[Comparative analysis of plastomes of Rubus chingii and R. chingii var. suavissimus].

Rubus chingii and R. chingii var. suavissimus are unique dual-purpose plant resources, with significant nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and economic value, as well as promising prospects for further development. To investigate the genetic structure and evolutionary characteristics of these two varieties, this study conducted plastome sequencing using the Illumina HiSeq XTen sequencing platform. Subsequently, the study performed assembly, annotation, and characterization of the genomes, followed by a comparative plastome and phylogenetic analysis using bioinformatics techniques. The results revealed that the plastomes of R. chingii and R. chingii var. suavissimus exhibited a tetrad structure, comprising a large single-copy region(LSC), a small single-copy region(SSC), and two inverted repeat regions(IRs). The study identified a total of 56 simple sequence repeats(SSRs) after comparative analysis, predominantly consisting of A and T. Furthermore, the structure of the IR boundary genes in both varieties was found to be highly conserved, with only minor nucleotide variations. Additionally, the study identified three highly variable regions: rps16-trnQ-psbK, trnR-atpA, and trnT-trnL, which held promise as potential identification marks for further development and utilization. Phylogenetic analysis results obtained by the maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods demonstrated a close clustering of R. chingii and R. chingii var. suavissimus(100% support), with their closest relatives being R. trianthus. This study, focusing on plastome-level genetic distinctions between these two varieties, lays a foundation for future species protection, development, and utilization.

Targeting autophagy with SAR405 alleviates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.

Anthracycline antitumor agents, such as doxorubicin (DOX), are effective in the treatment of solid tumors and hematological malignancies, but anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity (AIC) limits their application as chemotherapeutics. Dexrazoxane (DEX) has been adopted to prevent AIC. Using a chronic AIC mouse model, we demonstrated that DEX is insufficient to reverse DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Although therapies targeting autophagy have been explored to prevent AIC, but whether novel autophagy inhibitors could alleviate or prevent AIC in clinically relevant models needs further investigation. Here, we show that genetic ablation of Atg7, a key regulator in the early phase of autophagy, protected mice against AIC. We further demonstrated that SAR405, a novel autophagy inhibitor, attenuated DOX-induced cytotoxicity. Intriguingly, the combination of DEX and SAR405 protected cells against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in vivo. Using the cardiomyocyte cell lines AC16 and H9c2, we determined that autophagy was initiated during AIC. Our results suggest that inhibition of autophagy at its early phase with SAR405 combined with DEX represents an effective therapeutic strategy to prevent AIC.

Moderation effect of economic status in the association between early life famine exposure and MAFLD in adulthood.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The double burden of malnutrition (DBM) in China resulted in high prevalence of diet-related non-communicable diseases. The aim of this study was to analyse the moderation of economic status in the association between early famine exposure and metabolic dysfunction associated with fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in adulthood. METHODS: 10 190 participants in the SPECT-China study enrolled from 2014 to 2016 were included in this study. Participants with fetal famine exposure (birth year 1959-1962) or early-childhood famine exposure (birth year 1955-1958) formed the exposure group. The associations with MAFLD were assessed via regression analyses. RESULTS: In men, economic status could not moderate the association between early life famine and MAFLD after adjusting for age, excess alcohol drinking, current smokers, famine severity, waist circumference, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia (P for interaction = .52). However, in women and in the total population, economic status could moderate the association between early life famine and MAFLD after adjusting for the above confounders (P for interaction = .01). In the total population and in women, early life famine exposure was associated with MAFLD in both low economic status and high economic status. However, in men, early life famine exposure was not associated with MAFLD in low economic status, while in high economic status, early-childhood famine exposure was associated with MAFLD. CONCLUSIONS: Economic status could moderate the association between early life famine exposure and MAFLD in total population and in women.

Chronic lead exposure induces fatty liver disease associated with the variations of gut microbiota.

