Hospital care direct costs due to ambulatory care sensitive conditions related to diabetes mellitus in the Mexican public healthcare system.

BACKGROUND: Hospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSC) incur substantial costs on the health system that could be partially avoided with adequate outpatient care. Complications of chronic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus (DM), are considered ACSC. Previous studies have shown that hospitalizations due to diabetes have a significant financial burden. In Mexico, DM is a major health concern and a leading cause of death, but there is limited evidence available. This study aimed to estimate the direct costs of hospitalizations by DM-related ACSC in the Mexican public health system. METHODS: We selected three hospitals from each of Mexico's main public institutions: the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), the Ministry of Health (MoH), and the Institute of Social Security and Services for State Workers (ISSSTE). We employed a bottom-up microcosting approach from the healthcare provider perspective to estimate the total direct costs of hospitalizations for DM-related ACSC. Input data regarding length of stay (LoS), consultations, medications, colloid/crystalloid solutions, procedures, and laboratory/medical imaging studies were obtained from clinical records of a random sample of 532 hospitalizations out of a total of 1,803 DM-related ACSC (ICD-10 codes) discharges during 2016. RESULTS: The average cost per DM-related ACSC hospitalization varies among institutions, ranging from $1,427 in the MoH to $1,677 in the IMSS and $1,754 in the ISSSTE. The three institutions' largest expenses are LoS and procedures. Peripheral circulatory and renal complications were the major drivers of hospitalization costs for patients with DM-related ACSC. Direct costs due to hospitalizations for DM-related ACSC in these three institutions represent 1% of the gross domestic product (GDP) dedicated to health and social services and 2% of total hospital care expenses. CONCLUSIONS: The direct costs of hospitalizations for DM-related ACSC vary considerably across institutions. Disparities in such costs for the same ACSC among different institutions suggest potential disparities in care quality across primary and hospital settings (processes and resource utilization), which should be further investigated to ensure optimal supply utilization. Prioritizing preventive measures for peripheral circulatory and renal complications in DM patients could be highly beneficial.

The Omicron wave in Mexico: vaccine protection against progression to severe Covid-19 in SARS-CoV-2-infected workers.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of seven Covid-19 vaccines in preventing disease progression (DP) using data from national private sector workers during the Omicron wave in Mexico from January 2 to March 5, 2022. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study employed an administrative retrospective cohort design, analyzing DP (hospitalization or death due to respiratory disease) among workers who filed a respiratory short-term disability claim and tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Risk ratios (RRadj) were estimated using Poisson regression models adjusted for various factors. RESULTS: Vaccinated individuals had a lower risk of hospitalization and death compared with unvaccinated individuals. The overall RRadj for hospitalization and death were 0.36 (95%CI 0.32, 0.41) and 0.24 (0.17, 0.33), respectively. When evaluating vaccines individually, the RRadj for hospitalization were as follows Pfizer BioNTech 0.27 (95%CI 0.22, 0.33), Moderna 0.29 (95%CI 0.15, 0.57), Sinovac 0.32 (95%CI 0.25, 0.41), AstraZeneca 0.39 (95%CI 0.34, 0.46), Sputnik 0.39 (95%CI 0.28, 0.53), CanSino 0.41 (95%CI 0.24, 0.7), and Janssen 0.53 (95%CI 0.39, 0.72). The RRadj for death were as follows: Pfizer BioNTech 0.12 (95%CI 0.07, 0.19), Sputnik 0.15 (95%CI 0.06, 0.38), Sinovac 0.29 (95%CI 0.16, 0.53), AstraZeneca 0.30 (95%CI 0.20, 0.44), CanSino 0.38 (95%CI 0.1, 1.4), and Janssen 0.50 (95%CI 0.26, 0.97). CONCLUSION: Covid-19 vaccines significantly reduced the risk of severe disease during the Omicron wave in Mexico.

Acreditación de servicios y calidad de la atención a neonatos en hospitales mexicanos.

OBJETIVO: Comparar la calidad de atención a neonatos con sepsis neonatal, hipoxia intrauterina, prematuridad y asfixia perinatal en hospitales acreditados (HA) y no acreditados (HNA). Material y métodos. Se evaluaron 28 hospi-tales de la Secretaría de Salud en 11 estados de México; la evaluación incluyó infraestructura, equipamiento e insumos, procesos de gestión de calidad e indicadores de calidad clínica. Se utilizó LQAS y se estimó el cumplimiento promedio de criterios e indicadores en HA y HNA. RESULTADOS: Hubo diferencias significativas en favor de HA en equipamiento e insumos y no significativas en existencia y funcionamiento de los comités hospitalarios. No hubo diferencias consistentes ni significativas en cumplimiento de indicadores clínicos entre los HA y HNA. CONCLUSIONES: La acreditación para la atención de neonatos con los diagnósticos seleccionados no se asocia a diferencias en la calidad de la atención.

