Recent advances of transcriptomics and proteomics in triple-negative breast cancer prognosis assessment.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a heterogeneous tumour that lacks the expression of oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), is often characterized by aggressiveness and tends to recur or metastasize. TNBC lacks therapeutic targets compared with other subtypes and is not sensitive to endocrine therapy or targeted therapy except chemotherapy. Therefore, identifying the prognostic characteristics and valid therapeutic targets of TNBC could facilitate early personalized treatment. Due to the rapid development of various technologies, researchers are increasingly focusing on integrating 'big data' and biological systems, which is referred to as 'omics', as a means of resolving it. Transcriptomics and proteomics analyses play an essential role in exploring prospective biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for triple-negative breast cancers, which provides a powerful engine for TNBC's therapeutic discovery when combined with complementary information. Here, we review the recent progress of TNBC research in transcriptomics and proteomics to identify possible therapeutic goals and improve the survival of patients with triple-negative breast cancer. Also, researchers may benefit from this article to catalyse further analysis and investigation to decipher the global picture of TNBC cancer.

Prolactin and endocrine therapy resistance in breast cancer: The next potential hope for breast cancer treatment.

Breast cancer, a hormone-dependent tumour, generally includes four molecular subtypes (luminal A, luminal B, HER2 enriched and triple-negative) based on oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2. Multiple hormones in the body regulate the development of breast cancer. Endocrine therapy is one of the primary treatments for hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer, but endocrine resistance is the primary clinical cause of treatment failure. Prolactin (PRL) is a protein hormone secreted by the pituitary gland, mainly promoting mammary gland growth, stimulating and maintaining lactation. Previous studies suggest that high PRL levels can increase the risk of invasive breast cancer in women. The expression levels of PRL and PRLR in breast cancer cells and breast cancer tissues are elevated in most ER+ and ER- tumours. PRL activates downstream signalling pathways and affects endocrine therapy resistance by combining with prolactin receptor (PRLR). In this review, we illustrated and summarized the correlations between endocrine therapy resistance in breast cancer and PRL, as well as the pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical practices. The study on PRL and its receptor would help explore reversing endocrine therapy-resistance for breast cancer.

Biological Matrix-Assisted One-Stage Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction Versus Two-Stage Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction: Patient-Reported Outcomes and Complications.

BACKGROUND: Biological matrix-assisted one-stage implant-based breast reconstruction (IBBR) could improve the inframammary fold to achieve good esthetic results. However, whether biological matrix-assisted one-stage IBBR yields better postoperative outcomes compared with two-stage IBBR remains unclear. We aimed to compare and analyze surgical complications and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) based on the BREAST-Q version 2.0 questionnaire between biological matrix-assisted one-stage IBBR and traditional two-stage IBBR. METHODS: From May 2015 to June 2019, eligible patients who underwent SIS matrix-assisted one-stage IBBR or two-stage IBBR were enrolled in this retrospective cohort study. PROs were measured with BREAST-Q version 2.0, which scored the health-related quality of life, satisfaction, and experience domains. Complications were divided into major complications (patients requiring reoperation) and minor complications (patients who could be treated in the dressing room). PROs and complications were compared between the SIS matrix-assisted one-stage IBBR and two-stage IBBR groups. A multivariate linear regression analysis was used to identify the social and surgical factors that affected PROs. RESULTS: At our institution, 124 eligible patients were recruited. Seventy-nine patients (63.7%) underwent SIS matrix-assisted one-stage IBBR reconstruction, and 45 patients (36.3%) underwent tissue expander/implant reconstruction (two-stage IBBR). Postoperative BREAST-Q version 2.0 was completed by 68 of 79 patients (86.1%) in the SIS matrix-assisted one-stage IBBR group and by 35 of 45 patients (77.8%) in the two-stage IBBR group. In the satisfaction-related quality of life domain, satisfaction with breast was 9.27 points higher in the SIS matrix-assisted one-stage IBBR group (p = 0.012) compared with the two-stage IBBR group. The multivariate linear regression analysis showed that implant volume (p = 0.031) and postoperative radiotherapy (p = 0.036) significantly influenced the PRO of satisfaction with breast. However, patients in the SIS matrix-assisted one-stage IBBR group had a higher minor complication rate compared with patients in the two-stage IBBR group (p = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS: Our retrospective study showed that although patients treated with biological matrix-assisted one-stage IBBR tended to have higher postoperative complication rates, this technique correlated with better PROs compared with two-stage IBBR. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

[Research Progress of Discoidin Domain Receptor 1 in Breast Cancer and Other Malignant Tumors].

