Granzyme B PET imaging inflammation and remodeling in myocardial infarction.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate whether granzyme B (GzmB)-targeted positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agent (68 Ga-grazytracer) can characterize cardiac inflammation and remodeling in myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS: Rats with MI were subjected to GzmB-targeted PET/CT on post-operative days 1, 3, 6, 14, and 28. Autoradiography, Masson staining, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA were performed to verify the inflammatory response and remodeling after MI in vitro. Rats were treated with GzmB inhibitor Z-IETD-FMK to improve cardiac remodeling. Cardiac function tests were performed by echocardiography at 6 weeks after MI. RESULTS: The highest uptake of 68 Ga-grazytracer was observed on day 3 after MI compared with the values obtained on the other days (0.294 ± 0.03% ID/g at 3 days vs. 0.122 ± 0.01% ID/g in the sham group, P < 0.001). Immunohistochemistry showed significantly high expression of GzmB and CD8, in line with the PET/CT imaging results. Autoradiography revealed 68 Ga-grazytracer accumulation in the infarcted myocardium. The 68 Ga-grazytracer uptake of treated rats was significantly reduced compared with that in the MI groups (0.184 ± 0.03%ID/g vs. 0.286 ± 0.03%ID/g; P < 0.001). Echocardiography showed that the left ventricular ejection fraction was lower in the MI groups than in the ischemia reperfusion group. GzmB inhibitor treatment was shown to be effective in improving cardiac function without significantly shortening infarct size. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the potential of 68 Ga-grazytracer imaging to delineate adverse inflammatory responses and pathological cardiac remodeling, which can help predict heart function. PET/CT imaging-guided therapy may reduce myocardial injury and improve heart function in MI.

Early detection of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity using [68 Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 imaging.

PURPOSE: Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity (AIC), whose major manifestation is diffuse myocardial fibrosis, is an important clinical problem in cancer therapy. Therefore, early identification and treatment are clinically important. This study aims to explore the feasibility of using 68 Ga-labelled fibroblast activation protein (FAP) inhibitor ([68 Ga]Ga-FAPI) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for the early identification of the fibrotic process and guidance of antifibrosis therapy in AIC. METHODS: An AIC rat model was induced by the intravascular administration of doxorubicin (DOX) once per week for 1, 2, 3 and 6 weeks (2.5 mg/kg/injection, groups 1-4), whereas intravascular saline was administered to control rats. Experimental and control groups (n = 4) underwent [68 Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT following disease induction. Groups 5 and 6 received DOX injections for 3 and 6 weeks, treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor starting at 3 weeks, treated with enalapril (20 mg/kg, gastric gavage) daily and underwent echocardiography and [68 Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT at 3 weeks after treatment. Rat hearts were subjected to haematoxylin and eosin staining, FAP immunohistochemistry, Sirius red staining and Masson's trichrome staining to investigate the pathological changes and deposition of collagen fibres. Rat blood was sampled weekly for the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of various markers of myocardial injury, such as plasma cardiac troponin I, B-type natriuretic peptide and angiotensin II. RESULTS: [68 Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 uptake by the heart was significantly higher in the cardiotoxicity group than in the control group at weeks 3 (SUVmax: 1.21 ± 0.23 vs 0.67 ± 0.01, P < 0.05) and 6 (SUVmax: 1.48 ± 0.28 vs 0.67 ± 0.08, P < 0.001), whereas left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) did not significantly differ between normal and AIC rats at week 3. FAP+ expression began to increase starting at week 3, before irreversible fibrotic changes were detected, until week 6. After 3 weeks of enalapril treatment, [68 Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 accumulation decreased in groups 5 and 6 (SUVmax decreased from 1.21 ± 0.23 to 0.77 ± 0.08 and 1.48 ± 0.28 to 1.09 ± 1.06, P < 0.05). Cardiac function was preserved (LVEF was 75.7% ± 7.38% in group 3 vs 74.5% ± 2.45% in group 5, P > 0.05) and improved (LVEF increased from 51.6% ± 9.03% in group 4 to 65.2% ± 4.27% in group 6, P < 0.05), and myocardial fibrosis attenuated (from 6.5% ± 1.2% in group 4 to 4.31% ± 0.37% in group 6, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: [68 Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT can be used for the early detection of active myocardial fibrosis in AIC and the evaluation of the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Early treatment guided by [68 Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT may reduce anthracycline-induced myocardial injury and improve heart function.

