PEG10 amplification at 7q21.3 potentiates large-cell transformation in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

Mycosis fungoides (MF), the most common form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, undergo large-cell transformation (LCT) in the late stage, manifesting aggressive behavior, resistance to treatments, and poor prognosis, but the mechanisms involved remain unclear. To identify the molecular driver of LCT, we collected tumor samples from 133 MF patients and performed whole-transcriptome sequencing on 49 advanced-stage MF patients, followed by integrated copy number inference and genomic hybridization. Tumors with LCT showed unique transcriptional programs and enriched expressions of genes at chr7q. Paternally expressed gene 10 (PEG10), an imprinted gene at 7q21.3, was ectopically expressed in malignant T cells from LCT, driven by 7q21.3 amplification. Mechanistically, aberrant PEG10 expression increased cell size, promoted cell proliferation, and conferred treatment resistance by a PEG10/KLF2/NF-κB axis in in vitro and in vivo models. Pharmacologically targeting PEG10 reversed the phenotypes of proliferation and treatment resistance in LCT. Our findings reveal new molecular mechanisms underlying LCT and suggest that PEG10 inhibition may serve as a promising therapeutic approach in late-stage aggressive T-cell lymphoma.

Gender differences in adolescent food preferences and their association with parent food preferences: data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS).

PURPOSE: Food preference is an important factor that affects one's eating behavior and dietary intake. Parent food preferences and food choices may influence children food preferences. This study is aimed to describe gender differences and time trends of Chinese adolescent food preferences and to explore the association between adolescent and their parent food preferences. METHODS: The data were drawn from four waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) conducted between 2006 and 2015. Participants were asked to indicate their degree of preferences for five food categories (fast food, salty snack food, fruits, vegetables, and soft/sugary drinks) using a 5-point Likert scale (from "dislike very much" to "like very much"). Logistic regression was performed to determine the association of food preferences between adolescents and their parents. RESULTS: Adolescent preferences for unhealthy foods were significantly higher than those of adults. Adolescent food preferences for fruits and vegetables decreased slightly over nine years, and there were gender differences in healthy food preferences (girls > boys, P < 0.05). Regardless of boys or girls, adolescent food preferences for healthy foods (fruits and vegetables) were significantly associated with both their fathers (OR: 3.64-4.58 for boys and 2.71-4.39 for girls) and mothers (OR: 2.13-4.11 for boys and 3.07-5.66 for girls) food preferences. For fast food and salty snack food preferences, boys appeared to be influenced greater by their fathers than girls, while girls appeared to be influenced greater by their mothers than boys. CONCLUSIONS: The present study reveals a high degree of unhealthy food preferences among Chinese adolescents and a gender-specific association of fast food and salty snack preference between Chinese adolescents and their parents. Our results may be useful for interventions to reduce adolescent unhealthy food preferences and intakes.

HLA-DR Helps to Differentiate Erythrodermic Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma from Erythrodermic Inflammatory Dermatoses in Flow Cytometry.

Differential diagnosis of erythroderma is challenging in dermatology, especially in differentiating erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma from erythrodermic inflammatory dermatoses. This study retrospectively reviewed the peripheral blood flow cytometric results of 73 patients diagnosed with erythroderma at Peking University First Hospital from 2014 to 2019. The flow cytometry antibody panel included white blood cell markers, T-cell markers, B-cell markers, T-cell activation markers, and T helper cell differentiation markers. Features of the cell surface antigens were compared between 34 patients with erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and 39 patients with erythrodermic inflammatory dermatoses. The percentage of HLA-DR+/CD4+T cells was the most pronounced marker to distinguish erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma from erythrodermic inflammatory dermatoses, with a threshold of 20.85% (sensitivity 96.77%, specificity 70.37%, p = 0.000, area under the curve (AUC) 0.882), suggesting its potential capability in the differential diagnosis of erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma from erythrodermic inflammatory dermatoses. Moreover, in contrast to erythrodermic inflammatory dermatoses, the percentage of Th17 cells was significantly downregulated in erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (p = 0.001), demonstrating a dysregulated immune environment in erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

Nanosheets of Ni-SAPO-34 Molecular Sieve for Selective Oxidation of Cyclohexanone to Adipic Acid.