Discoidin domain receptor 1(DDR1)is a critical member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family.It may be related to tumor invasion and metastasis,and the abnormal activation of DDR1 can lead to the occurrence and development of malignant tumors,inflammation,and fibrosis.DDR1 are involved in cell adhesion,migration,proliferation,secretion of cytokines,and remodeling of extracellular matrix,thus playing a critical role in various pathophysiological processes of the human body.In this review,we demonstrate the research progress of DDR1 in breast cancer and other malignant tumors,in order to provide a new theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer and other tumors.

Pre-treatment systemic immune-inflammation index is a useful prognostic indicator in patients with breast cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

The systemic immune-inflammation index (SII = N × P/L) based on neutrophil (N), platelet (P) and lymphocyte (L) counts is used to predict the survival of patients with malignant tumours and can fully reflect the balance between host inflammatory and immune status. This study is conducted to explore the potential prognostic significance of SII in patients with breast cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). A total of 262 patients with breast cancer received NACT were enrolled in this study. According to the receiver operating characteristic curve, the optimal cut-off value of SII was divided into two groups: low SII group (<602 × 109 /L) and high SII group (≥602 × 109 /L). The associations between breast cancer and clinicopathological variables by SII were determined by chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test. The Kaplan-Meier plots and log-rank test were used to determine clinical outcomes of disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). The prognostic value of SII was analysed by univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models. The toxicity of NACT was accessed by National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (NCICTC). According to univariate and multivariate Cox regression survival analyses, the results showed that the value of SII had prognostic significance for DFS and OS. The patients with low SII value had longer DFS and OS than those with high SII value (31.11 vs 40.76 months, HR: 1.075, 95% CI: 0.718-1.610, P = .006; 44.47 vs 53.68 months, HR: 1.051, 95% CI: 0.707-1.564, P = .005, respectively). The incidence of DFS and OS in breast cancer patients with low SII value was higher than that in those patients with high SII value in 3-, 5- and 10-year rates. The common toxicities after NACT were haematological and gastrointestinal reaction, and there were no differences by SII for the assessment of side effects of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Meanwhile, the results also proved that breast cancer patients with low SII value and high Miller and Payne grade (MPG) survived longer than those breast cancer with high SII value and low MPG grade. In patients without lymph vessel invasion, these breast cancer patients with low SII value had better prognosis and lower recurrence rates than those with high SII value. Pre-treatment SII with the advantage of reproducible, convenient and non-invasive was a useful prognostic indicator for breast cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy and is a promising biomarker for breast cancer on treatment strategy decisions.

Trends in Radical Surgical Treatment Methods for Breast Malignancies in China: A Multicenter 10-Year Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND: Incidence rates of breast cancer continue to rise in the People's Republic of China. The purpose of this study was to describe Chinese trends in radical surgical modalities and influential imaging and demographic factors for breast malignancies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a hospital-based, multicenter, 10-year (1999-2008), retrospective study. Descriptive statistical tests were used to illustrate information regarding radical surgical trends for the treatment of breast malignancies. Chi-square tests were used to assess effect of demographic factors in addition to imaging and pathological data on the specific surgical method. RESULTS: A total of 4,211 patients were enrolled in the survey. Among them, 3,335 patients with stage 0 to stage III disease undergoing mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery (BCS) were included in the final analysis. The rate of BCS increased from 1.53% in 1999 to 11.88% in 2008. The rate of mastectomy declined over this time period, from 98.47% in 1999 to 88.12% in 2008, with increasing use of diagnostic imaging methods and pathological biopsies. A significantly greater percentage of patients with office work, high education levels, unmarried status, younger age, and early pathological stages preferred BCS compared with mastectomy. CONCLUSION: Rates of mastectomy in China remain elevated due to diagnosis at higher stages; however, because of increased use of diagnostic imaging, improvement of biopsy methods, and patient education, rates of less invasive lumpectomy are increasing and rates of mastectomy have decreased in China. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: In this study, 4,211 cases were collected from 1999 to 2008 through a multicenter retrospective study of varying geographic and socioeconomic areas to illustrate trends of surgeries in the People's Republic of China. The correlations between demographic and tumor characteristics and among methods of surgical treatment were explored. This study shows that the rate of breast-conserving surgery (BCS) increased and the rate of mastectomy declined over this time period with increasing use of diagnostic imaging methods and pathological biopsies. Patients with office work, high education levels, unmarried status, younger age, and early pathological stages preferred BCS compared with mastectomy in China.