[Indigenous condition in health services: comparison of quality of care 2012-2018 for poor population.] / La condición indígena en los servicios de salud: comparación de la calidad en la atención 2012-2018 para la población en pobreza.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the perception of the quality of ambulatory care in users of health services in 2012 and 2018, by indigenous and non-indigenous condition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: With information from two population surveys (Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición [Ensanut] 2012 and Ensanut 100k) the quality of care was analyzed based on indicators of structure, process, health outcome and care satisfaction. RESULTS: Between 2012 and 2018, the use of private health services increased; favorable opinion about the conditions of the site, and perception of short waiting times decreased among non-indigenous people. In public health services, the supply of medicines remained high, the laboratory and Rx tests in the same care unit and pharma- cology treatment explanation decreased, particularly among non-indigenous patients. Perception of health improvement and satisfaction of care was adequate. CONCLUSIONS: An ambulatory care model aimed to response needs and expectations of the most vulnerable population, mainly the indigenous population, is a priority.

OBJETIVO: Comparar la percepción de la calidad de atención ambulatoria de servicios de salud en 2012 y 2018, por condición indígena y no indígena. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Con información de dos encuestas poblacionales (Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición [Ensanut] 2012 y Ensanut 100k) se analizó la calidad de atención con indicadores de estructura, proceso, resultado en salud y satisfacción. RESULTADOS: Entre 2012 y 2018 aumentó la utilización de servicios privados, disminuyó la buena opinión sobre las condiciones del lugar y la percepción de tiempo de espera corto para utilizadores no indígenas. Para servicios públicos se mantuvo alto el surtimiento de medicamentos, disminuyó la realización de estudios de laboratorio y gabinete en la unidad de atención y la explicación del tratamiento farmacológico principalmente en no indígenas. La percepción de mejoría y la satisfacción fue buena. CONCLUSIONES: Es prioritario un modelo de atención ambulatoria acorde con las necesidades y expectativas de la población más vulnerable y, principalmente, indígena.

[Satisfaction and perceived quality of people insured by the Social Health Protection in Mexico. Methodological foundations]. / Satisfacción y calidad percibida de afiliados al Sistema de Protección Social en Salud de México. Fundamentos metodológicos.

OBJECTIVE:: To describe the conceptual framework and methods for implementation and analysis of the satisfaction survey of the Mexican System for Social Protection in Health. MATERIALS AND METHODS:: We analyze the methodological elements of the 2013, 2014 and 2015 surveys, including the instrument, sampling method and study design, conceptual framework, and characteristics and indicators of the analysis. RESULTS:: The survey captures information on perceived quality and satisfaction. Sampling has national and State representation. Simple and composite indicators (index of satisfaction and rate of reported quality problems) are built and described. The analysis is completed using Pareto diagrams, correlation between indicators and association with satisfaction by means of multivariate models. CONCLUSIONS:: The measurement of satisfaction and perceived quality is a complex but necessary process to comply with regulations and to identify strategies for improvement. The described survey presents a design and rigorous analysis focused on its utility for improving.

Acreditación de servicios y calidad de la atención a neonatos en hospitales mexicanos / Accreditation of services and quality of care for newborns in mexican hospitals

Resumen: Objetivo: Comparar la calidad de atención a neonatos con sepsis neonatal, hipoxia intrauterina, prematuridad y asfixia perinatal en hospitales acreditados (HA) y no acreditados (HNA). Material y métodos: Se evaluaron 28 hospitales de la Secretaría de Salud en 11 estados de México; la evaluación incluyó infraestructura, equipamiento e insumos, procesos de gestión de calidad e indicadores de calidad clínica. Se utilizó LQAS y se estimó el cumplimiento promedio de criterios e indicadores en HA y HNA. Resultados: Hubo diferencias significativas en favor de HA en equipamiento e insumos y no significativas en existencia y funcionamiento de los comités hospitalarios. No hubo diferencias consistentes ni significativas en cumplimiento de indicadores clínicos entre los HA y HNA. Conclusiones: La acreditación para la atención de neonatos con los diagnósticos seleccionados no se asocia a diferencias en la calidad de la atención.