Nanosheets of nickel doped SAPO-34 molecular sieves in thickness of ∼10 nm (denoted as NS-Ni-SAPO-34) has been successfully prepared through a morphology-reserved method of synthesis. A special aluminum phosphate in two-dimensional layered structure is used as precursor and converts to crystallized SAPO-34 molecular sieve, in nanosheet morphology reserved from the aluminum phosphate precursor, under hydrothermal conditions with tetraethyl orthosilicate and templates of mixed amines added. It is found that adequate amount of nickel, ∼5 wt %, added to the synthetic system is a key factor for the morphology-reserved synthesis. By characterization, the nickel is proved to be doped in the framework of the molecular sieve, which more likely helps to balance the high surface energy of nanosheet products. The NS-Ni-SAPO-34 shows excellent catalytic performance for oxidation of cyclohexanone to adipic acid by gaseous oxygen.

Predictors of preoperative cognitive dysfunction in adults with Moyamoya disease: a preliminary research.

OBJECTIVE: To explore potential risk factors of preoperative cognitive dysfunction in adult patients with moyamoya disease (MMD) and discuss significance of moyamoya vessels. METHODS: The author reviewed adult MMD patients harboring no parenchymal infarction or hemorrhage underwent a standardized neuropsychological assessment test battery from December 2018 to May 2019. The authors defined patients with cognitive dysfunction as cognitive impairment shown on 3 or more neuropsychological tests. According to the presence of cerebral angiography, arterial stenosis, moyamoya vessels, and compensatory arteries were conducted. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify predictors for cognitive dysfunction before surgery. Subgroup analyses by onset type and Suzuki stage were carried out to identify specific predictors for preoperative cognitive dysfunction. RESULTS: In total, 29 of 92 (31.52%) patients had cognitive dysfunction. Multivariate analysis showed that moyamoya vessels generating from left hemisphere was recognized as independent predictor for cognitive dysfunction (P = 0.025, OR [95%CI], 0.085 [0.012-0.874]). For patients in left ICA-moyamoya subgroup, 19 of 45 (42.22%) cases with sparse moyamoya vessels had cognitive dysfunction (P = 0.031), while 22 (91.67%) of patients with dense moyamoya vessels had normal cognition (P = 0.004). Moyamoya vessels arising from ophthalmic artery had no significant association with cognitive dysfunction (P = 0.111). Multivariate analysis found that moyamoya vessels originating from left ICA was recognized as independent predictors for preoperative cognitive dysfunction (P = 0.048, OR [95%CI], 0.394 [0.132-0.926]). CONCLUSIONS: Moyamoya vessels arising from left hemisphere was a risk factor for the preoperative cognitive dysfunction in adult patients with MMD, with the denser moyamoya vessels, the less cognitive dysfunction. The current study offers a new perspective of moyamoya vessels and supporting data for choosing MMD candidates on cerebral revascularization.

The effects of childhood trauma on personality in unaffected first-degree relatives of patients with major depressive disorder.

ABSTRAC: OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to preliminarily and exploratorily examine the associations between childhood trauma (CT), its subtypes, and personality traits among unaffected first-degree relatives (FDR, children, or siblings) of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS: The study sample included three subgroups: MDD patients (N = 85), Patients' FDRs (N = 35), and healthy control individuals (HC, N = 89). The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) was used to assess childhood trauma and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was used to assess personality traits. RESULTS: Significant differences were found in a few personality traits (p < 0.05 for extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism) among MDD patients, FDR, and HC, and there were no significant differences between HC and FDR. In the FDR group, compared with those without CT, participants with CT scored significantly higher for neuroticism (N) (F = 3.246, p = 0.046). CT was significantly associated with N, psychoticism (P) and Lie (L), and the strongest association was between CT total score and N. Significantly positive correlations were found between N and sexual abuse (SA) (r = 0.344, p = 0.043), emotional neglect (EN) (r = 0.394, p = 0.019), physical neglect (PN) (r = 0.393, p = 0.019), and CTQ total score (r = 0.452, p = 0.006); between P and CTQ total score (r = 0.336, p = 0.049); and significant negative correlations were found between L and EN (r = -0.446, p = 0.007), CTQ total score (r = -0.375, p = 0.027). CONCLUSION: In unaffected FDRs, there were significant associations between childhood trauma and a few personality traits, including neuroticism, psychoticism, and lie, and emotional neglect was significantly associated with neuroticism.

High Expression of IKZF2 in Malignant T Cells Promotes Disease Progression in Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma.

