Land use drives change in amazonian tree species.

The Amazonian rainforest has been subjected to exceptionally high rates of land use change (LUC), primarily for pasture. We present here an analysis of the impact of LUC on trees from studies made in Pará state. LUC results in drastic declines in native species richness, changes species composition and impacts community resilience and ecosystem services provided by the Amazonian rainforest. Given that secondary forests are expanding in Amazonia we argue that this regrowth forest should be taken into account when planning conservation in this region.

Recuperation of nitrogen cycling in Amazonian forests following agricultural abandonment.

Phosphorus (P) is generally considered the most common limiting nutrient for productivity of mature tropical lowland forests growing on highly weathered soils. It is often assumed that P limitation also applies to young tropical forests, but nitrogen (N) losses during land-use change may alter the stoichiometric balance of nutrient cycling processes. In the Amazon basin, about 16% of the original forest area has been cleared, and about 30-50% of cleared land is estimated now to be in some stage of secondary forest succession following agricultural abandonment. Here we use forest age chronosequences to demonstrate that young successional forests growing after agricultural abandonment on highly weathered lowland tropical soils exhibit conservative N-cycling properties much like those of N-limited forests on younger soils in temperate latitudes. As secondary succession progresses, N-cycling properties recover and the dominance of a conservative P cycle typical of mature lowland tropical forests re-emerges. These successional shifts in N:P cycling ratios with forest age provide a mechanistic explanation for initially lower and then gradually increasing soil emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N(2)O). The patterns of N and P cycling during secondary forest succession, demonstrated here over decadal timescales, are similar to N- and P-cycling patterns during primary succession as soils age over thousands and millions of years, thus revealing that N availability in terrestrial ecosystems is ephemeral and can be disrupted by either natural or anthropogenic disturbances at several timescales.

Processos de ocupação nas novas fronteiras da Amazônia: o interflúvio do Xingu / Iriri / Occupation processes in the new Amazonian frontiers: the Xingu/Iriri interflow

Este trabalho apresenta os primeiros resultados do esforço conjunto de várias instituições, organizadas em torno da rede Geoma (Rede Temática de Pesquisa em Modelagem Ambiental da Amazônia) para avançar a compreensão dos novos padrões e processos de estruturação do território nas novas frentes no sul do Pará, analisando padrões de desmatamento e os processos que dão origem a esses padrões. Busca-se, aqui, produzir os subsídios necessários para o desenho de políticas públicas responsáveis, que não privilegiem um único aspecto do problema, como a abertura de estradas, por exemplo. Aponta-se, então, a partir desses primeiros resultados, que apenas uma solução integrada que procure estruturar os principais agentes e processos na cadeia produtiva seria possível para minorar os efeitos do desmatamento e nortear o desenvolvimento integrado para a região, com benefícios para a floresta e para as populações que ali vivem.