RESUMEN
AMELX mutations cause X-linked amelogenesis imperfecta (AI), known as AI types IE, IIB, and IIC in Witkop's classification, characterized by hypoplastic (reduced thickness) and/or hypomaturation (reduced hardness) enamel defects. In this study, we conducted whole exome analyses to unravel the disease-causing mutations for six AI families. Splicing assays, immunoblotting, and quantitative RT-PCR were conducted to investigate the molecular and cellular effects of the mutations. Four AMELX pathogenic variants (NM_182680.1:c.2T>C; c.29T>C; c.77del; c.145-1G>A) and a whole gene deletion (NG_012494.2:g.307534_403773del) were identified. The affected individuals exhibited enamel malformations, ranging from thin, poorly mineralized enamel with a "snow-capped" appearance to severe hypoplastic defects with minimal enamel. The c.145-1G>A mutation caused a -1 frameshift (NP_001133.1:p.Val35Cysfs*5). Overexpression of c.2T>C and c.29T>C AMELX demonstrated that mutant amelogenin proteins failed to be secreted, causing elevated endoplasmic reticulum stress and potential cell apoptosis. This study reveals a genotype-phenotype relationship for AMELX-associated AI: While amorphic mutations, including large deletions and 5' truncations, of AMELX cause hypoplastic-hypomaturation enamel with snow-capped teeth (AI types IIB and IIC) due to a complete loss of gene function, neomorphic variants, including signal peptide defects and 3' truncations, lead to severe hypoplastic/aplastic enamel (AI type IE) probably caused by "toxic" cellular effects of the mutant proteins.
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Amelogénesis Imperfecta , Amelogenina , Estudios de Asociación Genética , Mutación , Amelogénesis Imperfecta/genética , Amelogénesis Imperfecta/patología , Humanos , Amelogenina/genética , Masculino , Femenino , Linaje , Fenotipo , Niño , Estrés del Retículo Endoplásmico/genética , Genotipo , Secuenciación del ExomaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of neutral 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate salt (MDP-Na) on the dentin bond strength and remineralization potential of etch-&-rinse adhesive. METHODS: Two experimental etch-&-rinse adhesives were formulated by incorporating 0 wt% (E0) or 20 wt% (E20) neutral MDP-Na into a basic primer. A commercial adhesive, Adper Single Bond 2 (SB, 3 M ESPE), served as the control. Sixty prepared teeth were randomly allocated into three groups (n = 20) and bonded using either one of the experimental adhesives or SB. Following 24 h of water storage, the bonded specimens were sectioned into resin-dentin sticks, with four resin-dentin sticks obtained from each tooth for microtensile bond strength (MTBS) test. Half of the sticks from each group were immediately subjected to tensile loading using a microtensile tester at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min, while the other half underwent tensile loading after 6-month incubation in artificial saliva (AS). The degree of conversion (DC) of both the control and experimental adhesives (n = 6 in each group) and the adsorption properties of MDP-Na on the dentin organic matrix (n = 5 in each group) were determined using Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry. Furthermore, the effectiveness of neutral MDP-Na in promoting the mineralization of two-dimensional collagen fibrils and the adhesive-dentin interface was explored using transmission electron microscopy and selected-area electron diffraction. Two- and one-way ANOVA was employed to assess the impact of adhesive type and water storage on dentin bond strength and the DC (α = 0.05). RESULTS: The addition of MDP-Na into the primer increased both the short- and long-term MTBS of the experimental adhesives (p = 0.00). No difference was noted in the DC between the control, E0 and E20 groups (p = 0.366). The MDP-Na remained absorbed on the demineralized dentin even after thorough rinsing. The intra- and extra-fibrillar mineralization of the two-dimensional collagen fibril and dentin bond hybrid layer was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and selected-area electron diffraction when the primer was added with MDP-Na. CONCLUSIONS: The use of neutral MDP-Na results in high-quality hybrid layer that increase the dentin bond strength of etch-&-rinse adhesive and provides the adhesive with remineralizing capability. This approach may represent a suitable bonding strategy for improving the dentin bond strength and durability of etch-&-rinse adhesive.