[Expression of Ki67 and clinicopathological features in breast cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between the expression level of Ki67 and clinicopathological features in breast cancer. METHODS: Data of 918 female patients with invasive ductal breast carcinoma treated in the Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from Jan. to Dec. 2010 were analyzed retrospectively. The correlation of Ki67 expression and other clinicopathological features in the breast cancer was analyzed. RESULTS: Among the 918 cases, the Ki67 index was 0.9% to 95% (mean value 27.8%). Taking the Ki67 index 14% as the boundary to divide the patients into two subgroups, 263 cases (28.6%) were ≤ 14%, and 655 cases (71.4%) were >14%. There were significant differences between the Ki67 expression and age, tumor size, axillary lymph nodes status, histological grade and the expressions of C-erbB-2, estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) (P < 0.05 for all). All the Ki67 indexes of Ki67 expression in luminal B (30.44%), HER-2 overexpression (36.77%) and triple negative (47.40%) subtypes were significantly higher than that in the luminal A subtype (21.36%)(P < 0.01). The expression level of Ki67 in triple-negative subtype (47.40%) was significantly higher than that in the non-triple-negative subtype (24.79%)(P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Ki67 index is significantly correlated with the age, tumor TNM stage, axillary lymph node status, histological grading, ER status, PR status and HER-2 status. A high expression level of Ki67 is a poor prognostic factor for breast cancer. The expression level of Ki67 should be detected routinely and it may become a useful prognostic marker in the treatment of breast cancer.

The safety parameters of the study on intraductal cytotoxic agent delivery to the breast before mastectomy.

BACKGROUND: Intraductal administration of cytotoxic agents has been shown to inhibit the development of breast cancer in animal models. The object of this study was to demonstrate the safety of intraductal delivery cytotoxic agents in patients prior to mastectomy. This method is hopeful to be developed as a chemoprevention approach in patients with pre-malignant or non-invasive ductal lesions to prevent breast cancer which will be further developed. METHODS: TWO DRUGS, PEGYLATED LIPOSOMAL DOXORUBICIN (PLD) AND CARBOPLATIN WERE ADMINISTERED AT THREE DOSE LEVELS (PLD: 10, 20, 50 mg and carboplatin 60, 120, 300 mg). There were five subjects in each group with 15 subjects treated with each drug once. Venous blood samples were obtained for pharmacokinetic analysis. The breast was removed surgically 2-5 days post administration and the treated ducts were marked to enable identification on pathological evaluation. RESULTS: Intraductal administration was generally well-tolerated with mild, transient breast discomfort. In the carboplatin arm, three women at the 300 mg dose experienced mild nausea and vomiting. In the PLD arm most women had mild erythema and swelling of the breast over the 72 hours following the drug administration. Patients receiving the 50 mg dose experienced local erythema until the time of surgery. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that carboplatin rapidly entered systemic circulation with an early peak time (Tmax ~30 min) with a corresponding plasma ultrafiltrate area under the curve (AUC) consistent with the Calvert Formula using estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Total plasma doxorubicin had delayed peak concentration times (Tmax >48 hours) with a linear dose response and peak concentrations substantially lower than expected from equivalent intravenous injection dosing. No doxorubicinol metabolite was detected in the plasma. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that cytotoxic drugs can be safely administered into breast ducts with minimal toxicity.

Neutrophil in the suppressed immune microenvironment: Critical prognostic factor for lung adenocarcinoma patients with KEAP1 mutation.