BACKGROUND: Lead (Pb) has been suggested as an endocrine-disrupting chemical. However, few studies have investigated the association between chronic Pb exposure and fatty liver disease. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the association of chronic Pb exposure with fatty liver disease and whether the variations of the gut microbiota involve in the mechanism of the fatty liver disease induced by chronic Pb exposure. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 3066 rural participants in East China. Blood lead level (BLL) was detected, and abdominal ultrasonography was used to diagnose hepatic steatosis. Both the definition of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) were used. Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups and each group was exposed to 0 or 0.05% w/v Pb through drinking water for 28 weeks. The relevant parameters of hepatic lipid metabolism and gut microbiota were analyzed. RESULTS: In humans, after adjusting for potential confounders, the odds of having NAFLD and MAFLD were significantly increased by 54% and 52% in the participants in the fourth BLL quartile (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.24, 1.91 and OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.22, 1.89). In the rats, chronic Pb exposure induced the increased visceral fat, hepatic steatosis, and dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, including the decrease of richness, diversity, evenness and phylogenetic diversity of the gut microbiota and the significant alternations of the gut microbiota composition, particularly, the decrease of the relative abundance of Coprococcus and Oscillospira at the genus level. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic Pb exposure could induce fatty liver disease, which may be associated with the variations of the gut microbiota.

Sex-specific associations of the urinary fourteen-metal mixture with NAFLD and liver fibrosis among US adults: A nationally representative study.

Although previous studies have examined the hepatotoxicity of single metal exposure, the associations between metal mixture and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or fibrosis remain unclear. This study investigated the associations of urinary metal mixture with the risks of NAFLD and liver fibrosis in US adults using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2017.01 to 2020.03. Vibration-controlled transient elastography was used to detect the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and liver stiffness measurement (LSM), which are indicators of NAFLD and liver fibrosis respectively. Three novel mixture modeling approaches including the Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR), weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and quantile g-computation (qgcomp) were used to estimate the associations of the urinary fourteen-metal mixture with Ln CAP and Ln LSM. There were 2283 adults aged over 18 years (1209 women and 1074 men) were included. Among women, urinary metal mixture was positively associated with Ln CAP in the BKMR and qgcomp models (both P < 0.05). However, no significantly associations of urinary metal mixture with Ln CAP were observed among men in all models (all P > 0.05). The metal mixture was not associated with Ln LSM in the three models regardless of genders (all P > 0.05). In conclusion, we observed sex-specific associations between urinary metal mixture and the prevalence of NAFLD in US adults. These findings emphasize the role of environmental heavy metal exposure in the development of NAFLD, and confirm the need for more prospective cohort studies on sex-specific manner.

[Iodine Nutritional Status and Prevalence of Thyroid Disorders among Adults in Chengdu].

