Lactoferrin Is Broadly Active against Yeasts and Highly Synergistic with Amphotericin B.

Lactoferrin (LF) is a multifunctional milk protein with antimicrobial activity against a range of pathogens. While numerous studies report that LF is active against fungi, there are considerable differences in the level of antifungal activity and the capacity of LF to interact with other drugs. Here we undertook a comprehensive evaluation of the antifungal spectrum of activity of three defined sources of LF across 22 yeast and 24 mold species and assessed its interactions with six widely used antifungal drugs. LF was broadly and consistently active against all yeast species tested (MICs, 8 to 64 µg/ml), with the extent of activity being strongly affected by iron saturation. LF was synergistic with amphotericin B (AMB) against 19 out of 22 yeast species tested, and synergy was unaffected by iron saturation but was affected by the extent of LF digestion. LF-AMB combination therapy significantly prolonged the survival of Galleria mellonella wax moth larvae infected with Candida albicans or Cryptococcus neoformans and decreased the fungal burden 12- to 25-fold. Evidence that LF directly interacts with the fungal cell surface was seen via scanning electron microscopy, which showed pore formation, hyphal thinning, and major cell collapse in response to LF-AMB synergy. Important virulence mechanisms were disrupted by LF-AMB treatment, which significantly prevented biofilms in C. albicans and C. glabrata, inhibited hyphal development in C. albicans, and reduced cell and capsule size and phenotypic diversity in Cryptococcus Our results demonstrate the potential of LF-AMB as an antifungal treatment that is broadly synergistic against important yeast pathogens, with the synergy being attributed to the presence of one or more LF peptides.

Identification of multiple species and subpopulations among Australian clinical Sporothrix isolates using whole genome sequencing.

Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was used to demonstrate the wide genetic variability within Sporothrix schenckii sensu lato and establish that there are two main species of Sporothrix within Australian clinical isolates-S. schenckii sensu stricto and Sporothrix globosa. We also demonstrated southwest Western Australia contained genetically similar S. schenckii ss strains that are distinct from strains isolated in the eastern and northern states of Australia. Some genetic clustering by region was also noted for northern NSW, Queensland, and Northern Territory. Phylogenetic analysis of WGS data provided greater phylogenetic resolution compared to analysis of the calmodulin gene alone.

Changing epidemiology of candidaemia in Australia.

Objectives: Knowledge of contemporary epidemiology of candidaemia is essential. We aimed to identify changes since 2004 in incidence, species epidemiology and antifungal susceptibilities of Candida spp. causing candidaemia in Australia. Methods: These data were collected from nationwide active laboratory-based surveillance for candidaemia over 1 year (within 2014-2015). Isolate identification was by MALDI-TOF MS supplemented by DNA sequencing. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed using Sensititre YeastOne™. Results: A total of 527 candidaemia episodes (yielding 548 isolates) were evaluable. The mean annual incidence was 2.41/105 population. The median patient age was 63 years (56% of cases occurred in males). Of 498 isolates with confirmed species identity, Candida albicans was the most common (44.4%) followed by Candida glabrata complex (26.7%) and Candida parapsilosis complex (16.5%). Uncommon Candida species comprised 25 (5%) isolates. Overall, C. albicans (>99%) and C. parapsilosis (98.8%) were fluconazole susceptible. However, 16.7% (4 of 24) of Candida tropicalis were fluconazole- and voriconazole-resistant and were non-WT to posaconazole. Of C. glabrata isolates, 6.8% were resistant/non-WT to azoles; only one isolate was classed as resistant to caspofungin (MIC of 0.5 mg/L) by CLSI criteria, but was micafungin and anidulafungin susceptible. There was no azole/echinocandin co-resistance. Conclusions: We report an almost 1.7-fold proportional increase in C. glabrata candidaemia (26.7% versus 16% in 2004) in Australia. Antifungal resistance was generally uncommon, but azole resistance (16.7% of isolates) amongst C. tropicalis may be emerging.

Evaluation of a custom Sensititre YeastOne plate for susceptibility testing of isavuconazole and other antifungals against clinically relevant yeast and mould species in three Australian diagnostic mycology laboratories.

This study aimed to validate the performance of the custom formulated Sensititre YeastOne One (SYO) microdilution plate which includes isavuconazole (AUSNMRC1) to perform susceptibility testing on clinically relevant yeast and mould species across three Australian reference laboratories. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) results were compared with the IVD approved SYO YO10 microdilution plate and isavuconazole gradient strips. A total of 127 isolates were tested on both the YO10 and AUSNMRC1 plates. The overall essential agreement (EA) and categorical agreement (CA) for the eight common drugs was 99.9% and 98.8%, respectively. The EA was 96.9% for the isavuconazole MICs obtained using the AUSNMRC1 plate and gradient strip. The MIC results for all nine antifungals on the AUSNMRC1 panel were highly reproducible for all quality control and reference strains and the overall EA and CA for 45 clinical strains tested across all three participating laboratories were >93% and 94.1%, respectively. These findings demonstrate the SYO AUSNMRC1 plate provides a commercial means to determine isavuconazole MICs by broth microdilution testing.

Corrigendum: Whole Genome Sequencing of Australian Candida glabrata Isolates Reveals Genetic Diversity and Novel Sequence Types.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02946.].