Incremental prognostic value of left atrial and biventricular feature tracking in dilated cardiomyopathy: a long-term study.

BACKGROUND: Despite the use of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) feature tracking (FT) imaging to detect myocardial deformation, the optimal strain index in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is unclear. This study aimed to determine whether atrial and biventricular strains can provide the greatest or joint incremental prognostic value in patients with DCM over a long follow-up period. METHODS: Four hundred-twelve DCM patients were included retrospectively. Comprehensive clinical evaluation and imaging investigations were obtained, including measurements of CMR-FT derived left atrial (LA) reservoir, conduit, booster strain (εs, εe, εa); left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) global longitudinal, radial, circumferential strain (GLS, GRS, GCS). All patients were followed up for major adverse cardiac events (MACE) including all-cause mortality, heart transplantation, and implantable cardioverter defibrillator discharge. The predictors of MACE were examined with univariable and multivariable Cox regression analysis. Subsequently, nested Cox regression models were built to evaluate the incremental prognostic value of strain parameters. The incremental predictive power of strain parameters was assessed by Omnibus tests, and the model performance and discrimination were evaluated by Harrell C-index and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) analysis. Patient survival was illustrated by Kaplan-Meier curves and differences were evaluated by log-rank test. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 5.0 years, MACE were identified in 149 (36%) patients. LAεe, LVGLS, and RVGLS were the most predictive strain parameters for MACE (AUC: 0.854, 0.733, 0.733, respectively). Cox regression models showed that the predictive value of LAεe was independent from and incremental to LVGLS, RVGLS, and baseline variables (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.68-0.81, P < 0.001). In reclassification analysis, the addition of LAεe provided the best discrimination of the model (χ2 223.34, P < 0.001; C-index 0.833; IDI 0.090, P < 0.001) compared with LVGLS and RVGLS models. Moreover, LAεe with a cutoff of 5.3% further discriminated the survival probability in subgroups of patients with positive LGE or reduced LVEF (all log-rank P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: LAεe provided the best prognostic value over biventricular strains and added incremental value to conventional clinical predictors for patients with DCM.

Healing Diabetic Ulcers with MoO3-X Nanodots Possessing Intrinsic ROS-Scavenging and Bacteria-Killing Capacities.

Diabetic ulcers (DUs) appearing as chronic wounds are difficult to heal due to the oxidative stress in the wound microenvironment and their high susceptibility to bacterial infection. A routine treatment combining surgical debridement with anti-infection therapy is widely used for treating DUs in the clinic, but hardly offers a satisfying wound healing outcome. It is known that a long-term antibiotic treatment may also lead to the drug resistance of pathogens. To address these challenges, new strategies combining both reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and bacterial sterilization have been proposed for fighting against DUs. Following this idea, oxygen deficient molybdenum-based nanodots (MoO3-X ) for healing the DUs are reported. The ROS scavenging ability of MoO3-X nanodots is investigated and the antibacterial property of the nanodots is also demonstrated. The systematic cell and animal experimental results indicate that the MoO3-X nanodots can effectively reduce inflammation, promote epithelial cell regeneration, accelerate angiogenesis, and facilitate DUs recovery. Most importantly, they present excellent capacity to diminish infection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, manifesting the potent application prospect of MoO3-X nanodots for diabetic wound therapy.

miRNAs derived from circulating small extracellular vesicles as diagnostic biomarkers for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