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Recubrimiento Dental Adhesivo , Recubrimientos Dentinarios , Dentina , Metacrilatos , Resistencia a la Tracción , Metacrilatos/química , Humanos , Recubrimiento Dental Adhesivo/métodos , Dentina/ultraestructura , Dentina/efectos de los fármacos , Recubrimientos Dentinarios/química , Remineralización Dental/métodos , Ensayo de Materiales , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Grabado Ácido Dental/métodos , Análisis del Estrés Dental , Técnicas In Vitro , Cementos de Resina/química , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier , Cementos Dentales/química , Propiedades de SuperficieRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is defined as inherited enamel malformations. LAMA3 (laminin alpha-3) encodes a critical protein component of the basement membrane (laminin-332). Individuals carrying heterozygous LAMA3 mutations have previously been shown to have localized enamel defects. This study aimed to define clinical phenotypes and to discern the genetic etiology for four AI kindreds. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Whole-exome analyses were conducted to search for sequence variants associated with the disorder, and micro-computed tomography (µCT) to characterize the enamel defects. RESULTS: The predominant enamel phenotype was generalized thin enamel with defective pits and grooves. Horizonal bands of hypoplastic enamel with chalky-white discoloration and enamel hypomineralization were also observed and demonstrated by µCT analyses of affected teeth. Four disease-causing LAMA3 mutations (NM_198129.4:c.3712dup; c.5891dup; c.7367del; c.9400G > C) were identified. Compound heterozygous MMP20 mutations (NM_004771.4:c.539A > G; c.692C > T) were also found in one proband with more severe enamel defects, suggesting a mutational synergism on disease phenotypes. Further analyses of the AI-causing mutations suggested that both α3A (short) and α3B (long) isoforms of LAMA3 are essential for enamel formation. CONCLUSIONS: Heterozygous LAMA3 mutations can cause generalized enamel defects (AI1A) with variable expressivity. Laminin-332 is critical not only for appositional growth but also enamel maturation.
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Amelogénesis Imperfecta , Humanos , Amelogénesis Imperfecta/diagnóstico por imagen , Amelogénesis Imperfecta/genética , Laminina/genética , Microtomografía por Rayos X , Esmalte Dental/diagnóstico por imagen , Proteínas de la Matriz Extracelular/genética , Mutación , Fenotipo , Variación Biológica Poblacional , LinajeRESUMEN
AIM: Biallelic loss-of-function FAM20A mutations cause amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) type IG, better known as enamel renal syndrome (ERS), characterized by severe enamel hypoplasia, delayed/failed tooth eruption, intrapulpal calcifications, gingival hyperplasia and nephrocalcinosis. FAM20A binds to FAM20C, the Golgi casein kinase (GCK) and potentiates its function to phosphorylate secreted proteins critical for biomineralization. While many FAM20A pathogenic mutations have been reported, the pathogeneses of orodental anomalies in ERS remain to be elucidated. This study aimed to identify disease-causing mutations for patients with ERS phenotypes and to discern the molecular mechanism underlying ERS intrapulpal calcifications. METHODOLOGY: Phenotypic characterization and whole exome analyses were conducted for 8 families and 2 sporadic cases with hypoplastic AI. A minigene assay was performed to investigate the molecular consequences of a FAM20A splice-site variant. RNA sequencing followed by transcription profiling and gene ontology (GO) analyses were carried out for dental pulp tissues of ERS and the control. RESULTS: Biallelic FAM20A mutations were demonstrated for each affected individual, including 7 novel pathogenic variants: c.590-5T>A, c.625T>A (p.Cys209Ser), c.771del (p.Gln258Argfs*28), c.832_835delinsTGTCCGACGGTGTCCGACGGTGTC CA (p.Val278Cysfs*29), c.1232G>A (p.Arg411Gln), c.1297A>G (p.Arg433Gly) and c.1351del (p.Gln451Serfs*4). The c.590-5T>A splice-site mutation caused Exon 3 skipping, which resulted in an in-frame deletion of a unique region of the FAM20A protein, p.(Asp197_Ile214delinsVal). Analyses of differentially expressed genes in ERS pulp tissues demonstrated that genes involved in biomineralization, particularly dentinogenesis, were significantly upregulated, such as DSPP, MMP9, MMP20 and WNT10A. Enrichment analyses indicated overrepresentation of gene sets associated with BMP and SMAD signalling pathways. In contrast, GO terms related to inflammation and axon development were underrepresented. Among BMP signalling genes, BMP agonists GDF7, GDF15, BMP3, BMP8A, BMP8B, BMP4 and BMP6 were upregulated, while BMP antagonists GREM1, BMPER and VWC2 showed decreased expression in ERS dental pulp tissues. CONCLUSIONS: Upregulation of BMP signalling underlies intrapulpal calcifications in ERS. FAM20A plays an essential role in pulp tissue homeostasis and prevention of ectopic mineralization in soft tissues. This critical function probably depends upon MGP (matrix Gla protein), a potent mineralization inhibitor that must be properly phosphorylated by FAM20A-FAM20C kinase complex.