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of thyroid disorders, iodine nutritional status and relevant risk factors among adults in Chengdu city on the basis of two population-based surveys, one conducted between 2016 and 2017 and the other, between 2019 and 2020, and to provide references for making health-related administrative decisions. Methods: Two population-based sampling surveys were conducted. The first one was done between October 2016 and December 2017, using stratified cluster random sampling to select subjects from 2 urban and 2 rural communities in Chengdu. Then, between December 2019 and February 2020, sequential cluster sampling was used to select subjects from communities in the peripheral regions of Longquanyi District, Chengdu. Both surveys covered natural populations of people who were 18 or older and who met the inclusion criteria. In the first survey, questionnaires, physical examination, thyroid ultrasound, and examinations of serum thyroid biochemical markers and urine iodine were performed, while in the second survey, only questionnaire concerning thyroid disorders and physical examination were performed. Statistical analysis of the nutritional status of iodine, the prevalence of thyroid disorders, and potential risk factor was conducted. Results: A total of 1859 subjects were enrolled for the first survey and 16152 for the second. According to the results of the first survey, the median urine iodine concentration was 172.10 µg/L, and the group with adequate or more than adequate iodine accounted for more than 60% of the surveyed population. The prevalence of thyroid disorders was found to be 0.48% for overt hyperthyroidism, 0.43% for subclinical hyperthyroidism, 0.43% for Grave's disease, 1.34% for overt hypothyroidism, 16.62% for subclinical hypothyroidism, 16.73% for positive thyroid antibody, 12.96% for TPOAb positive, 10.06% for TGAb positive, 0.81% for goiter, 14.85% for single nodule, 14.42% for multi-nodules, and 29.26% for thyroid nodules. Excess iodine is a risk factor for subclinical hypothyroidism ( OR=1.50, 95% confidence interval [ CI]: 1.07-2.10, P<0.05), and iodine deficiency is a risk factor for multiple thyroid nodules ( OR=1.45, 95% CI: 1.02-2.05, P<0.05). The total prevalence of hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism and Hashimoto's thyroiditis in the two surveys was 6.58% and 5.95%, respectively, showing no significant difference. The second survey lacked accurate data on thyroid nodules. Conclusion: The iodine nutritional status of adults in Chengdu in recent years was appropriate. The total prevalence of hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism and Hashimoto's thyroiditis remained stable, while that of thyroid nodule increased in recent years. We should continue with the implementation of the universal salt iodization policy and reinforce efforts in monitoring. Furthermore, we should make an active effort to look into the etiology of thyroid nodules.

Early-life exposure to the Chinese famine, genetic susceptibility and the risk of type 2 diabetes in adulthood.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Early famine exposure has been related to the development of type 2 diabetes; however, little is known about whether the genetic background modifies this association. We aimed to investigate the joint effects of famine exposure at different stages of early life and genetic susceptibility on diabetes risk in adulthood. METHODS: The study included 8350 participants from the Survey on Prevalence in East China for Metabolic Diseases and Risk Factors (SPECT-China) who were born around the time of the Chinese Great Famine. We determined famine exposure subgroups according to the birth year as nonexposed (1963-1974), fetal-exposed (1959-1962), childhood-exposed (1949-1958), and adolescence-exposed (1941-1948). We developed a genetic risk score of 21 variants previously associated with type 2 diabetes in East Asians. Hierarchical logistic models were used to examine the association of famine exposure and genetic risk with diabetes. RESULTS: The age-standardised prevalence of diabetes in nonexposed, fetal-exposed, childhood-exposed and adolescence-exposed subgroups was 13.0%, 18.2%, 15.1% and 13.2%, respectively. Compared with nonexposed participants, fetal-exposed participants showed an increased risk of diabetes in adulthood (OR 1.47; 95% CI 1.13, 1.93). A higher genetic risk score was associated with an increased risk of diabetes (OR 1.23; 95% CI 1.15, 1.31 per SD increment). The association between famine exposure and diabetes was consistent across genetic risk strata (all p for interaction >0.05). When considered jointly, fetal- or childhood-exposed participants at high genetic risk (highest tertile of genetic risk score) had 2.60-fold (95% CI 1.71, 3.93) and 1.95-fold (95% CI 1.24, 3.05) higher risks of diabetes, respectively, compared with nonexposed participants at low genetic risk (lowest tertile). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATIONS: Prenatal exposure to famine was associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in Chinese adults independent of genetic risk score using 21 variants common in the East Asian population. Famine exposure and genetic susceptibility may exhibit an additive effect on diabetes development.