The microRNAs (miRNAs) in circulating small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have been suggested as potential biomarkers in cancer diagnosis. This study was designed to evaluate the circulating sEV-derived miRNAs as biomarkers for the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). We compared the miRNA profiles in plasma-derived sEVs between 16 patients with NPC and 5 healthy controls (HCs). A distinct set of miRNAs that were differentially expressed between patients with NPC and HCs was determined by means of integrative bioinformatics approaches. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment pathway analysis revealed that the target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were mainly involved in cancer-associated signaling pathways. Seven representative DEMs were selected and further validated in an additional 60 patients with NPC and 40 HCs using quantitative reverse-transcription PCR analysis (qRT-PCR). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to assess the accuracy of the sEV-miRNA-based model for diagnosis. The 3 miRNA-based model, comprising miR-134-5p, miR-205-5p, and miR-409-3p, showed good discriminating power with an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.88 in the training set and 0.91 in the validation set. Furthermore, the diagnostic model had an excellent classification ability to distinguish patients with NPC at different clinical stages or Epstein-Barr virus infection status from HCs. In conclusion, our findings indicated that sEV-derived miRNA levels were altered in the plasma of patients with NPC in comparison with those in HCs. The model based on the 3 sEV-derived miRNAs could potentially act as an alternative or complementary approach for diagnosing NPC.

Rapidly liver-clearable rare-earth core-shell nanoprobe for dual-modal breast cancer imaging in the second near-infrared window.

BACKGROUND: Fluorescence imaging as the beacon for optical navigation has wildly developed in preclinical studies due to its prominent advantages, including noninvasiveness and superior temporal resolution. However, the traditional optical methods based on ultraviolet (UV, 200-400 nm) and visible light (Vis, 400-650 nm) limited by their low penetration, signal-to-noise ratio, and high background auto-fluorescence interference. Therefore, the development of near-infrared-II (NIR-II 1000-1700 nm) nanoprobe attracted significant attentions toward in vivo imaging. Regrettably, most of the NIR-II fluorescence probes, especially for inorganic NPs, were hardly excreted from the reticuloendothelial system (RES), yielding the anonymous long-term circulatory safety issue. RESULTS: Here, we develop a facile strategy for the fabrication of Nd3+-doped rare-earth core-shell nanoparticles (Nd-RENPs), NaGdF4:5%Nd@NaLuF4, with strong emission in the NIR-II window. What's more, the Nd-RENPs could be quickly eliminated from the hepatobiliary pathway, reducing the potential risk with the long-term retention in the RES. Further, the Nd-RENPs are successfully utilized for NIR-II in vivo imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents, enabling the precise detection of breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The rationally designed Nd-RENPs nanoprobes manifest rapid-clearance property revealing the potential application toward the noninvasive preoperative imaging of tumor lesions and real-time intra-operative supervision.

Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Potential Molecular Mechanism and Prognostic Signature Based on Immune-Related Genes.

BACKGROUND Immune-related genes (IRGs) are closely related to the incidence and progression of tumors, potentially indicating that IRGs play an important role in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). MATERIAL AND METHODS An RNA sequencing dataset containing 123 samples was collected from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Based on immune-related differentially expressed genes (IRDEGs), a potential molecular mechanism of LSCC was explored through analysis of information in the Gene Ontology (GO) resource and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and protein-protein interactions (PPIs). A regulatory network of transcriptional regulators and IRDEGs was constructed to explore the underlying molecular mechanism of LSCC at the upstream level. Candidates from IRDEGs for signature were screened via univariate Cox analysis and using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) technique. The IRDEG signature of LSCC was constructed by using a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS GO and KEGG analysis showed that IRDEGs may participate in the progression of LSCC through immune-related reactions. PPI analysis demonstrated that, among the IRDEGs in LSCC, the Kininogen 1; C-X-X motif chemokine ligand 10; elastase, neutrophil expressed; and LYZ genes are hub genes in the development of LSCC. At the upstream level, SPI1, SP140, signal transducer and activator of transcription 4, zinc finger E-box binding homeobox, and Ikaros family zinc finger 2 are the hub transcriptional regulators of IRDEGs. The risk score based on the IRDEG signature was able to distinguish prognosis in patients with LSCC and represents an independent prognostic risk factor for LSCC. CONCLUSIONS From the perspective of IRGs, we first constructed an IRDEG signature related to the prognosis of LSCC, which can be used as a novel marker to predict prognosis in patients with LSCC.