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Amelogénesis Imperfecta , Calcinosis , Proteínas del Esmalte Dental , Nefrocalcinosis , Humanos , Nefrocalcinosis/genética , Nefrocalcinosis/patología , Amelogénesis Imperfecta/genética , Amelogénesis Imperfecta/metabolismo , Amelogénesis Imperfecta/patología , Pulpa Dental/metabolismo , Proteínas del Esmalte Dental/genética , Mutación , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Proteínas Portadoras/genéticaRESUMEN
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To explore the acceptances and associated influences of organ donation in mainland China. BACKGROUND: The shortage of organ donors has limited the development of organ transplantation in China. It is important to recognise the target population who has high intention to donate their organs may change the status. DESIGN: We conducted a cross-sectional, multi-stage sampling study collected demographic data and individuals' willingness to accept organ donation. METHODS: A stepwise linear regression analysis was adopted to evaluate the factors related to the attitudes toward organ donation. RESULTS: We collected 11,031 valid samples for the survey. The willingness to donate organs among Chinese residents averaged 56.93 points. To be specific, males (ß = -.03), religious believers (ß = -.01) and parents with a different number of children (all: ß = -.04) are less willing to donate their organs. Respondents who live in an urban area (ß = .03), have higher education level (High school or junior college ß = .04, Bachelor degree or above ß = .09), feel anxious (mild, moderate ß = .02), feel pressured (moderate, severe ß = .08), have higher scores of the Short-Form Health Literacy Instrument (HLS-SF12) (ß = .31), The Self-Management Scale (SHMS) (ß = .16), EuroQol Five Dimensions Questionnaire (EQ-5D) (ß = .04) and EuroQol Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-VAS) (ß = .24), are more positive to donate. CONCLUSIONS: This study firstly discusses the public acceptance of organ donation through a nationwide sample around China. In this study, we discovered that Chinese residents' acceptance level of organ donation and that gender, house, anxiety, pressure, social support and health literacy were the main influencing factors on residents' attitudes. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: To figure out the Chinese public acceptance and its influencing factors of organ donation can help nurse transplant coordinators to recognise the target population and the obstacles of organ donation. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: At the phase of collecting data, participants were recruited to fill the questionnaires.
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Trasplante de Órganos , Obtención de Tejidos y Órganos , Masculino , Niño , Humanos , Estudios Transversales , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , ChinaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: One effective way to deal with dentin hypersensitivity is to develop materials to seal the tubules. The porous bio-calcium carbonate-silica (BCCS) contained well-dispersed CaCO3 would form calcium phosphates to seal the dentinal tubules when mixed with an acidic solution. The acidic hydrothermal treatment and calcination to isolate the BCCS from the agricultural waste like equisetum grass was used, which would be more environmentally friendly than chemically synthesized mesoporous biomaterials. The aim of this study was to develop mesoporous materials from natural resources to occlude the dentinal tubules which could be more environmentally-friendly. METHODS: Dentin disc samples were prepared and treated with different methods as follows: (1) BCCS mixed with H3PO4; (2) BCCS mixed with KH2PO4; (3) Seal & Protect® was used as a comparison group. Sealing efficacy was evaluated by measuring the depths and percentages of precipitate occlusion in dentinal tubules with SEM. RESULTS: The N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm of the BCCS demonstrated a pore size of around 15.0 nm and a surface area of 61 m2g-1. From the results of occlusion percentage and depth, the BCCS treated with H3PO4 or KH2PO4 demonstrated promising sealing efficacy than the commercial product. CONCLUSION: This synthetic process used the agricultural waste equisetum grass to produce bio-calcium carbonate-silica would be environmentally friendly, which has great potential in treating exposed dentin related diseases.