Purpose: It is still unclear whether KEAP1 mutation is detrimental to immunotherapy of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients, we try to analyse the exact changes in the TME in LUAD patients with KEAP1 mutations and to identify key factors influencing prognosis. Experimental design: A total of 1,029 patients with lung squamous carcinoma (LUSC) or LUAD with data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas were included in this study. The TME and OS of patients with LUAD stratified by mutant versus wild-type KEAP1 status were comprehensively measured. Moreover, we classified LUAD patients with KEAP1 mutations into three subtypes, by unsupervised consensus clustering. We further analysed the TME, OS, commutated genes and metabolic pathways of different subgroups. A total of 40 LUAD patients underwent immunotherapy were collected and classified into mutant KEAP1 group and wild-type KEAP1 group. We also conducted immunohistochemical staining in KEAP1-MT groups. Result: Suppressed TME was observed not only in LUAD patients but also in LUSC patients. LUAD patients with mutant KEAP1 underwent immunotherapy had worse PFS than wild-type KEAP1. Unsupervised consensus clustering analysis suggested that the three subtypes of patients exhibited different densities of neutrophil infiltration and had different OS results: cluster 2 patients had significantly higher levels of neutrophils had significantly worse prognoses than those of patients in clusters 1 and 3 and patients with wild-type KEAP1. Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses proved that a high density of neutrophils was significantly associated with worse OS and immunohistochemical staining proved that shorter PFS showed high density of neutrophils. Conclusion: KEAP1 mutation significantly suppresses the tumour immune microenvironment in LUAD patients. LUAD patients with mutant KEAP1 underwent immunotherapy had worse PFS than with wild-type KEAP1. Neutrophils may play an important role in the prognosis of LUAD patients with KEAP1 mutations and may provide a promising therapeutic target.

Baicalin promotes the sensitivity of NSCLC to cisplatin by regulating ferritinophagy and macrophage immunity through the KEAP1-NRF2/HO-1 pathway.

BACKGROUND: Cisplatin (DDP) chemotherapy is commonly used in therapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but increased drug resistance has become a huge obstacle. Baicalin (BA) contributed to the sensitivity of NSCLC to DDP. Here, we aimed to further probe the pathophysiological mechanisms of BA in NSCLC. METHODS: A549 and A549/DDP cells and xenograft mice were treated with BA and DDP. Xenograft mice were treated additionally with the NRF2 inducer (Bardoxolone methyl, BM) and KEAP1 knockdown. The levels of ferritinophagy-related proteins and biomarkers were determined. The autophagosomes were observed. M1 macrophage polarization and the contents of related indicators were analyzed. The involvement of KEAP1/NRF2/HO-1 was determined. RESULTS: BA inhibited cell development, and the effect of BA and DDP on cell development was additive. The abundance of ferritinophagy-related proteins and the number of autophagosomes were induced by BA. BA also promoted the transition of GSH to GSSH. BA favored M1 macrophage polarization and affected the expression of related proteins. When BA and DDP combined, these molecular phenomena were further exacerbated. BA induced accumulation of KEAP1 and reduction of NRF2 and HO-1. However, BM and KEAP1 knockdown disrupted the synergistic effects of BA and DDP on inhibiting NSCLC growth. BM and KEAP1 knockdown reversed DDP and BA-promoted protein expression activity and M1 macrophage polarization. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that BA is involved in ferritinophagy and macrophage immunity through the KEAP1-NRF2/HO-1 axis, thereby improving the DDP sensitivity in NSCLC, which could provide new candidates for treatment strategies.

PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor - Related Adverse Events and Their Management in Breast Cancer.

As the positive results of multiple clinical trials were released, the Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors emerge as the focus of integrative breast cancer treatment. PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors are often used as a sequential agent to be combined with other agents such as chemotherapeutic agents, targeted agents, and radiation therapy. As multiple therapies are administered simultaneously or in sequence, they are prone to a variety of adverse effects on patients while achieving efficacy. It is a challenge for clinicians to maintaining the balance between immune-related adverse effects(irAEs) and treatment efficacy. Previous literatures have paid lots of attention on the adverse effects caused by immunosuppressive agents themselves, while there is a dearth of the research on the management of adverse immune effects during the combination of immunotherapy with other treatments. In this review, we discuss the overall incidence of irAEs caused by PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in combination with various types of treatments in breast cancer, including chemotherapy, CTLA-4 inhibitors, targeted therapy, and radiotherapy, and systematically summarizes the clinical management to each organ-related adverse immune reaction. It is important to emphasize that in the event of irAEs such as neurological, hematologic, and cardiac toxicity, there is no alternative treatment but to terminate immunotherapy. Thus, seeking more effective strategy of irAEs' management is imminent and clinicians are urged to raise the awareness of the management of adverse immune reactions.