Intraoperative diagnosis of early lymphatic metastasis using neodymium-based rare-earth NIR-II fluorescence nanoprobe.

The high mortality of breast cancer is closely related to lymph node (LN) metastasis. Sentinel LNs (SLNs) are the first station where tumor cells metastasize through the lymphatic system. As such, achieving precise diagnosis of the early metastatic status of SLNs during surgery is of paramount importance for precision therapy of breast cancer. While invasive SLNs biopsy is the gold standard for evaluating the status of SLNs, its use is often time-consuming and may increase the risk of operation. It is still challenging to develop a means for rapid SLN metastasis diagnosis. Herein, NaGdF4:5%Nd@NaLuF4 rare earth nanoparticles (Gd:Nd-RENPs) with near-infrared-II (NIR-II) fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) properties were fabricated. With the nanoprobe, metastatic SLNs and lymph vessels (LVs) rapidly brighten and can be observed by the NIR-II imaging system, which is totally different from normal LNs and LVs. The remarkable contrast observed via NIR-II imaging serves to swiftly delineate metastatic SLNs from normal ones, subsequently guiding precise surgical resection of metastatic LNs in just 10 minutes. Furthermore, the consistency between the results obtained via MRI and NIR-II imaging further validates the dependability of this nanoprobe as a diagnostic tool for metastatic SLNs. Additionally, the Gd:Nd-RENPs exhibited good biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we demonstrated the advantages and prospects of NIR-II imaging for intraoperative early SLN metastasis assessment and shed light on the potential of the dual-modal Gd:Nd-RENPs as a nanoprobe.

WDHD1 is over-expressed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and may control the expression of ITGAV.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a highly metastatic and invasive malignant tumor that originates in the nasopharynx. The DNA-binding protein WD repeat and HMG-box DNA-binding protein 1 (WDHD1) are highly expressed in a variety of tumours, but its expression and mechanism of action in NPC have not been reported to date. To investigate the involvement of WDHD1 in NPC, we first mined databases for the gene expression profile of NPC. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on 338 cases of NPC and 112 non-NPC samples to verify the results. We report that the expression of WDHD1 is significantly elevated in NPC. ChIP-seq was used to show that integrin alpha V (ITGAV) and WDHD1 exhibit a significant binding peak in the promoter region of the ITGAV gene. The expression levels of ITGAV and WDHD1 exhibit a significant positive correlation, and IHC was performed to show that ITGAV is highly expressed in NPC. Expression of ITGAV increased after overexpression of WDHD1, suggesting that ITGAV may be a potential target gene of WDHD1. Pathway analysis showed that both genes were closely related to the cell cycle, and flow cytometry was used to further confirm that decreased expression of WDHD1 significantly increased the number of apoptotic cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that expression of WDHD1 is increased in NPC and is likely to be associated with the NPC cell cycle; thus, we propose that WDHD1 may have the potential as a target gene for primary screening and treatment of NPC.

Potential Molecular Mechanism of Upregulated Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator 2 in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.

Background: Currently, the benefits of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) therapy are limited, and it is necessary to further explore possible therapeutic targets. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator 2 (ARNT2) has been extensively studied in other cancer species, but little has been explored in NPC. The aim of this study was to verify the expression level of ARNT2 and its underlying mechanism in NPC. Methods: Datasets containing ARNT2 mRNA expression levels were retrieved and collected from various databases to explore the expression status of ARNT2 in NPC. ARNT2-related coexpressed genes, differential expressed genes, and target genes were obtained for functional enrichment analysis. The potential target gene of ARNT2 and their regulatory relationship were studied through ChIP-seq data. CIBERSORTx was used to assess the immune infiltration of NPC, and the association with ARNT2 expression was calculated through correlation analysis. Results: ARNT2 was upregulated and possessed an excellent discriminatory capability in NPC samples. ARNT2 positively correlated target genes were clustered in pathways in cancer, while negatively correlated target genes were enriched in immune-related pathway. The ChIP-seq information of ARNT2 and histone showed that prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) was a potential target gene of ARNT2. CIBERSORTx revealed the immunity status in NPC, and ARNT2 expression was correlated with infiltration of five immune cells. Conclusions: ARNT2 is overexpressed in NPC and may regulate PTGS2 to participate in the cancer process. ARNT2 serves as a key oncogenic target in NPC patients.