Cutaneous T cell lymphoma is a generally indolent disease derived from skin-homing mature T cells. However, in advanced stages, cutaneous T cell lymphoma may manifest aggressive clinical behaviour and lead to a poor prognosis. The mechanism of disease progression in cutaneous T cell lymphoma remains unknown. This study, based on a large clinical cohort, found that IKZF2, an essential transcription factor during T cell development and differentiation, showed stage- dependent overexpression in the malignant T cells in mycosis fungoides lesions. IKZF2 is specifically over- expressed in advanced-stage mycosis fungoides lesions, and correlates with poor prognosis. Mechanistically, overexpression of IKZF2 promotes cutaneous T cell lymphoma progression via inhibiting malignant cell apoptosis and may contribute to tumour immune escape by downregulating major histocompatibility complex II molecules and up-regulating the production of anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 by malignant T cells. These results demonstrate the important role of IKZF2 in high-risk cutaneous T cell lymphoma and pave the way for future targeted therapy.

Interactions of Oxide Surfaces with Water Revealed with Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy.

Hydrous materials are ubiquitous in the natural environment and efforts have previously been made to investigate the structures and dynamics of hydrated surfaces for their key roles in various chemical and physical applications, with the help of theoretical modeling and microscopy techniques. However, an overall atomic-scale understanding of the water-solid interface, including the effect of water on surface ions, is still lacking. Herein, we employ ceria nanorods with different amounts of water as an example and demonstrate a new approach to explore the water-surface interactions by using solid-state NMR in combination with density functional theory. NMR shifts and relaxation time analysis provide detailed information on the local structure of oxygen ions and the nature of water motion on the surface: the amount of molecularly adsorbed water decreases rapidly with increasing temperature (from room temperature to 150 °C), whereas hydroxyl groups are stable up to 150 °C, and dynamic water molecules are found to instantaneously coordinate to the surface oxygen ions. The applicability of dynamic nuclear polarization for selective detection of surface oxygen species is also compared to conventional NMR with surface selective isotopic-labeling: the optimal method depends on the feasibility of enrichment and the concentration of protons in the sample. These results provide new insight into the interfacial structure of hydrated oxide nanostructures, which is important to improve performance for various applications.

Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3-Ligand Contributes to the Development and Function of the Subpopulation of CD8α+ Plasmacytoid Precursor Dendritic Cells in CD8+ /TCR- Facilitating Cells.

Facilitating cells (FC) are a CD8+ TCR- bone marrow subpopulation that enhance engraftment of purified hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and induce antigen-specific CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cell (Treg) in vivo. The major subpopulation in FC resembles plasmacytoid precursor dendritic cells (p-preDC) both phenotypically and functionally. Here, we report that the number of FC was significantly reduced in Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3-ligand-knockout (Flt3-L-KO) mice. Specifically, there was a selective decrease in the B220+ CD11c+ CD11b- p-preDC FC subpopulation. The p-preDC FC subpopulation in FC total is restored after Flt3-L administration to Flt3-L-KO mice. FC from Flt3-L-KO donors exhibit impaired facilitation of allogeneic HSC engraftment in ablatively conditioned mice (B6 → NOD) as well as in mice conditioned with reduced intensity conditioning (B6 → BALB/c). In addition, the number of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Treg from Flt3-L-KO mice is significantly decreased. This was associated with the expression of chemokine receptor CXCR3+ or CCR5+ on Treg. Treg from the spleen of Flt3-L-KO mice showed impaired facilitation of engraftment of allogeneic HSC compared to wild-type Treg. Flt3-L treatment significantly expanded Treg, and restored their facilitating function. These results suggest that Flt3-L is an important growth factor in the development and homeostasis of p-preDC FC and in the role of FC inducing generation of Treg. Flt3-L provides potent immunoregulatory properties that may be clinically useful to improve tolerance induction and enhance the function of allogeneic cell therapies. Stem Cells 2018;36:1567-1577.