The unique association between the level of peripheral blood monocytes and the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: The attraction and influx of monocytes into the retina has been considered a critical step in the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, large population studies about the association between peripheral blood monocyte levels, an inexpensive and easily measurable laboratory index, and DR are limited. Thus, we aimed to investigate the association between peripheral blood monocyte levels and DR. METHODS: A total of 3223 participants out of 3277 adults with diabetes were enrolled from seven communities in China in this cross-sectional survey. Participants underwent several medical examinations, including the measurement of anthropometric factors, blood pressure, routinely analyzed leukocyte characteristics, glucose, lipid profiles, urine albumin/creatinine ratio and fundus photographs. RESULTS: The prevalence of DR among the participants in the highest quartile of peripheral blood monocyte levels significantly decreased by 41% (OR 0.59; 95% CI 0.43, 0.81) compared with the participants in the first quartile (P for trend < 0.05). However, there were no associations between the monocyte level and the prevalence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) (both P for trend > 0.05). Associations between leukocyte, neutrophil and lymphocyte levels and DR were also not found (all P for trend > 0.05). These associations were all fully adjusted for age, sex, education status, duration of diabetes history, current smoking, BMI, HbA1c, dyslipidemia, systolic blood pressure and insulin therapy. CONCLUSION: Decreased peripheral blood monocyte levels were associated with increased odds of DR after adjusting for potential confounders in diabetic adults. However, causation remains to be demonstrated.

Associations between abdominal obesity indices and diabetic complications: Chinese visceral adiposity index and neck circumference.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Obesity, especially abdominal obesity, has been considered a risk factor for diabetic complications. Many abdominal obesity indices have been established, including neck circumference (NC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), lipid accumulation product (LAP), visceral adiposity index (VAI) and the Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI). However, studies investigating the associations between these indices and diabetic complications are limited. The objective of this study was to investigate the associations of the abdominal obesity indices with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease (CVD), diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS: A total of 4658 diabetic participants were enrolled from seven communities in Shanghai, China, in 2018. Participants completed questionnaires and underwent blood pressure, glucose, lipid profile, and urine albumin/creatinine ratio measurements; fundus photographs; and anthropometric parameters, including height, weight, waist circumference (WC), NC and hip circumference (HC). RESULTS: In men, a one standard deviation (SD) increase in CVAI level was significantly associated with a greater prevalence of CVD (OR 1.35; 95% CI 1.13, 1.62) and DKD (OR 1.38; 95% CI 1.12, 1.70) (both P < 0.05). In women, a one SD increase in CVAI level was significantly associated with a greater prevalence of CVD (OR 1.32; 95% CI 1.04, 1.69) and DKD (OR 2.50; 95% CI 1.81, 3.47) (both P < 0.05). A one SD increase in NC was significantly associated with a greater prevalence of CCA plaque in both men (OR 1.26; 95% CI 1.10, 1.44) and women (OR 1.20; 95% CI 1.07, 1.35). These associations were all adjusted for potential confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS: CVAI was most strongly associated with the prevalence of CVD and DKD among the abdominal obesity indices, and NC was unique associated with the prevalence of CCA plaque in Chinese adults with diabetes. Trial registration ChiCTR1800017573, www.chictr.org.cn . Registered 04 August 2018.

Lower eGFR is associated with increased probability of liver fibrosis in Chinese diabetic patients.

BACKGROUND: Kidney dysfunction is linked to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) progression including fibrosis, steatosis, or inflammation. We aimed to explore whether lower levels of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was associated with increased probability of liver fibrosis. METHODS: Two thousand six hundred eighty-nine subjects enrolled from Shanghai, China, were included in this study. NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS) was used to risk stratify NAFLD patients for fibrosis. eGFR was used to assess kidney function. The association of eGFR level with elevated NFS, and thus high risk of fibrosis, was analysed by linear regression and multinomial logistic regression. The predictive power of eGFR was evaluated via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS: A negative association was found between eGFR and NFS (B = -0.21, 95% CI, -0.37 to -0.04, P = .016). As eGFR quartiles decreased, the prevalence of probable fibrosis increased after adjusting for age, sex, current smoking, waist circumference, duration of diabetes, HbA1c , hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (Q4: reference; Q3: 1.49, 95% CI, 0.82-2.71; Q2: 1.88, 95% CI, 0.97-3.67; Q1: 2.70, 95% CI, 1.36-5.37, Pfor trend = .002, 1SD increment: 0.73, 95% CI, 0.58-0.92). The eGFR level can be an effective indicator in differentiating patients with probable presence of fibrosis from those without (AUROC: 0.71, cut-off point: 92.78 mL/min/1.73 m2 , P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Lower levels of eGFR were associated with higher NFS and thus greater risk of presence of fibrosis in patients with NAFLD and T2DM. Individuals with NAFLD and diabetes should carefully monitor eGFR and receive regular urinalysis, especially when advanced fibrosis is suspected.