Clinicopathological significance and underlying molecular mechanism of downregulation of basonuclin 1 expression in ovarian carcinoma.

In this study, we aim to identify the clinical significance of basonuclin 1 (BNC1) expression in ovarian carcinoma (OV) and to explore its latent mechanisms. Via integrating in-house tissue microarrays, gene chips, and RNA-sequencing data, we explored the expression and clinical value of BNC1 in OV. Immunohistochemical staining was utilized to confirm the protein expression status of BNC1. A combined SMD of -2.339 (95% CI: -3.649 to -1.028, P < 0.001) identified that BNC1 was downregulated based on 1346 samples, and the sROC (AUC = 0.93) showed a favorable discriminatory ability of BNC1 in OV patients. We used univariate and multivariate Cox regulation to evaluate the prognostic role of BNC1 for OV patients, and a combined hazard ratio of 0.717 (95% CI: 0.445-0.989, P < 0.001) revealed that BNC1 was a protective factor for OV. Furthermore, the fraction of infiltrating naive B cells, memory B cells, and other immune cells showed statistical differences between the high- and low-BNC1 expression groups through cell-type identification by estimating relative subsets of RNA transcripts (CIBERSORT) algorithm. Enrichment analysis showed that BNC1 may have a relationship with immune-related items in OV. By predicting the potential regulatory transcription factors (TFs) of BNC1, friend leukemia virus integration 1 (FLI1) may be a potential upstream TF of BNC1. Corporately, a decreasing trend of BNC1 may serve as a tumor suppressor and prognostic biomarker in OV patients. Moreover, BNC1 may take part in immune-related pathways and influence the fraction of tumor-infiltrating immune cells.

Clinical value and potential mechanisms of BUB1B up-regulation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has insidious onset, late clinical diagnosis and high recurrence rate, which leads to poor quality of patient life. Therefore, it is necessary to further explore the pathogenesis and therapy targets of NPC. BUB1 mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine kinase B (BUB1B) was found to be up-regulated in a variety of cancers, but only two previous study showed that BUB1B was overexpressed in NPC and the sample size was small. The clinical role of BUB1B expression and its underlying mechanism in NPC require more in-depth research. Immunohistochemical samples and public RNA-seq data indicated that BUB1B protein and mRNA expression levels were up-regulated in NPC, and summary receiver operating characteristic curve indicated that BUB1B expression level had a strong ability to distinguish NPC tissues from non-NPC tissues. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of genes and genomes were performed and revealed that BUB1B and its related genes were mainly involved in cell cycle and DNA replication. Protein- Protein Interaction were built to interpret the BUB1B molecular mechanism. Histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) could be the upstream regulation factor of BUB1B, which was verified by Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing samples. In summary, BUB1B was highly expressed in NPC, and HDAC2 may affect cell cycle by regulating BUB1B to promote cancer progression.

The clinical significance of transcription factor WD repeat and HMG-box DNA binding protein 1 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and its potential molecular mechanism.

