo , Complejo II de Transporte de Electrones/metabolismo , Complejo IV de Transporte de Electrones/metabolismo , Proteínas Facilitadoras del Transporte de la Glucosa/genética , Glucógeno/metabolismo , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Microscopía Electrónica , Microscopía Fluorescente , Infarto del Miocardio/diagnóstico por imagen , Infarto del Miocardio/etiología , Infarto del Miocardio/patología , Imagen de Perfusión Miocárdica , Miocitos Cardíacos/ultraestructura , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Volumen Sistólico , Sus scrofa , PorcinosRESUMEN
Neurotrophin treatment has so far failed to prolong the survival of individuals affected with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), an incurable motoneuron degenerative disorder. Here we show that intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) delivery of recombinant vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf) in a SOD1(G93A) rat model of ALS delays onset of paralysis by 17 d, improves motor performance and prolongs survival by 22 d, representing the largest effects in animal models of ALS achieved by protein delivery. By protecting cervical motoneurons, i.c.v. delivery of Vegf is particularly effective in rats with the most severe form of ALS with forelimb onset. Vegf has direct neuroprotective effects on motoneurons in vivo, because neuronal expression of a transgene expressing the Vegf receptor prolongs the survival of SOD1(G93A) mice. On i.c.v. delivery, Vegf is anterogradely transported and preserves neuromuscular junctions in SOD1(G93A) rats. Our findings in preclinical rodent models of ALS may have implications for treatment of neurodegenerative disease in general.
Asunto(s)
Esclerosis Amiotrófica Lateral/fisiopatología , Neuronas Motoras/efectos de los fármacos , Degeneración Nerviosa/fisiopatología , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/administración & dosificación , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/administración & dosificación , Esclerosis Amiotrófica Lateral/genética , Animales , Transporte Axonal , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Humanos , Inyecciones Intraventriculares , Unión Neuromuscular/efectos de los fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacocinética , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Ratas Wistar , Proteínas Recombinantes/administración & dosificación , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacología , Superóxido Dismutasa/genética , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/farmacocinética , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/farmacologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Microvascular obstruction after reperfusion therapy of acute myocardial infarction is reported as an adverse promoter of left ventricular remodeling and is an important target to prevent deterioration into heart failure. In this study, we illustrate the early onset of a magnetic resonance imaged microvascular obstruction in a porcine model of acute myocardial infarction with the exact histological correlate. METHODS: Occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery followed by 3-h reperfusion was performed in 10 pigs. Microvascular obstruction was assessed by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). After sacrifice, serial sectioned slices of the hearts matching the MRI were stained with Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC). Biopsies were fixed, embedded in paraffin, and stained for hematoxylin-eosin. RESULTS: Microvascular obstruction was defined with MRI as a hypoenhanced no-reflow area within the hyperenhanced infarct region. Erythrocyte plugging was consistently observed in the no-reflow area and was completely absent in the adjacent hyperenhanced infarct region. CONCLUSION: This model of acute ischemia-reperfusion contributes to the histological comprehension of contrast-enhanced MRI during the early stages of myocardial infarction.