Vitamin D, prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with glycemic dysregulation in many observational studies. However, the causality between them has not been fully established, especially in Asian origin. We used bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to explore the causal relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and glycemic status and indices. METHODS: Participants were included from a survey in East China from 2014 to 2016 (10,338 and 10,655 participants having diabetes and vitamin D-related genotyping information). We calculated weighted genetic risk scores (GRS) as the instrumental variables for 25(OH)D concentration and diabetes based on related single nucleotide polymorphisms. Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and prediabetes was based on American Diabetes Association criteria. RESULTS: The MR-derived odds ratios of genetically determined 25(OH)D for risk of type 2 diabetes (1565/10655) and prediabetes (3915/10655) was 0.985 (95% CI 0.940, 1.032) and 0.982 (95% CI 0.948, 1.016), respectively. The MR-derived estimates for fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c were also not significant. Moreover, the MR-derived regression coefficients of genetically determined diabetes and prediabetes for 25(OH)D was 0.448 (95% CI - 0.395, 1.291) and 1.303 (95% CI - 1.210, 3.816). CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the conclusion that there is no causal association between vitamin D and type 2 diabetes and prediabetes using a bidirectional MR approach in a Chinese population.

Novel associations between sex hormones and diabetic vascular complications in men and postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Associations between sex hormones and vascular remodeling have been extensively studied, but the results vary widely among different races and sex. We aimed to investigate whether total testosterone (TT), estrogen (E2), and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) associate with macrovascular complications and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) among community-dwelling patients with diabetes. METHODS: A total of 4720 participants with type 2 diabetes were recruited from Shanghai, China. Common carotid artery (CCA) plaques and diameter were assessed by ultrasound. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) was defined by prior diagnosis of coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction or stroke. DKD was defined according to the ADA Guidelines. RESULTS: (1) In men, TT was negatively associated with CCA diameter (regression coefficient (ß) - 0.044, 95% CI - 0.087, 0). E2 levels were positively associated with CVD and CCA plaque prevalence (OR 1.151, 95% CI 1.038, 1.277 and OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.017, 1.255, respectively). DHEA was negatively associated with CVD (OR 0.809, 95% CI 0.734, 0.893). In postmenopausal women, TT levels were negatively associated with CCA diameter (ß - 0.046, 95% CI - 0.083, - 0.010) and positively associated with CVD (OR 1.154, 95% CI 1.038, 1.284). (2) In both men and postmenopausal women, TT levels were negatively associated with the albumin/creatinine ratio and DKD (ß - 0.098, 95% CI - 0.154, - 0.043 and OR 0.887, 95% CI 0.790, 0.997 vs. ß - 0.084, 95% CI - 0.137, - 0.031 and OR 0.822, 95% CI 0.731, 0.924, respectively) and DHEA levels were positively associated with DKD (OR 1.167, 95% CI 1.038, 1.313 vs. OR 1.251, 95% CI 1.104, 1.418, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that macrovascular complications were associated with low TT, DHEA and high E2 in men and with high TT in postmenopausal women. DKD was associated with low TT and high DHEA levels in both genders. Sex hormone replacement therapy requires careful and comprehensive consideration. Trial registration ChiCTR1800017573, http://www.chictr.org.cn . Registered 04 August 2018.

ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN VITAMIN D AND MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS IN MIDDLE-AGED AND ELDERLY DIABETIC PATIENTS.