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Equisetum , Carbonato de Calcio , Cristalización , Dentina , Sensibilidad de la Dentina , Humanos , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Poaceae , Dióxido de SilicioRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The restoration longevity depends on a high dentin-composite bond quality. This study investigated learning outcomes when using etch-and-rinse and self-etch adhesives among general practitioners in a hands-on bonding test course. METHODS: We recruited 30 general practitioners to perform shear bond strength (SBS) tests using five adhesives: one Peak® Universal Bond (PUB) etch-and-rinse and four Futurabond DC, Single Bond universal (SBU), Versa Optibond (VOB), and Tetric-N Bond Self-Etch (TNS) self-etch adhesives. SBS tests were conducted at pre-demonstration (pre-demo), post-demonstration (post-demo), and 24-h storage (delayed bonding) stages. SBS data were analyzed with paired Student's t-tests. We defined 17 MPa as "qualified bond strength (QBS)". The percentages of samples with SBS achieving QBS were analyzed using Mantel-Haenszel chi-square tests. The fracture surfaces of the samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS: Using PUB caused no significant differences in SBS between pre- and post-demo samples, whereas the SBS of the two self-etch adhesives (SBU and VOB) improved in post-demo samples (p < 0.05). SBU showed the highest percentage of samples with SBS achieving QBS in all three groups (pre-demo = 70%, post-demo = 83%, and delayed bonding = 76.5%). The QBS percentages of VOB and TNS notably improved from 0% (pre-demo) to 71.4% and 23.5% (post-demo), respectively. SEM indicated bubble-like defects at the dentin-resin interfaces in cases of low SBS. CONCLUSION: Bonding performance is both operator- and product-dependent. The continuing education hands-on course does help dentists to improve the bond strength especially when the self-etch system is used.
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Resinas Compuestas , Recubrimiento Dental Adhesivo/métodos , Recubrimientos Dentinarios , Odontólogos/educación , Resistencia al Corte , Grabado Ácido Dental , Adhesivos , Competencia Clínica , Análisis del Estrés Dental , Dentina , Humanos , Aprendizaje , Ensayo de MaterialesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) exhibits multiple biological functions in various tissues. Stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP) can be isolated from human apical papilla tissues in developmental teeth of children. The purposes of this study were to investigate the expression of FGF receptors (FGFRs) and the effects of bFGF on SCAP and related MEK/ERK signaling. METHODS: SCAP cells were treated under different concentrations of bFGF with or without U0126 (an inhibitor of MEK/ERK). Expression of FGFR1 and FGFR2 in SCAP was analyzed by RT-PCR. Cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay. The expressions of type I collagen, cdc 2, cyclin B1, TIMP-1 and p-ERK proteins were examined by Western blot. RESULTS: SCAP cells expressed FGFR1 and FGFR2. Exposure of SCAP to bFGF enhanced cell proliferation, and the expression cyclinB1, cdc 2, and TIMP-1, but not type I collagen. U0126 pretreatment and co-incubation attenuated the bFGF-induced proliferation, cdc2, cyclin B1 and TIMP-1 proteins' expression, but not type I collagen in SCAP. CONCLUSION: SCAP cells express FGFRs. bFGF may stimulate proliferation and affect the matrix turnover of SCAP cells, possibly via stimulation of FGFRs and MEK/ERK signaling pathway. These results are useful for clinical therapies for apexogenesis and regeneration of pulpo-dentin complex.
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Células Madre , Diferenciación Celular , Proliferación Celular , Células Cultivadas , Quinasas MAP Reguladas por Señal Extracelular , Factor 2 de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos , Humanos , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas , Quinasas de Proteína Quinasa Activadas por MitógenosRESUMEN
The article "A comparison of risk factors for age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Chinese patients" has been retracted.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Strontium ion may play a role similar to calcium ion in enamel remineralization. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of strontium ion concentration gradient on the demineralization of enamel. METHODS: Citric acid and sodium citrate were used to prepare 16 different experimental acidic solutions with four different pH values (2.5, 3.5, 4.5, and 5.5) and four different strontium ion concentrations (0 M, 10-4 M, 10-3 M, and 10-2 M). Forty-eight human enamel samples were divided into 16 groups (n = 3) and immersed into the 16 different acidic solutions for 3 min. The phosphorus ion concentrations in 16 different acidic solutions were measured and compared. The enamel surface hardness was measured with a Vickers hardness tester. The energy dispersive spectrometer was used to detect the strontium ion content in the enamel surface. RESULTS: Addition the strontium ions to the acidic solution could reduce the dissolution of the enamel. At pH 3.5 and pH 5.5, significantly lower phosphorus ion concentrations were detected in the acidic solutions with the addition of 10-2 M strontium ions. There was a less reduction of enamel surface hardness, while the strontium ion concentration increased in the acidic solution. At pH 2.5, the addition of 10-4 M, 10-3 M, or 10-2 M strontium ions to the acidic solution resulted in a significant increase in the strontium ion content in the enamel surface. CONCLUSION: Strontium ion can decrease the dissolution of the enamel and prevent the enamel surface hardness loss in acidic environment.