Trends in cancer-related suicide in the United States: a population-based epidemiology study spanning 40 years of data.

Large cohort studies examining trends in cancer-related suicide are lacking. We analyzed data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, encompassing a total of 4,870,410 patients diagnosed with cancer from 1975 to 2017 in the United States. Joinpoint regression was used to estimate the annual percent change (APC) and average annual percentage change (AAPC) of age-adjusted rates of suicide. In the past 40 years, we revealed a gradual increase in cancer-related suicide rates from 1975 to 1989, followed by a gradual decrease from 1989 to 2013, and a marked decrease from 2013 to 2017. These trends suggested the potential impact of advancements in psychosocial care for patients with cancer in contributing to the observed decrease in suicide rates.

Deciphering primary acinic cell carcinoma of the Breast: Insights from a comprehensive case series and Systematic review.

Primary acinic cell carcinoma (PACC) of the breast is a rare oncological entity that mimics acinar cell differentiation similar to that observed in salivary glands. This distinct subtype is characterized by low-grade malignancy and has only been documented in a limited number of cases. Despite its classification frequently as TNBC, PACC of the breast typically shows a comparatively favorable prognosis. Our study aims to enrich the current understanding of PACC through a comprehensive review of cases managed at our institution, analyzing their clinical, histopathological, and therapeutic profiles including chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and patient outcomes and allows us to compile a comprehensive dataset for in-depth analysis of treatment responses and long-term survival rates, contributing to a broader understanding of the disease's natural history.

Risk of cerebrovascular disease after cancer diagnosis in the United States.

The risk of subsequent cerebrovascular disease among cancer patients of multiple cancers in the US is not well understood. A total of 3,843,261 cancer patients diagnosed from 1975 to 2018, were included from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) database. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and absolute excess risks (AERs) were estimated. The overall cerebrovascular disease SMR was 1.04 (95% CI, 1.03-1.04), and the AER per 10,000 person-years at risk was 0.89. When compared with the US general population, greater cerebrovascular disease risk was correlated with certain cancer sites, American Indian/Alaska Native race, Asian or Pacific Islander race, unmarried marital status, distant metastasis, younger age, and an earlier time of cancer diagnosis. Clinically, more precision and proactive strategies for cerebrovascular disease prevention are required to subgroup of cancer patients with a greater risk of cerebrovascular disease, especially within the first two months.

Large pneumothorax following thoracic and lumbar tumor surgery: Risk factors and management strategies.

Objective: Large pneumothorax is a rare but dangerous complication following thoracic and lumbar tumor surgery. There is little discussion about the features of large pneumothorax following spinal tumor surgery. The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of postoperative pneumothorax, identify factors related to large pneumothorax, and propose a management algorithm for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Methods: Included in this retrospective study were 118 patients who developed pneumothorax after receiving thoracic and lumbar tumor surgery between January 2015 and October 2021. A measurement of lung compression ≥20% on chest CT or x-ray was defined as large pneumothorax, and potential risk factors for large pneumothorax were identified by univariate analysis. Results: Spinal tumor history and intraoperative blood loss were risk factors for large pneumothorax. The common symptoms of postoperative pneumothorax were chest pain, chest tightness and dyspnea. The mean longest transverse diameter of tumors was 6.63 ± 2.4 cm. En bloc resection was performed in 70 patients, with a mean operation time of 6.9 ± 2.5 h and mean intraoperative blood loss of 1771 ± 1387 ml. The most common pathologies were chondrosarcoma, giant cell tumors of bone, and neurogenic tumors. Conclusion: During surgery, an artificial dura mater patch and a prolene suture can be used to repair the pleural and lung defects. We recommend chest CT as the preferred method for identifying postoperative pneumothorax. If a patient presents severe dyspnea, a large pneumothorax or concurrent pleural effusion, application of chest drainage is strongly recommended.