Objective: The objective of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR), and the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in Chinese diabetic adults. Methods: A total of 4,767 diabetic participants were enrolled from seven communities in Shanghai, China, in 2018. Participants underwent several examinations, which included the measurement of anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, glucose, lipid profiles, 25(OH)D, and ACR. DR was detected based on high-quality fundus photographs and remotely read by ophthalmologists. Results: Compared with the first 25(OH)D quartile, participants in the fourth quartile had a lower prevalence of high ACR (odds ratio [OR], 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61 to 0.96) (P for trend <.01). No association was found between 25(OH)D levels and eGFR. For DR, the OR (95% CI) for DR ranging from 0 to 4 in ordinal logistic regression associated with 25(OH)D was 0.62 (0.47 to 0.82) for the fourth 25(OH)D quartile (P for trend <.01) compared with the first quartile. These associations were all fully adjusted for confounding factors. Conclusion: Lower serum 25(OH)D concentration is significantly associated with increased ACR and higher prevalence of DR in middle-aged and elderly diabetic adults. However, the possibility of a causal relationship between 25(OH)D deficiency and diabetic microvascular complications remains to be demonstrated. Abbreviations: 25(OH)D = 25-hydroxyvitamin D; ACR = albumin/creatinine ratio; BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval; DKD = diabetic kidney disease; DR = diabetic retinopathy; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c = glycated hemoglobin; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; OR = odds ratio; T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Portopulmonary Hypertension: A Complex Case Derived from Multiple Penetrating Trauma-Induced Mesenteric Arteriovenous Fistulae.

Portopulmonary hypertension (PoPH) is a well-recognized complication of portal hypertension. This study reports a case of PoPH that was secondarily caused by post-traumatic mesenteric arteriovenous fistula. A 38-year-old man with a history of knife stabbing wounds in the abdomen in 2003 was admitted to the hospital with exertional shortness of breath and a mechanic murmur over the umbilical region. Computed tomography indicated signs of PoPH and mesenteric arteriovenous fistula. Percutaneous catheter-directed embolization was first performed but failed. Subsequently, the patient was successfully treated with fistula resection and partial enterectomy. The patient had been postoperatively followed regularly, and chief symptoms had been alleviated significantly and pulmonary pressure had successfully decreased to normal range. We believe that this is the first case of PoPH caused by mesenteric arteriovenous fistula.

The amino acid mutations of the podocin in proteinuria: a meta-analysis.

While many previous studies have reported an association between the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the podocin and proteinuria occurred, a conclusive relationship has not been defined in every oligoallelic state of amino acid (AA) mutations in podocin. In this study, we performed a meta-analysis of the published data to investigate the impact of the oligoallelic AA mutations of the podocin on proteinuria; a total 16 AA mutations were investigated for oligoallelic pathogenicity. Despite significant heterogeneity within some of the comparisons, the results revealed significantly higher risks of proteinuria in early-onset (onset age <16) individuals for five mutations (P118L, R138Q, R168H, V180M, and V260E), and in all onset ages individuals for five mutations (R138Q, G140X, R229Q, V260E, and V290M) compared to non-variant individuals. We also tested the steroid response in individuals with R229Q and E237Q. No statistically significant differences in the two mutations carrier rate were observed between steroid resistance patients and controls. No AA mutation was selected for meta-analysis on the recurrence of proteinuria after renal transplantation as lack of control data. In conclusion, our meta-analysis tested the pathogenicity of the oligoallelic AA mutations in podocin and suggested the potential causative mutations, and the alleles showing an association with protein susceptibility. The sensitivity and specificity of each causative mutation are pending further testing.

Projected income data under different shared socioeconomic pathways for Washington state.