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Esmalte Dental/efectos de los fármacos , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Estroncio/química , Desmineralización Dental/prevención & control , Remineralización Dental , Calcio/análisis , Dureza , Humanos , Iones/química , Fosfatos/análisis , Desmineralización Dental/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Stimuli from the oral cavity may penetrate through exposed dentinal tubules and evoke inflammatory pulp response. Anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory drugs applied to exposed dentin may infiltrate through the dentinal tubules and cause pulp recovery. This study investigated the dentin permeability of anti-bacterial and anti-inflammation drugs via an in-vitro transwell dentin disc tube model. METHODS: Twenty-seven dentin discs prepared from extracted human molars were collected. Nine kinds of drugs were investigated with three dentin discs in each group. These nine drugs included two anti-bacterial drugs (ampicillin sodium and clindamycin phosphate), two corticosteroids (betamethasone sodium phosphate and hydrocortisone sodium succinate), three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, piroxicam, lysine acetylsalicylate, and diclofenac sodium), and two natural extracts with anti-inflammatory effect (Ginsenoside Rg1 and Hinokitol). The drugs were introduced to the transwell dentin disc tube model and the 4-hour cumulative release of the drug was detected and recorded by UV-visible spectroscopy. RESULTS: We found that ampicilin sodium had better dentin permeability than clindamycin phosphate. Betamethasone sodium phosphate revealed better dentin permeability than hydrocortisone sodium succinate. Lysine acetylsalicylate showed the best dentin permeability among the three NSAIDs. Ginsenoside Rg1 had the best dentin permeability among the nine drugs tested. However, Hinokitiol could not penetrate the dentin disc after 4 h. CONCLUSION: Regarding the dentin permeability, Ginsenoside Rg1 is the best among the seven anti-inflammatory drugs tested and ampicilin sodium is the better one between the two anti-bacterial drugs tested. Therefore, these two drugs may have high potential for treating exposed dentinal tubule diseases.
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Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Permeabilidad de la Dentina , Dentina/efectos de los fármacos , Ampicilina/farmacología , Aspirina/análogos & derivados , Aspirina/farmacocinética , Betametasona/análogos & derivados , Betametasona/farmacocinética , Ginsenósidos/farmacología , Humanos , Lisina/análogos & derivados , Lisina/farmacocinética , Microscopía Electrónica de RastreoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1ß) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in the acute and chronic inflammatory processes of dental pulp. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and IL-8 are two major inflammatory mediators. However, the role of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinases (IRAKs) signaling pathways in responsible for the inflammatory effects of IL-1ß on dental pulp cells is not clear. METHODS: Cultured human dental pulp cells were exposed to IL-1ß with/without pretreatment and co-incubation with IRAK1/4 inhibitor or SB203580 (p38 inhibitor). IRAK-1 phosphorylation was evaluated by immunno fluorescent staining. The protein expression of ICAM-1 and IL-8 were tested by western blotting. The secretion of soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) and IL-8 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). RESULTS: IL-1ß stimulated IRAK-1 phosphorylation of pulp cells within 120 min of exposure. IRAK1/4 inhibitor attenuated the IL-1ß-induced ICAM-1, but not IL-8 protein expression. IRAK1/4 inhibitor also prevented the IL-1ß-induced sICAM-1, but not IL-8 secretion. SB203580 showed little effect on IL-1ß-induced sICAM-1 secretion, but effectively inhibited its induction of IL-8 secretion in pulp cells. CONCLUSION: The Results reveal the important role of IL-1ß in pulpal inflammatory responses via stimulation of IL-8 and ICAM-1 expression and secretion. Moreover, IL-1ß-induced effects on IL-8 and ICAM-1 are differentially regulated by IRAK1/4 and p38 signaling in dental pulp cells. Blocking of IRAKs and p38 signaling may have potential to control inflammation of dental pulp in the future.