Whole Genome Sequencing of Australian Candida glabrata Isolates Reveals Genetic Diversity and Novel Sequence Types.

Candida glabrata is a pathogen with reduced susceptibility to azoles and echinocandins. Analysis by traditional multilocus sequence typing (MLST) has recognized an increasing number of sequence types (STs), which vary with geography. Little is known about STs of C. glabrata in Australia. Here, we utilized whole genome sequencing (WGS) to study the genetic diversity of 51 Australian C. glabrata isolates and sought associations between STs over two time periods (2002-2004, 2010-2017), and with susceptibility to fluconazole by principal component analysis (PCA). Antifungal susceptibility was determined using Sensititre YeastOneTM Y010 methodology and WGS performed on the NextSeq 500 platform (Illumina) with in silico MLST STs inferred by WGS data. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes linked to echinocandin, azole and 5-fluorocytosine resistance were analyzed. Of 51 isolates, WGS identified 18 distinct STs including four novel STs (ST123, ST124, ST126, and ST127). Four STs accounted for 49% of isolates (ST3, 15.7%; ST83, 13.7%; ST7, 9.8%; ST26, 9.8%). Split-tree network analysis resolved isolates to terminal branches; many of these comprised multiple isolates from disparate geographic settings but four branches contained Australian isolates only. ST3 isolates were common in Europe, United States and now Australia, whilst ST8 and ST19, relatively frequent in the United States, were rare/absent amongst our isolates. There was no association between ST distribution (genomic similarity) and the two time periods or with fluconazole susceptibility. WGS identified mutations in the FKS1 (S629P) and FKS2 (S663P) genes in three, and one, echinocandin-resistant isolate(s), respectively. Both mutations confer phenotypic drug resistance. Twenty-five percent (13/51) of isolates were fluconazole-resistant (MIC ≥ 64 µg/ml) of which 9 (18%) had non wild-type MICs to voriconazole and posaconazole. Multiple SNPs were present in genes linked to azole resistance such as CgPDR1 and CgCDR1, as well as several in MSH2; however, SNPs occurred in both azole-susceptible and azole-resistant isolates. Although no particular SNP in these genes was definitively associated with resistance, azole-resistant/non-wild type isolates had a propensity to harbor SNPs resulting in amino acid substitutions in Pdr1 beyond the first 250 amino acid positions. The presence of SNPs may be markers of STs. Our study shows the value of WGS for high-resolution sequence typing of C. glabrata, discovery of novel STs and potential to monitor trends in genetic diversity. WGS assessment for echinocandin resistance augments phenotypic susceptibility testing.

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu lato causing deep soft tissue mycosis following a penetrating injury.

Colletotrichum species have been rarely implicated in human disease. We describe a case of deep soft tissue mycosis following a penetrating injury with a lemon tree thorn. Direct Blankophor BA (Bayer) stain from intraoperative tissue showed fungal elements. Pure growth fungus was apparent at 2-4 days. Morphological features provisionally identified the isolate as a coelomycetous fungus, likely Colletotrichum species. This was confirmed with molecular analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) region.

Multiple genetically distinct groups revealed among clinical isolates identified as atypical Aspergillus fumigatus.

To investigate whether genetic variants of A. fumigatus are found among clinical isolates, four isolates that were originally identified as poorly sporulating strains of Aspergillus fumigatus were subjected to molecular analysis. DNA sequence analysis of the alkaline protease genes of these isolates showed that each is genetically distinct and each shows substantial variation (7 to 11%) from the A. fumigatus nucleotide sequence. Subsequent morphological examination suggested that all of the isolates could be classified as Aspergillus viridinutans. To clarify the taxonomic status of these four clinical isolates and of two previously identified as atypical A. fumigatus isolates, partial beta-tubulin and 18S rRNA gene sequences were determined. Each of the six atypical strains had a unique beta-tubulin sequence, whereas the sequences of three standard isolates of A. fumigatus, which were included as controls, were identical to the published A. fumigatus beta-tubulin sequence. The very low level of DNA sequence variation detected in standard isolates of A. fumigatus compared with other isolates from members of Aspergillus section Fumigati suggests that it may be a relatively recently evolved species. The 18S rRNA gene of two of the atypical isolates differed from that of A. fumigatus at a single nucleotide position. Phylogenetic analyses do not support the classification of all of these isolates as A. viridinutans. Thus, some of these isolates represent new species which are potential opportunistic pathogens.

Phaeohyphomycotic soft tissue infections caused by the coelomycetous fungus Microsphaeropsis arundinis.

Microsphaeropsis arundinis is an anamorphic fungal plant inhabitant belonging to the form class Coelomycetes. We describe two cases of M. arundinis soft tissue infections in immunosuppressed patients. This organism has not previously been described as causing disease in humans. It was identified on the basis of its typical ostiolate pycnidial conidiomata, ampulliform conidiogenous cells, and small, smooth-walled, brown, cylindrical conidia.

Orbital apex syndrome secondary to Pseudallescheria boydii fungal sinusitis in an immunocompetent patient.

Orbital apex syndrome secondary to mucormycosis in immuno-compromised patients is well described; however, few reports exist of a paranasal sinus mycetoma resulting in this presentation in the immuno-competent patient. The case is reported of a 92-year-old man who developed orbital apex syndrome secondary to a sphenoidal sinus mycetoma of Pseudallescheria boydii.