High-resolution income projections under different Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) are essential for the climate change research communities to devise climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies. To generate income projections for Washington state, we obtain state-level GDP per capita projections and convert them into projected annual household income. The resulting state-level income projections are subsequently downscaled to the census block-level based on the Longitudinal Origin-Destination Employment Statistics (LODES) dataset. For accuracy assessment, we downscale historical income data from state- level to block- and block group-level and compare the downscaled results against the actual income data from LODES. County-level accuracy assessment is also conducted based on American Community Survey. The results demonstrate a good agreement (Average R2 of 0.67, 0.8, and 0.99 for block-, block group-, and county-level, respectively) between the downscaled income data and the reference data, thereby validating the methodology employed. Our approach is applicable to other states for income projections, which can be utilized by a broader audience, including those involved in demographic analysis, economic research, and urban planning.

Association of metabolic syndrome and sarcopenia with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a prospective cohort study based on the NHANES.

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and sarcopenia (SP) have emerged as significant public health concerns in contemporary societies, characterized by shared pathophysiological mechanisms and interrelatedness, leading to profound health implications. In this prospective cohort study conducted within a US population, we aimed to examine the influence of MetS and SP on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Methods: This study analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III for the years 1999-2006 and 2011-2018, and death outcomes were ascertained by linkage to National Death Index (NDI) records through December 31, 2019. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. In addition, subgroup and sensitivity analyses were conducted to test the robustness of the results. Results: Over a median follow-up period of 13.3 years (95% CI: 12.8-13.8), 1714 deaths were observed. The groups characterized by MetS-/SP+, MetS+/SP-, and MetS+/SP+ exhibited higher all-cause mortality rates in comparison to the MetS-/SP- group, with the MetS+/SP+ group (HR 1.76, 95% CI: 1.37-2.25) displaying the highest all-cause mortality. Increased cardiovascular mortality was observed in the MetS+/SP- (HR 1.84, 95% CI: 1.24-2.72), and MetS+/SP+ groups (HR 2.39, 95% CI: 1.32-4.35) compared to the MetS-/SP- group, whereas it was not statistically significant in the MetS-/SP+ group. However, among males and individuals aged < 60, the presence of both MetS and SP (MetS+/SP+ group) was found to be significantly associated with a higher risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Conclusion: The coexistence of MetS and SP increased the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, particularly in males and in nonelderly populations. Individuals with either MetS or SP may require more careful management to prevent the development of other diseases and thereby reduce mortality.

Associations of Serum Iron Status with MAFLD and Liver Fibrosis in the USA: a Nationwide Cross-Section Study.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a new terminology characterized by liver steatosis. Iron status is related to many metabolic diseases. However, the researches on the associations of serum iron status with MAFLD are limited. The objective of this study was to investigate the associations of serum iron status biomarkers with MAFLD and liver fibrosis. A total of 5892 adults were enrolled in the current cross-sectional study using the 2017-March 2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Liver steatosis and liver fibrosis were defined by the median values of controlled attenuation parameter ≥ 274 dB/m and liver stiffness measurement ≥ 8 kPa, respectively. The multivariable logistic/linear regression and restricted cubic spline analysis were conducted. After adjusting for potential confounders, higher ferritin levels were associated with higher odds of MAFLD (OR 4.655; 95% CI 2.301, 9.418) and liver fibrosis (OR 7.013; 95% CI 3.910, 12.577). Lower iron levels were associated with a higher prevalence of MAFLD (OR 0.622; 95% CI 0.458, 0.844) and liver fibrosis (OR 0.722; 95% CI 0.536, 0.974). Lower transferrin saturation (TSAT) was associated with a higher prevalence of MAFLD (OR 0.981; 95% CI 0.970, 0.991) and liver fibrosis (OR 0.988; 95% CI 0.979, 0.998). Higher ferritin levels, lower iron levels, and TSAT were associated with a higher prevalence of MAFLD and liver fibrosis. This study extended the knowledge of modifying iron status to prevent MAFLD and liver fibrosis. More prospective and mechanism studies were warranted to confirm the conclusions.