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Pulpa Dental/citología , Molécula 1 de Adhesión Intercelular/metabolismo , Quinasas Asociadas a Receptores de Interleucina-1/antagonistas & inhibidores , Interleucina-1beta/farmacología , Interleucina-8/metabolismo , Western Blotting , Células Cultivadas , Quinasas MAP Reguladas por Señal Extracelular/metabolismo , Humanos , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Quinasas p38 Activadas por Mitógenos/antagonistas & inhibidoresRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) are important vision-threatening diseases worldwide. For effective treatment, the risk factors for the diseases merit investigation. This study aimed to compare the risk factors for nAMD vs. PCV in Chinese patients. METHODS: A total of 946 participants were recruited in this case-control study, including 281 patients with nAMD, 306 patients with PCV, and 359 controls. All participants underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations. Information on risk factors were collected by questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the difference in risk factors between nAMD and PCV. In a subgroup of subjects, serum lipid data were obtained and analyzed. RESULTS: Risk factors for nAMD included older age (OR 1.03, P = 0.001), male gender (OR 1.55, P = 0.020), asthma (OR 2.50, P = 0.028), smoking (OR 1.92, P = 0.001), and family history (OR 6.82, P = 0.001), while smoking (OR 1.67, P = 0.013) was the only risk factor for PCV. Compared to patients with PCV, patients with nAMD were more likely to be older and suffer from hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, rheumatism, and tumor. Interestingly, higher levels of high-density lipoprotein were positively associated with PCV in the subgroup analysis (OR 7.74, P = 0.011). Besides, results were quite different between the combination of patients with nAMD and PCV and patients with nAMD or PCV alone. CONCLUSIONS: The risk factors for nAMD and PCV is varying with the exception of smoking. Our findings suggest that different strategies might be applied in the clinical management and scientific research on nAMD and PCV.
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Enfermedades de la Coroides/epidemiología , Coroides/irrigación sanguínea , Mácula Lútea/patología , Degeneración Macular/epidemiología , Pólipos/epidemiología , Medición de Riesgo , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , China/epidemiología , Enfermedades de la Coroides/diagnóstico , Femenino , Angiografía con Fluoresceína , Fondo de Ojo , Humanos , Incidencia , Degeneración Macular/diagnóstico , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pólipos/diagnóstico , Pronóstico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Tomografía de Coherencia ÓpticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Fluoride and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) have been proven to prevent dental caries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of fluoride and EGCG on soft-drink-induced dental erosion in vitro. METHODS: Forty enamel and dentin specimens were prepared from extracted human teeth. The specimens were divided into 4 groups and treated separately with distilled water (as control), 0.5 M sodium fluoride (NF), 400 µM EGCG (EG), and a solution containing 0.5 M NaF and 400 µM EGCG (FG). Cyclic erosive treatment was performed according to the experimental procedures. The specimens were analyzed using laser scanning confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and a microhardness tester. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and Bonferroni's post hoc test. The significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS: The amount of substance loss was lower in the NF and EG groups than in the control group (p < 0.05). The erosion-caused substance loss was more pronounced in the dentin than in the enamel specimens. Surface microhardness loss was lower in the NF and EG groups than in the control group (p < 0.05). The diameter of the dentinal tubule was wider in the control group than in the NF and EG groups (p < 0.05). No combined effects were observed in the FG group. CONCLUSION: Both fluoride and EGCG are effective in preventing soft-drink-induced erosion compared with the control group. Fluoride and EGCG may interfere with each other. The mechanisms of the anti-erosive effect need to be explored in the future.
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Bebidas Gaseosas/efectos adversos , Catequina/análogos & derivados , Fluoruro de Sodio/farmacología , Erosión de los Dientes/prevención & control , Catequina/farmacología , Esmalte Dental , Dentina , Humanos , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Raíz del DienteRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1ß) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in the inflammatory processes of dental pulp. IL-8 and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) are two inflammatory mediators. However, the role of transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase-1 (TAK1) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways in responsible for the effects of IL-1ß on IL-8 and uPA expression/secretion of dental pulp cells are not clear. METHODS: Human dental pulp cells were exposed to IL-1ß with/without pretreatment with 5z-7-oxozeaneaeol (a TAK1 inhibitor) or U0126 (a MEK/ERK inhibitor). TAK1 activation was determined by immunofluorescent staining. The protein expression of IL-8 was tested by western blot. The expression of IL-8 and uPA mRNA was studied by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The secretion of IL-8 and uPA was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Exposure of dental pulp cells to IL-1ß (0.1-10 ng/ml) stimulated IL-8 and uPA expression. IL-1ß also induced IL-8 and uPA secretion of dental pulp cells. IL-1ß stimulated p-TAK1 activation of pulp cells. Pretreatment and co-incubation of pulp cells by 5z-7oxozeaenol (1 and 2.5 µM) and U0126 (10 and 20 µM) prevented the IL-1ß-induced IL-8 and uPA expression. 5z-7oxozeaenol and U0126 also attenuated the IL-1ß-induced IL-8 and uPA secretion. CONCLUSION: IL-1ß is important in the pathogenesis of pulpal inflammatory diseases and repair via stimulation of IL-8 and uPA expression and secretion. These events are associated with TAK1 and MEK/ERK signaling. Blocking of TAK1 and MEK/ERK signaling has potential to control inflammation of dental pulp.
