Frailty and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Adults With CKD: Findings From the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study.

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: Frailty is common in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and increases the risk of adverse outcomes in adults with kidney failure requiring dialysis. However, this relationship has not been thoroughly evaluated among those with non-dialysis-dependent CKD. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: 2,539 adults in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study. EXPOSURE: Frailty status assessed using 5 criteria: slow gait speed, muscle weakness, low physical activity, exhaustion, and unintentional weight loss. OUTCOME: Atherosclerotic events, incident heart failure, all-cause death, and cardiovascular death. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Cause-specific hazards models. RESULTS: At study entry, the participants' mean age was 62 years, 46% were female, the mean estimated glomerular filtration rate was 45.4mL/min/1.73m2, and the median urine protein was 0.2mg/day. Frailty status was as follows: 12% frail, 51% prefrail, and 37% nonfrail. Over a median follow-up of 11.4 years, there were 393 atherosclerotic events, 413 heart failure events, 497 deaths, and 132 cardiovascular deaths. In multivariable regression analyses, compared with nonfrailty, both frailty and prefrailty status were each associated with higher risk of an atherosclerotic event (HR, 2.03 [95% CI, 1.41-2.91] and 1.77 [95% CI, 1.35-2.31], respectively) and incident heart failure (HR, 2.22 [95% CI, 1.59-3.10] and 1.39 [95% CI, 1.07-1.82], respectively), as well as higher risk of all-cause death (HR, 2.52 [95% CI, 1.84-3.45] and 1.76 [95% CI, 1.37-2.24], respectively) and cardiovascular death (HR, 3.01 [95% CI, 1.62-5.62] and 1.78 [95% 1.06-2.99], respectively). LIMITATIONS: Self-report of aspects of the frailty assessment and comorbidities, which may have led to bias in some estimates. CONCLUSIONS: In adults with CKD, frailty status was associated with higher risk of cardiovascular events and mortality. Future studies are needed to evaluate the impact of interventions to reduce frailty on cardiovascular outcomes in this population. PLAIN-LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Frailty is common in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and increases the risk of adverse outcomes. We sought to evaluate the association of frailty status with cardiovascular events and death in adults with CKD. Frailty was assessed according to the 5 phenotypic criteria detailed by Fried and colleagues. Among 2,539 participants in the CRIC Study, we found that 12% were frail, 51% were prefrail, and 37% were nonfrail. Frailty status was associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic events, incident heart failure, and death.

Modulating Driver Alertness via Ambient Olfactory Stimulation: A Wearable Electroencephalography Study.

Poor alertness levels and related changes in cognitive efficiency are common when performing monotonous tasks such as extended driving. Recent studies have investigated driver alertness decrement and possible strategies for modulating alertness with the goal of improving reaction times to safety critical events. However, most studies rely on subjective measures in assessing alertness changes, while the use of olfactory stimuli, which are known to be strong modulators of cognitive states, has not been commensurately explored in driving alertness settings. To address this gap, in the present study we investigated the effectiveness of olfactory stimuli in modulating the alertness state of drivers and explored the utility of electroencephalography (EEG) in developing objective brain-based tools for assessing the resulting changes in cortical activity. Olfactory stimulation induced a significant differential effect on braking reaction time. The corresponding effect to the cortical activity was characterized using EEG-derived metrics and the devised machine learning framework yielded a high discriminating accuracy (92.1%). Furthermore, neural activity in the alpha frequency band was found to be significantly associated with the observed drivers' behavioral changes. Overall, our results demonstrate the potential of olfactory stimuli to modulate the alertness state and the efficiency of EEG in objectively assessing the resulting cognitive changes.

ChatGPT for Patients: A Comprehensive Study on Atrial Fibrillation Awareness.

Due to the intricate nature of atrial fibrillation (AF), the diagnostic process often gives rise to a spectrum of concerns and inquiries. A 20-question survey on AF, covering general concerns, diagnosis, treatment, and post-diagnosis inquiries, was conducted via Google Forms (Google LLC, Mountain View, CA, USA). The questions were input into the Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) system (OpenAI LP, San Francisco, CA, USA) in November 2023, and the responses were meticulously collated within the same Google Forms. The survey, involving 30 experienced physicians, including 22 cardiologists and 8 hospitalists, practicing for an average of 18 years, assessed artificial intelligence (AI)-generated responses to 20 medical queries. Out of 600 evaluations, "excellent" responses were most common (29.50%), followed by "very good" (26%), "good" (19.50%), and "fair" (17.3%). The least common response was "poor" (7.67%). Questions were categorized into "general concerns," "diagnosis-related," "treatment-related," and "post-diagnosis general questions." Across all categories, >50% of experts rated responses as "excellent" or "very good," indicating the potential for improvement in the AI's clinical response methodology. This study highlights the efficacy of ChatGPT as an AF informational resource, with expert-rated responses comparable to those of clinicians. While proficient, concerns include infrequent updates and ethical considerations. Nevertheless, it underscores the growing role of AI in health care information access.

Evaluating the efficacy and safety of mavacamten in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis focusing on qualitative assessment, biomarkers, and cardiac imaging.