A Systematic Study on Zinc-Related Metabolism in Breast Cancer.

Breast cancer has become the most common cancer worldwide. Despite the major advances made in the past few decades in the treatment of breast cancer using a combination of chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, and immunotherapy, the genesis, treatment, recurrence, and metastasis of this disease continue to pose significant difficulties. New treatment approaches are therefore urgently required. Zinc is an important trace element that is involved in regulating various enzymatic, metabolic, and cellular processes in the human body. Several studies have shown that abnormal zinc homeostasis can lead to the onset and progression of various diseases, including breast cancer. This review highlights the role played by zinc transporters in pathogenesis, apoptosis, signal transduction, and potential clinical applications in breast cancer. Additionally, the translation of the clinical applications of zinc and associated molecules in breast cancer, as well as the recent developments in the zinc-related drug targets for breast cancer treatment, is discussed. These developments offer novel insights into understanding the concepts and approaches that could be used for the diagnosis and management of breast cancer.

AGR2: a secreted protein worthy of attention in diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.

AGR2 is a secreted protein widely existing in breast. In precancerous lesions, primary tumors and metastatic tumors, the expression of AGR2 is increased, which has aroused our interest. This review introduces the gene and protein structure of AGR2. Its endoplasmic reticulum retention sequence, protein disulfide isomerase active site and multiple protein binding sequences endow AGR2 with diverse functions inside and outside breast cancer cells. This review also enumerates the role of AGR2 in the progress and prognosis of breast cancer, and emphasizes that AGR2 can be a promising biomarker and a target for immunotherapy of breast cancer, providing new ideas for early diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.

Clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction with the use of biological and synthetic meshes in one-stage implant-based breast reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: Biological and synthetic meshes were used to cover the damaged muscle and augment the subpectoral pocket in breast reconstruction. However, few studies have directly compared the effects of biological and synthetic meshes. This study analyzed postoperative complications and assessed the patient-reported outcomes with the use of BioDesign® Surgisis and TiLOOP Bra/TiMesh® in one-stage implant-based breast reconstruction. METHODS: Patients undergoing one-stage implant-based breast reconstruction were enrolled in this study. Post-mastectomy breast reconstructions were facilitated with either Surgisis mesh or TiLOOP mesh. Complications were examined and patient-reported quality-of-life outcomes were evaluated using the BREAST-Q questionnaire (ver 2.0). The multivariate linear regression models were used for data analysis. RESULTS: Overall, 79 of 116 patients (68%) received breast reconstruction with Surgisis mesh and 37 (32%) with TiLOOP mesh. There was no difference in complication rates between the two groups postoperatively. But patient-reported satisfaction was higher with the use of Surgisis mesh than with TiLOOP mesh (P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study reported no difference between the Surgisis group and the TiLOOP group in either complication rates or most patient-reported outcomes postoperatively. Yet the assessment of patient-reported satisfaction showed preference toward Surgisis mesh, a finding with a potential implication for mesh selection.

PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors in Patients With Preexisting Autoimmune Diseases.

Autoimmune diseases and malignant tumors are the two hotspots and difficulties that are currently being studied and concerned by the medical field. The use of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors improves the prognosis of advanced tumors, but excessive immune responses can also induce immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Due to this concern, many clinical trials exclude cancer patients with preexisting autoimmune disease (AID). This review outlines the possible mechanisms of irAE, discusses the safety and efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in cancer patients with preexisting AID, and emphasizes the importance of early recognition, continuous monitoring, and multidisciplinary cooperation in the prevention and management of cancer patients with preexisting AID.

PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor-Associated Myocarditis: Epidemiology, Characteristics, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Potential Mechanism.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) induce T-cell activation against cancer cells, and due to their anti-tumor function in multiple cancers, ICIs have been considered an important option for oncotherapy. PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors are now widely used as ICIs for many types of cancers in clinical practices. Myocarditis induced by anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents is uncommon but shows potentially fatal toxicity. In this review, we attempted to conclude the incidence, characteristics, diagnosis, and treatments, as well as illustrate the potential pathogenesis from the perspectives of T-lymphocyte infiltration, disturbance of regulatory T cells, cytokines, macrophage-mediated inflammatory response, and synergistic effect of PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA4.