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Pulpa Dental/citología , Células Epiteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Interleucina-1beta/farmacología , Interleucina-8/metabolismo , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas/efectos de los fármacos , Fragmentos de Péptidos/metabolismo , Activador de Plasminógeno de Tipo Uroquinasa/metabolismo , Butadienos/farmacología , Células Cultivadas , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Humanos , Quinasas Quinasa Quinasa PAM/metabolismo , Nitrilos/farmacología , Zearalenona/análogos & derivados , Zearalenona/farmacologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: CaCO3@mesoporous silica reacted with phosphoric acid (denoted as CCMS-HP) enables the growth of calcium phosphate crystals in dentinal tubules. This study tested whether CCMS-HP could be used to form a biomimetic barrier on the exposed dentin for prevention of dentin sensitivity without impairing the bonding of Single Bond Universal (SBU) self-etch adhesive to the dentin. METHODS: Twenty-four dentin disks were prepared and divided into three groups: (1) SBU group (n = 8), in which SBU self-etch adhesive was bonded to the dentin disk directly; (2) CCMS-HP group (n = 8), in which CCMS-HP was applied onto the dentin surface; and (3) CCMS-HP/SBU group (n = 8), in which the dentin surface was first treated with CCMS-HP and then boned by SBU. The permeation depth of crystals into the dentinal tubules was examined and measured with a scanning electron microscope. The shear bonding strength of SBU and CCMS-HP/SBU to dentin was also measured. RESULTS: The mean crystal permeation depth was 35.8 ± 6.9 µm for the CCMS-HP/SBU group and 33.6 ± 12.2 µm for the CCMS-HP group; no significant difference was found between the two groups. Moreover, the mean shear bonding strength was 22.7 ± 6.7 MPa for the CCMS-HP/SBU group and 23.3 ± 7.0 MPa for the SBU group. There was also no significant difference between the two groups. CONCLUSION: CCMS-HP can be used to form a biomimetic barrier for prevention of dentin sensitivity because it neither impedes the bonding of SBU to dentin nor impairs the shear bonding strength between the SBU and dentin.
Asunto(s)
Grabado Ácido Dental/métodos , Materiales Biocompatibles/química , Bisfenol A Glicidil Metacrilato/química , Resinas Compuestas/química , Recubrimiento Dental Adhesivo , Sensibilidad de la Dentina/prevención & control , Dentina/ultraestructura , Biomimética , Cristalización , Análisis del Estrés Dental , Recubrimientos Dentinarios/química , Humanos , Ensayo de Materiales , Ácidos Fosfóricos/química , Resistencia al Corte , Resistencia a la TracciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Most soft drinks are acidic in nature. Regular consumption of these drinks may result in dental erosion. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the erosive potential of different soft drinks in Taiwan by a novel multiple erosive method. METHODS: Four commercially available soft drinks in Taiwan were selected for this study. The properties of each product were analyzed to measure their pH, titratable acidity, and ion contents. The erosive potential of the soft drinks was measured based on the amount of loss of human enamel surface following its exposure to the soft drinks tested for different periods (20 minutes, 60 minutes, and 180 minutes). The enamel loss was measured using a confocal laser scanning microscope. RESULTS: The pH values of the soft drinks were below the critical pH value (5.5) for enamel demineralization, and ranged from 2.42 to 3.46. The drink with ingredients of citric acid and ascorbic acid had the highest titratable acidity (33.96 mmol OH(-)/L to pH 5.5 and 71.9 mmol OH(-)/L to pH 7). Exposure to all the soft drinks resulted in loss of human enamel surface (7.28-34.07 µm for 180-minute exposure). The beverage with the highest calcium content had the lowest erosive potential. CONCLUSION: All tested soft drinks were found to be erosive. Soft drinks with high calcium contents have significantly lower erosive potential. Low pH value and high citrate content may cause more surface enamel loss. As the erosive time increased, the titratable acidity to pH 7 may be a predictor of the erosive potential for acidic soft drinks. The erosive potential of the soft drinks may be predicted based on the types of acid content, pH value, titratable acidity, and ion concentration.