BACKGROUND: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a complex cardiac condition characterized by hypercontractility of cardiac muscle leading to a dynamic obstruction of left ventricular outlet tract (LVOT). Mavacamten, a first-in-class cardiac myosin inhibitor, is increasingly being studied in randomized controlled trials. In this meta-analysis, we aimed to analyse the efficacy and safety profile of Mavacamten compared to placebo in patients of HCM. METHOD: We carried out a comprehensive search in PubMed, Cochrane, and clinicaltrials.gov to analyze the efficacy and safety of mavacamten compared to placebo from 2010 to 2023. To calculate pooled odds ratio (OR) or risk ratio (RR) at 95% confidence interval (CI), the Mantel-Haenszel formula with random effect was used and Generic Inverse Variance method assessed pooled mean difference value at a 95% CI. RevMan was used for analysis. P<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: We analyzed five phase 3 RCTs including 609 patients to compare mavacamten with a placebo. New York Heart Association (NYHA) grade improvement and KCCQ score showed the odds ratio as 4.94 and 7.93 with p<0.00001 at random effect, respectively. Cardiac imaging which included LAVI, LVOT at rest, LVOT post valsalva, LVOT post-exercise, and reduction in LVEF showed the pooled mean differences for change as -5.29, -49.72, -57.45, -36.11, and -3.00 respectively. Changes in LVEDV and LVMI were not statistically significant. The pooled mean difference for change in NT-proBNP and Cardiac troponin-I showed 0.20 and 0.57 with p<0.00001. The efficacy was evaluated in 1) A composite score, which was defined as either 1·5 mL/kg per min or greater increase in peak oxygen consumption (pVO2) and at least one NYHA class reduction, or a 3·0 mL/kg per min or greater pVO2 increase without NYHA class worsening and 2) changes in pVO2, which was not statistically significant. Similarly, any treatment-associated emergent adverse effects (TEAE), treatment-associated serious adverse effects (TSAE), and cardiac-related adverse effects were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Mavacamten influences diverse facets of HCM comprehensively. Notably, our study delved into the drug's impact on the heart's structural and functional aspects, providing insights that complement prior findings. Further large-scale trials are needed to evaluate the safety profile of Mavacamten.

Novel anti-psoriasis agent-associated cardiotoxicity, analysis of the FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS).

INTRODUCTION: Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition characterized by hyperproliferation of epidermal keratinocytes, resulting in erythematous and scaling lesions. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved nine biologic agents to address the burden of psoriasis, but their cardiovascular risks remain poorly studied. METHODS: This retrospective pharmacovigilance study utilized the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database to analyze adverse events associated with newly approved therapeutic agents for psoriasis. We employed disproportionally signal analysis, calculating the reporting odds ratio (ROR) with a 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: Among the vast FAERS database, which contained >25 million adverse events, a total of 334,399 events were associated with newly approved therapeutic agents for psoriasis. Cardiac adverse events accounted for 3852 cases, including pericarditis, atrial fibrillation, and coronary artery disease. Secukinumab had the highest number of reported adverse events, followed by brodalumab, while tildrakizumab had the lowest. Coronary artery disease was the most reported adverse event (1438 cases), followed by pericarditis (572 cases) and atrial fibrillation (384 cases). Secukinumab had the highest incidence of coronary artery disease, pericarditis, and atrial fibrillation. Risankizumab was significantly associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease and atrial fibrillation, while tildrakizumab and Ixekizumab were associated with atrial fibrillation. Secukinumab was associated with an elevated risk of pericarditis. CONCLUSIONS: The study uncovers the cardiovascular adverse effects related to biologic agents used in psoriasis treatment. These findings emphasize the importance of monitoring and evaluating the cardiovascular safety profiles of biological agents used in psoriasis treatment.

Oncogenic viruses as etiological risk factors for head and neck cancers: An overview on prevalence, mechanism of infection and clinical relevance.

OBJECTIVE: This review article aims to discuss the role of oncogenic viruses in the development of head and neck cancers including the prevalence, mode of infection and the clinical relevance of these viral infections associated with tumours. DESIGN: A detailed review of scientific literature was performed relevant to oncogenic viruses associated with head and neck cancers. RESULTS: The incidence of head and neck cancers associated with traditional risk factors such as smoking, chewing tobacco and alcohol consumption have reduced gradually. With the emergence of oncogenic viruses, the viral infection has become a major etiological contributor to the global cancer burden. Viral infection in the etiology of cancer opens up an opportunity for viral gene specific targets in diagnosis and biomarkers to evaluate prognosis. Infection with high-risk HPVs in the oropharynx is already proving to be beneficial as a subset of HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer patients tend to have better prognosis in terms of treatment responses and overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: Large multi-center clinical trials exploring the implications of modifying viral infections in cancers are further warranted and the results hold the key to the management of patients suffering from cancers driven by viral infections.

Bacterial Contamination Analysis of Residential Toilet Room Environment and Delivery of Residual Bacterial Growth Prevention Efficacy on Residential Toilet Permeable Surfaces Using Toilet Air Freshener Product.

Toilet malodor is one of the most concerned malodor in residential houses, so that many technologies and products have been developed by which is aiming to remove or reduce such toilet malodor. Toilet malodour is generated from human faecal matters left inside of toilet bowl and from that deposited outside of toilet bowl such as toilet floors. In order to remove or prevent the malodor generated outside of toilet bowl, it is effective to do more frequent cleaning of toilet room surfaces or place a deodorizer which mask the malodour by perfume. We developed a toilet deodorizer which is preventing malodor generation outside of toilet bowl more effectively by delivering antibacterial efficacy on toilet room permeable surfaces. We analyzed microbiological quality of residential toilet rooms and found that toilet floor is the most contaminated location by bacteria, so that we developed a test method using materials frequently used for residential toilet floors such as vinyl cushion and using bacteria commonly found in toilet room environment. As the results, we found the product can provide bacterial growth prevention efficacy on permeable materials and prevent toilet malodor effectively.