Inadequate dietary energy intake associates with higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome in different groups of hemodialysis patients: a clinical observational study in multiple dialysis centers.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been established as a risk for cardiovascular diseases and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Energy intake (EI) is an important nutritional therapy for preventing MetS. We examined the association of self-reported dietary EI with metabolic abnormalities and MetS among hemodialysis patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional study design was carried out from September 2013 to April 2017 in seven hemodialysis centers. Data were collected from 228 hemodialysis patients with acceptable EI report, 20 years old and above, underwent three hemodialysis sessions a week for at least past 3 months. Dietary EI was evaluated by a three-day dietary record, and confirmed by 24-h dietary recall. Body compositions were measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Biochemical data were analyzed using standard laboratory tests. The cut-off values of daily EI were 30 kcal/kg, and 35 kcal/kg for age ≥ 60 years and < 60 years, respectively. MetS was defined by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE-MetS), and Harmonizing Metabolic Syndrome (HMetS). Logistic regression models were utilized for examining the association between EI and MetS. Age, gender, physical activity, hemodialysis vintage, Charlson comorbidity index, high sensitive C-reactive protein, and interdialytic weight gains were adjusted in the multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of inadequate EI, AACE-MetS, and HMetS were 60.5%, 63.2%, and 53.9%, respectively. Inadequate EI was related to higher proportion of metabolic abnormalities and MetS (p <  0.05). Results of the multivariate analysis shows that inadequate EI was significantly linked with higher prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (OR = 2.42, p <  0.01), overweight/obese (OR = 6.70, p <  0.001), elevated waist circumference (OR = 8.17, p <  0.001), AACE-MetS (OR = 2.26, p <  0.01), and HMetS (OR = 3.52, p <  0.01). In subgroup anslysis, inadequate EI strongly associated with AACE-MetS in groups of non-hypertension (OR = 4.09, p = 0.004), and non-cardiovascular diseases (OR = 2.59, p = 0.012), and with HMetS in all sub-groups of hypertension (OR = 2.59~ 5.33, p <  0.05), diabetic group (OR = 8.33, p = 0.003), and non-cardiovascular diseases (OR = 3.79, p <  0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Inadequate EI and MetS prevalence was high. Energy intake strongly determined MetS in different groups of hemodialysis patients.

Hyperhomocysteinemia Associated with Low Muscle Mass, Muscle Function in Elderly Hemodialysis Patients: An Analysis of Multiple Dialysis Centers.

BACKGROUND: The hyperhomocysteinemia was with high prevalence and has been considered as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis patients. These patients also experienced a high risk of muscle wasting caused by the comorbidity, malnutrition, and low physical activity. We investigated the associations of homocysteinemia with muscle mass, muscle function in elderly hemodialysis patients. METHODS: A clinical cross-sectional study was conducted on 138 hemodialysis patients aged 65 years and above in seven hospital-based hemodialysis centers in Taiwan. The data on anthropometry, laboratory, and 3-day dietary intake was examined. The skeletal muscle mass (SMM) was measured by the bioelectrical impedance analysis; the SMM was adjusted by height or weight as SMMHt2 (kg/m2) and SMMWt (%). Muscle function was defined as handgrip strength (HGS) (kg) measured by handgrip dynamometer. Statistical analyses were conducted using simple regression and multivariable stepwise regression analysis. RESULTS: In the total sample, 74.6 % of hemodialysis patients were hyperhomocysteinemia (≥ 15 µmol/L). The means of SMMHt2, SMMWt, arm lean mass, hand grip strength, and muscle quality were 8.7 ± 1.2, 37.7 ± 5.6, 1.7 ± 0.5, 21.1 ± 7.4, and 10.0 ± 3.0, respectively. The multivariable stepwise regression analysis showed that homocysteinemia level was significantly inversely associated with SMMWt (B-coeff. = -0.03, p = 0.02) in hemodialysis patients above 65 years old, but not with muscle function. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperhomocysteinemia is common and associated with decreased muscle mass in the elderly hemodialysis patients. Future studies are suggested to explore the impact of the homocysteine-lowering therapy on muscle decline.

The cut-off values of dietary energy intake for determining metabolic syndrome in hemodialysis patients: A clinical cross-sectional study.

Dietary energy intake strongly linked to dialysis outcomes. We aimed to explore the optimal cut-off point of energy intake (EI) for identification of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in hemodialysis patients. The cross-sectional data of 243 hemodialysis patients from multi-dialysis centers in Taiwan was used. The dietary intake was assessed by using the three-day dietary questionnaire, and a 24-hour dietary recall, clinical and biochemical data were also evaluated. The MetS was diagnosed by the Harmonized Metabolic Syndrome criteria. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was to depict the optimal cut-off value of EI for the diagnosis of MetS. The logistic regression was also used to explore the association between inadequate EI and MetS. The optimal cut-off points of EI for identifying the MetS were 26.7 kcal/kg/day for patients aged less than 60 years, or with non-diabetes, and 26.2 kcal/kg/day for patients aged 60 years and above, or with diabetes, respectively. The likelihood of the MetS increased with lower percentiles of energy intake in hemodialysis patients. In the multivariate analysis, the inadequate dietary energy intake strongly determined 3.24 folds of the MetS. The assessment of dietary EI can help healthcare providers detecting patients who are at risk of metabolic syndrome.