Injectable Hydrogels Based on Inter-Polyelectrolyte Interactions between Hyaluronic Acid, Gelatin, and Cationic Cellulose Nanocrystals.

The present work dealt with the development of physically cross-linked injectable hydrogels with potential applications in tissue engineering. The hydrogels were composed of a ternary mixture of a polyanion and a polyampholyte, hyaluronic acid (HA) and gelatin, respectively, bridged by cationic cellulose nanocrystals (cCNCs). A 3D network is formed by employing attractive electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding between these components under physiological conditions. The hydrogels demonstrated low viscosity at high stresses, enabling easy injection, structural stability at low stresses (<15 Pa), and nearly complete structure recovery within several minutes. Increasing the cCNC content (>3%) reduced hydrogel swelling and decelerated the degradation in phosphate-buffered saline as compared to that in pure HA and HA-gelatin samples. Biological evaluation of the hydrogel elutions showed excellent cell viability. The proliferation of fibroblasts exposed to elutions of hydrogels with 5% cCNCs reached ∼200% compared to that in the positive control after 11 days. Considering these results, the prepared hydrogels hold great potential in biomedical applications, such as injectable dermal fillers, 3D bioprintable inks, or 3D scaffolds to support and promote soft tissue regeneration.

Critical Surface Parameters for the Oxidative Coupling of Methane over the Mn-Na-W/SiO2 Catalyst.

The work here presents a thorough evaluation of the effect of Mn-Na-W/SiO2 catalyst surface parameters on its performance in the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM). To do so, we used microporous dealuminated ß-zeolite (Zeo), or mesoporous SBA-15 (SBA), or macroporous fumed silica (Fum) as precursors for catalyst preparation, together with Mn nitrate, Mn acetate and Na2WO4. Characterizing the catalysts by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, N2 physisorption, X-ray diffraction, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and catalytic testing enabled us to identify critical surface parameters that govern the activity and C2 selectivity of the Mn-Na-W/SiO2 catalyst. Although the current paradigm views the phase transition of silica to α-cristobalite as the critical step in obtaining dispersed and stable metal sites, we show that the choice of precursors is equally or even more important with respect to tailoring the right surface properties. Specifically, the SBA-based catalyst, characterized by relatively closed surface porosity, demonstrated low activity and low C2 selectivity. By contrast, for the same composition, the Zeo-based catalyst showed an open surface pore structure, which translated up to fourfold higher activity and enhanced selectivity. By varying the overall composition of the Zeo catalysts, we show that reducing the overall W concentration reduces the size of the Na2WO4 species and increases the catalytic activity linearly as much as fivefold higher than the SBA catalyst. This linear dependence correlates well to the number of interfaces between the Na2WO4 and Mn2O3 species. Our results combined with prior studies lead us to single out the interface between Na2WO4 and Mn2O3 as the most probable active site for OCM using this catalyst. Synergistic interactions between the various precursors used and the phase transition are discussed in detail, and the conclusions are correlated to surface properties and catalysis.