Abstract: Objective: To compare the quality of care for neonates with neonatal sepsis, intrauterine hypoxia, prematurity and perinatal asphyxia in accredited hospitals (HA) and unaccredited (HNA). Materials and methods: 28 hospitals of the Ministry of Health were evaluated in 11 states in Mexico; the evaluation included infrastructure, equipment and supplies, quality management processes, and clinical quality indicators. LQAS was used, and average fulfillment of criteria and indicators in AH and NAH was estimated. Results: There were significant differences in favor of HA in equipment and supplies and, not significant, in the existence and functioning of hospital committees. There were no consistent or significant differences in compliance with clinical indicators between the AH y NAH. Conclusions: Accreditation for the care of newborns with the selected diagnoses is not associated with differences in the quality of care.

La condición indígena en los servicios de salud: comparación de la calidad en la atención 2012-2018 para la población en pobreza / Indigenous condition in health services: comparison of quality of care 2012-2018 for poor population

Resumen: Objetivo: Comparar la percepción de la calidad de atención ambulatoria de servicios de salud en 2012 y 2018, por condición indígena y no indígena. Material y métodos. Con información de dos encuestas poblacionales (Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición [Ensanut] 2012 y Ensanut 100k) se analizó la calidad de atención con indicadores de estructura, proceso, resultado en salud y satisfacción. Resultados: Entre 2012 y 2018 aumentó la utilización de servicios privados, disminuyó la buena opinión sobre las condiciones del lugar y la percepción de tiempo de espera corto para utilizadores no indígenas. Para servicios públicos se mantuvo alto el surtimiento de medicamentos, disminuyó la realización de estudios de laboratorio y gabinete en la unidad de atención y la explicación del tratamiento farmacológico principalmente en no indígenas. La percepción de mejoría y la satisfacción fue buena. Conclusión: Es prioritario un modelo de atención ambulatoria acorde con las necesidades y expectativas de la población más vulnerable y, principalmente, indígena.

Abstract: Objective: To compare the perception of the quality of ambulatory care in users of health services in 2012 and 2018, by indigenous and non-indigenous condition. Materials and methods: With information from two population surveys (Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición [Ensanut] 2012 and Ensanut 100k) the quality of care was analyzed based on indicators of structure, process, health outcome and care satisfaction. Results: Between 2012 and 2018, the use of private health services increased; favorable opinion about the conditions of the site, and perception of short waiting times decreased among non-indigenous people. In public health services, the supply of medicines remained high, the laboratory and Rx tests in the same care unit and pharmacology treatment explanation decreased, particularly among non-indigenous patients. Perception of health improvement and satisfaction of care was adequate. Conclusion: An ambulatory care model aimed to response needs and expectations of the most vulnerable population, mainly the indigenous population, is a priority.

Satisfacción y calidad percibida de afiliados al Sistema de Protección Social en Salud de México. Fundamentos metodológicos / Satisfaction and perceived quality of people insured by the Social Health Protection in Mexico. Methodological foundations

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir el marco conceptual, metodología de implementación y análisis de la Encuesta de Satisfacción de Usuarios del Sistema de Protección Social en Salud de México. Material y métodos: Se analizan los elementos metodológicos de los estudios de 2013, 2014 y 2015, incluyendo el instrumento utilizado, el muestreo y el diseño del estudio, el modelo conceptual, las características y los indicadores del análisis. Resultados: La encuesta captura información sobre calidad percibida y satisfacción. El muestreo tiene representación nacional y estatal. Se construyen y describen indicadores simples y compuestos (índice de satisfacción y porcentaje de problemas de calidad reportados). El análisis se completa mediante diagramas de Pareto, correlación entre indicadores y asociación con la satisfacción mediante modelos multivariados. Conclusiones: La medición de satisfacción y calidad percibida es un proceso complejo pero necesario para cumplir con la normativa y para identificar estrategias de mejora. La encuesta descrita presenta diseño y análisis rigurosos enfocados en su utilidad para mejorar.

Abstract: Objective: To describe the conceptual framework and methods for implementation and analysis of the satisfaction survey of the Mexican System for Social Protection in Health. Materials and methods: We analyze the methodological elements of the 2013, 2014 and 2015 surveys, including the instrument, sampling method and study design, conceptual framework, and characteristics and indicators of the analysis. Results: The survey captures information on perceived quality and satisfaction. Sampling has national and State representation. Simple and composite indicators (index of satisfaction and rate of reported quality problems) are built and described. The analysis is completed using Pareto diagrams, correlation between indicators and association with satisfaction by means of multivariate models. Conclusions: The measurement of satisfaction and perceived quality is a complex but necessary process to comply with regulations and to identify strategies for improvement. The described survey presents a design and rigorous analysis focused on its utility for improving.