BACKGROUND: Currently, high expression of WD repeat and HMG-box DNA binding protein 1 (WDHD1) has been found in a variety of tumors; but there is no research has been conducted concerning the expression of WDHD1 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). Our purpose is to investigate the expression and the latent mechanism of WDHD1 in LSCC. METHODS: Firstly, 9 data sets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and ArrayExpress were statistically analyzed to explore the expression of WDHD1 in LSCC; immunohistochemistry was performed in 79 LSCC tissues and 44 non-cancer tissues to further verify the result. In addition, the target gene of WDHD1 was predicted and immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of the target gene. The potential mechanism of WDHD1 in LSCC was investigated by Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses and protein-protein interaction network (PPI). RESULTS: The WDHD1 mRNA was expressed at higher levels in the LSCC tissue than in the normal tissue (SMD=1.90, 95% CI=1.50-2.30); and the results of immunohistochemistry were consistent with the conclusion. Using chip-seq analysis, we found that S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2) had a significant binding peak with WDHD1, and the expression of these two genes was significantly positively correlated. Immunohistochemistry showed that Skp2 was also highly expressed in LSCC. In addition, GO and KEGG analysis revealed the WDHD1 positively correlated genes was closely related to cell cycle, and PPI analysis identified 10 hub genes: COL7A1, COL4A2, COL4A1, COL4A6, COL11A1, COL5A2, COL1A1, COL13A1, COL8A1 and COL10A1, which may be critical to the progression of LSCC. CONCLUSIONS: WDHD1 was overexpressed in LSCC tissues. Meanwhile, WDHD1 and its target gene Skp2 for transcriptional regulation may play a role in the progression of LSCC by regulating the cell cycle.

Influence of Pelvic Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy With Concurrent Cisplatin-Based Chemotherapy of Cervical Cancer on the Vaginal Microbiome.

Pelvic intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) combined with concurrent chemotherapy is an effective treatment for cervical cancer; however, radiation resistance impairs its clinical benefit. The vaginal microbiome plays an important but poorly understood role in cancer radiochemotherapy. In this study, we investigated the effects of treatment on the overall composition and alteration of the vaginal microbiome in patients receiving pelvic IMRT with concurrent cisplatin-based chemotherapy. We collected samples from twenty patients with cervical cancer and six healthy controls and performed 16S rRNA sequencing. Vaginal microbial composition analysis revealed significant differences between the two groups, but no significant differences between radiation treatment time points. However, the relative abundances of Gammaproteobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Gemmatimonadales, Pseudomonadales, Gemmatimonadaceae, Rikenellaceae, Acinetobacter, Desulfovibrio, Prevotella 9, Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, Turicibacter, and the metagenome increased with time. The results encourage further study into the effects of the vaginal microbiome on cervical cancer treatment strategies, especially radiochemotherapy. Better understanding of these effects could inform new therapeutic approaches to enhance the efficacy of radiochemotherapy.

The underlying molecular mechanism and identification of transcription factor markers for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

The screening and treatment of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) still perplexes clinicians, making it necessary to explore new markers. To this end, this research examined the underlying molecular mechanism of LSCC based on high-throughput datasets (n = 249) from multiple databases. It also identified transcription factors (TFs) independently associated with LSCC prognosis. Through Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses, differential expression genes of LSCC were deemed relevant to the extracellular matrix and its related structures or pathways, suggesting that the extracellular matrix plays an important role in LSCC. At the same time, several hub genes that may also have important roles in LSCC were identified via protein-protein interaction analysis, including CDC45, TPX2, AURKA, KIF2C, NUF, MUC1, MUC7, MUC4, MUC15, and MUC21. Eight unreported LSCC prognostic TFs - BCAT1, CHD4, FOXA2, GATA6, HNF1A, HOXB13, MAFF, and TCF4 - were screened via Kaplan-Meier curves. Cox analysis determined for the first time that HOXB13 expression and gender were independently associated with LSCC prognosis. Compared to control tissues, elevated expression of HOXB13 was found in LSCC tissues (standardized mean difference = 0.44, 95% confidence interval [0.13-0.76]). HOXB13 expression also makes it feasible to screen LSCC from non-LSCC (area under the curve = 0.77), and HOXB13 may play an essential role in LSCC by regulating HOXB7. In conclusion, HOXB13 may be a novel marker for LSCC clinical screening and treatment.