Asunto(s)
Bebidas Gaseosas/efectos adversos , Esmalte Dental , Erosión de los Dientes/diagnóstico , Ácidos/efectos adversos , Humanos , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Microscopía Confocal , TaiwánRESUMEN
Background/purpose: The pediatric dentistry courses are lacking in our six-year undergraduate dental education. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the implication of instructional design for deciduous tooth identification in a dental morphology course for undergraduate dental students through students' perspectives. Materials and methods: A total of 34 s-year dental students who took this dental morphology course were invited to fill out the questionnaire for survey of instructional design for deciduous tooth identification after the class. Results: Of the 34 dental students, 32 of them participated in the survey with a valid response rate of 94.1%. The results showed that most students found the learning activity of instructional design for deciduous tooth identification to be helpful for improving their knowledge about deciduous dentition. Most of them also had positive attitude towards this instructional design. Conclusion: Since the proportion of pediatric dentistry courses in the undergraduate dental education is very low and children's oral problems are indeed faced by all dentists, it is important to add learning units of pediatric dentistry-related knowledge in different undergraduate dental professional courses or to propose strategies to promote students' awareness of self-directed learning about pediatric dentistry. This study may serve as a model for other undergraduate dental courses in Taiwan.
RESUMEN
Objective: This study was to investigate a novel antibacterial biomimetic mineralization strategy for exploring its potential application for root canal disinfection when stabilized cerium oxide was used. Material and Methods: A biomimetic mineralization solution (BMS) consisting of cerium nitrate and dextran was prepared. Single-layer collagen fibrils, collagen membranes, demineralized dentin, and root canal system were treated with the BMS for mineralization. The mineralized samples underwent comprehensive characterization using various techniques, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM (HRTEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and micro-CT. Additionally, the antimicrobial properties of the BMS and the remineralized dentin were also analyzed with broth microdilution method, live/dead staining, and SEM. Results: Cerium ions in the BMS underwent a transformation into cerium oxide nanoparticles, which were deposited in the inter- and intra-fibrillar collagen spaces through a meticulous bottom-up process. XPS analysis disclosed the presence of both Ce (III) and Ce (IV) of the generated cerium oxides. A comprehensive examination utilizing SEM and micro-CT identified the presence of cerium oxide nanoparticles deposited within the dentinal tubules and lateral canals of the root canal system. The BMS and remineralized dentin exhibited substantial antibacterial efficacy against E. faecalis, as substantiated by assessments involving the broth dilution method and live/dead staining technique. The SEM findings revealed the cell morphological changes of deceased E. faecalis. Conclusion: This study successfully demonstrated antibacterial biomimetic mineralization as well as sealing dentinal tubules and lateral branches of root canals using cerium nitrate and dextran. This novel biomimetic mineralization could be used as an alternative strategy for root canal disinfection.
Asunto(s)
Cerio , Cavidad Pulpar , Dentina/química , Desinfección , Dextranos , Cerio/farmacología , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Colágeno , Antibacterianos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Compared to non-connected vehicle environments, the connected vehicle environment establishes vehicle interconnection through communication technologies, resulting in more complex interaction, network topologies, and large-scale inputs. This complexity renders traditional trajectory prediction models, which rely primarily on inputting historical information of the target vehicle, inadequate for handling the complex and dynamic interactive lane-changing scenarios in connected vehicle environments. In a connected vehicle environment, it is necessary to propose a more targeted and stable lane-changing behavior prediction method based on vehicle traveling characteristics. Taking into account dynamic spatial interaction among vehicles, this study proposes a multi-modality trajectory prediction model called STA-LSTM to perform analysis on the potential interactive behaviors among vehicles under connected vehicle lane-changing scenarios, and specifically to expand the multi-modality feature input of the vehicle trajectory prediction model. The spatial grid occupancy method is used to model the interactions between vehicles. A space-dimensional attention mechanism is introduced to adaptively match the influencing weights of the surrounding vehicles with the target vehicle and to improve the interactive information extraction method. In addition, the attention module is incorporated into the LSTM decoder from the time dimension so that the established model can identify significant historical hidden features during each trajectory decoding process. To account for the uncertainty of trajectory prediction, the vectors of vehicle interactions are incorporated into contextual information to improve the reliability of prediction results and the robustness of the established model. Compared with conventional baseline models, the proposed model exhibited lower root mean square error (RMSE) and negative log-likelihood (NLL) values, and the RMSE values at different prediction times of 1s, 2s, 3s, 4s, and 5s are 0.46m, 1.15m, 1.89m, 2.84m, and 4.05m, respectively. This indicates that the proposed model can accurately predict the interactions between vehicles and the travel paths of surrounding target vehicles.