Radiomic profiles in diffuse glioma reveal distinct subtypes with prognostic value.

PURPOSE: To evaluate a radiomic approach for the stratification of diffuse gliomas with distinct prognosis and provide additional resolution of their clinicopathological and molecular characteristics. METHODS: For this retrospective study, a total of 704 radiomic features were extracted from the multi-channel MRI data of 166 diffuse gliomas. Survival-associated radiomic features were identified and submitted to distinguish glioma subtypes using consensus clustering. Multi-layered molecular data were used to observe the different clinical and molecular characteristics between radiomic subtypes. The relative profiles of an array of immune cell infiltrations were measured gene set variation analysis approach to explore differences in tumor immune microenvironment. RESULTS: A total of 6 categories, including 318 radiomic features were significantly correlated with the overall survival of glioma patients. Two subgroups with distinct prognosis were separated by consensus clustering of radiomic features that significantly associated with survival. Histological stage and molecular factors, including IDH status and MGMT promoter methylation status were significant differences between the two subtypes. Furthermore, gene functional enrichment analysis and immune infiltration pattern analysis also hinted that the inferior prognosis subtype may more response to immunotherapy. CONCLUSION: A radiomic model derived from multi-parameter MRI of the gliomas was successful in the risk stratification of diffuse glioma patients. These data suggested that radiomics provided an alternative approach for survival estimation and may improve clinical decision-making.

The clinical significance of apolipoprotein L1 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Approximately 500,000 new head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cases are detected every year around the world, and its incidence ranks sixth among all cancer types globally. Among these cases, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) are HNSCC subtypes with high incidence rates, especially in China. The present study examines the association between the apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) mRNA and protein expression and clinical parameters in HNSCC. The two most common types (oral and larynx) of HNSCC were selected for subgroup analyses. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to detect APOL1 protein expression levels in HNSCC clinical specimens. It was demonstrated that APOL1 protein expression in 221 cases of HNSCC was higher compared with that in normal tissues. Consistent upregulation of APOL1 protein was also found in subgroups of OSCC and LSCC. Through mining the ArrayExpress, The Cancer Genome Atlas and the Gene Expression Omnibus databases, microarrays and RNA sequencing data for HNSCC were retrieved, which were used to analyze APOL1 mRNA expression levels. The results showed that APOL1 expression was higher in both OSCC and LSCC subtypes, as well as in HNSCC, compared with that in non-cancerous squamous epithelium. The summary receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that APOL1 had potential as a diagnostic biomarker for HNSCC, OSCC and LSCC. Thus, upregulation of APOL1 may contribute to the tumorigenesis of HNSCC.

The clinical significance and potential molecular mechanism of integrin subunit beta 4 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

The relationship between integrin beta 4 (ITGB4) expression and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) remains unclarified. The object of the present study was to explore the clinical significance and potential molecular mechanism of ITGB4 in LSCC. The protein level of ITGB4 was significantly higher in 46 LSCC patients than in 26 non-LSCC tissues detected by in-house immunohistochemistry. Consistently, ITGB4 mRNA level was also greatly upregulated based on microarray and RNA-seq data (standard mean difference, SMD = 1.62, 95 % CI: 1.23-2.00). And the area under curves (AUC) of summary receiver operator characteristic (SROC) was 0.87 (95 % CI: 0.84-0.90) based on 172 cases of LSCC and 59 cases of non-cancerous controls. Ninety genes were intersected by the ITGB4 related genes and LSCC differential expressed genes (DEGs) from all available microarray and RNA-seq datasets. Based on Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, the top terms of biological process (BP), cellular component (CC) and molecular function (MF) for the 90 ITGB4 related DEGs were extracellular matrix organization, basement membrane and extracellular matrix structural constituent, respectively. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis showed that ITGB4 related DEGs mainly participated in the pathways of ECM-receptor interaction, Focal adhesion and Small cell lung cancer. Moreover, the Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network indicated that ITGA3, ITGA5, ITGB4, MET, LAMA3, and COL4A1 might be the core genes of LSCC development related to ITGB4. In conclusion, high ITGB4 expression may lead to the occurrence and development of LSCC via various signaling pathways.

Berberine sensitizes nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells to radiation through inhibition of Sp1 and EMT.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a tumor of epithelial origin with radiotherapy as its standard treatment. However, radioresistance remains a critical issue in the treatment of NPC. This study aimed to investigate the effect of berberine on the proliferation, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, radioresistance of NPC cells and whether specificity protein 1 (Sp1) is a functional target of berberine. Our results showed that treatment with berberine reduced the proliferation and viability of CNE-2 cells in a dose- and time­dependent manner. Berberine induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase and apoptosis. In CNE-2 cells exposed to gamma­ray irradiation, berberine reduced cell viability at various concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100 µmol/l). Berberine significantly decreased mRNA and protein expression of Sp1 in the CNE-2 cells. Mithramycin A, a selective Sp1 inhibitor, enhanced the radiosensitivity and the rate of apoptosis in the CNE-2 cells. Berberine inhibited transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß)-induced tumor invasion and suppressed epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, as evidenced by increased E-cadherin and decreased vimentin proteins. Sp1 may be required for the TGF-ß1-induced invasion and EMT by berberine. In conclusion, berberine demonstrated the ability to suppress proliferation, induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and enhance radiosensitivity of the CNE-2 NPC cells. Sp1 may be a target of berberine which is decreased during the radiosensitization of berberine.

Effect of DcR3-specific siRNA on cell growth suppression and apoptosis induction in glioma cells via affecting ERK and AKT.

BACKGROUND: Previously, we found that the expression of decoy receptor 3 (DcR3) in gliomas was significantly upregulated compared to normal brain tissues. However, the effect of DcR3-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) on cell biological function of glioma cells remains incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the effect of DcR3 siRNA on cell growth and apoptosis of glioma cells and to investigate the potential downstream pathways affected by DcR3. METHODS: DcR3-specific siRNA was transfected into three glioma cell lines (U251MG, LN-308, and U87MG) using combiMAGnetofection method. MTS tetrazolium assay and fluorimetric resorufin viability assay were used to assess the growth of glioma cells. Then, apoptosis was examined using the Hoechst 33342/propidium iodide double-staining assay and fluorescent caspase-3/7 assay. Meanwhile, Western blot was performed to explore the probable pathway by which DcR3-specific siRNA acts in glioma cells. Also, microarray dataset analysis was applied to analyze the potential function of DcR3 in glioma. RESULTS: The DcR3-specific siRNA had a potent effect on cell growth and apoptosis of all three glioma cells tested, and the effects were time dependent. Among these three glioma cell lines, U251MG had the most significant effect with regard to growth inhibition and apoptosis induction. MTS assay showed that the proliferation rate at 72 and 96 hours after the transfection was 76.333%±5.131% (t=7.611, P=0.002) and 64.333%±5.859% (t=10.983, P<0.001), respectively. The viability rate of U251MG cells was 80.667%±2.309% (t=12.302, P<0.001) and 62.333%±2.082% (t=21.213, P<0.001) at 72 and 96 hours posttreatment, respectively. The caspase-3/7 activity of U251MG cells was 2.76 (t=-6.601, P=0.003) and 4.75 (t=-9.189, P=0.001) folds that of the mock control at 72 and 96 hours, respectively. The apoptosis rate was increased to 1.85 (t=-2.496, P=0.067) and 3.93 (t=-12.587, P<0.001) folds at 72 and 96 hours after transfection, respectively. Furthermore, the levels of phospho-ERK1/2 and phospho-AKT were significantly downregulated after DcR3 silencing. CONCLUSION: The DcR3-specific siRNA could efficiently inhibit growth and induce apoptosis of cells via affecting ERK and AKT. Hence, DcR3-specific siRNA treatment could act as a supplementary targeted therapy strategy for gliomas.