Impact of childhood trauma on sensory gating in patients with first-episode schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: Childhood trauma (CT) has been found to contribute to the onset of schizophrenia and auditory sensory gating deficit is a leading endophenotype for schizophrenia. However, the association between the CT and sensory gating in first-episode schizophrenia remains elusive. METHODS: Fifty-six patients and 49 age and sex-matched healthy controls were assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF) for CT and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for symptoms severity. Sensory gating was tested using the modified paradigm, perceived spatial separation-induced prepulse inhibition (PSS-PPI), and the perceived spatial co-location PPI (PSC-PPI or classical PPI). RESULTS: Comparing with healthy controls, the patients had significantly higher score on sexual abuse (t = 2.729, p < 0.05), lower PSS- PPI, % (ISI = 120 ms and ISI = 60 ms) (t = - 3.089, - 4.196, p < 0.05). Univariate analysis revealed the absence of a significant correlation among CT, PPI paradigms and symptoms. However, multiple linear regression analyses demonstrated the CTQ-SF total was negatively associated with PSS PPI (ISI = 120 ms) (p = 0.018). CONCLUSION: The current study illustrates that the impact of CT on sensory gating in patients with first-episode schizophrenia, and thus we conclude that CT may be a risk factor to the occurrence of schizophrenia through its impact on sensory gating.

DOCK2 is critical for CD8(+) TCR(-) graft facilitating cells to enhance engraftment of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.

CD8(+) TCR(-) graft facilitating cells (FCs) enhance engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in allogeneic and syngeneic recipients. The mechanisms by which FCs promote HSC engraftment and tolerance induction have not been fully elucidated. Here, we provide data to support a critical role for dedicator of cytokinesis 2 (DOCK2) in multiple aspects of FCs function. DOCK2(-/-) FCs exhibit compromised facilitative function in vivo as evidenced by the loss of engraftment-enhancing capability for c-Kit(+) Sca-1(+) lineage(-) (KSL) cells, and compromised ability to promote KSL cell homing and lodgment in hematopoietic niche. Deletion of DOCK2 abrogates the ability of FCs to induce differentiation of naïve CD4(+) CD25(-) T cells into FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells and interleukin-10-producing type 1 regulatory T cells in vitro. Moreover, DOCK2(-/-) FCs are unable to promote survival of KSL cells when cocultured with KSL cells. DOCK2(-/-) FCs also exhibit compromised migration to stroma-derived factor-1 in vitro and impaired homing to the bone marrow in vivo. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that DOCK2 is critical for FCs to maintain its immunomodulatory function and exert its trophic effects on KSL cells. These findings may have direct clinical relevance to promote HSC engraftment for treatment of autoimmunity, hemoglobinopathies, and to induce transplantation tolerance.

[Contact tracing of a possible case of HIV sexual transmission by using Miseq platform].

OBJECTIVE: An approach for analysis of HIV quasispecies using Miseq high-throughput sequencing platform (hereinafter referred to as Miseq platform) was established and applied to contact tracing for a possible case of HIV sexual transmission. METHODS: Four plasma specimens were collected from 2 HIV infections (P1 and P2) suspected to be involved in the sexual transmission and 2 local HIV infections as controls (P3 and P4). The RNAs were extracted from the specimens and then reverse-transcribed into cDNA. After HIV subtyping, Miseq platform was performed to detect and sequence the HIV quasispecies (352 bp) in each specimen. The frequency of quasispecies was counted and ranked. Intrapersonal and interpersonal genetic distance and phylogenetic tree were calculated by using the top 5, 20, 100, 500, and all quasispecies, respectively. RESULTS: The subtypes of HIV from all 4 specimens were CRF01_AE. 23 788 to 37 397 cleaned sequences representing 1 229 to 1 412 unique HIV quasispecies were obtained from these specimens by using Miseq platform. The average genetic distance (3.5%-4.5%) between quasispecies from specimens P2 and P1 was significantly lower than that (10.3%-19.6%) between quasispecies from P2 and the controls (P3 or P4). Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that sequences from specimens P1 and P2 clustered together while sequences from P3 and P4 exhibited completely independent clusters. When the top 20 or more quasispecies from each specimen were analyzed, sequences from P1 showed a paraphyletic relationship with those from P2, which may indicated that the direction of HIV transmission was from P1 to P2. CONCLUSION: With the feature of convenient and economic operation, Miseq platform has high practical value in contact tracing of possible HIV transmission.

An efficient ratiometric fluorescence and colorimetric dual-mode probe for convenient determination of nitrite in real samples and E. coli.

Developing an effective and convenient nitrite detection method is indispensable in food safety, environmental monitoring, clinical diagnosis of diseases, and many other areas. Herein, a dicyanoisophorone derivative, TMN-NH2 with large Stokes shift and near-infrared (NIR) emission, was proposed as a ratiometric fluorescence and colorimetric dual-mode probe for the rapid determination of NO2- in acidic media, showing excellent selectivity and high sensitivity. The sensing mechanism is based on the diazotization of TMN-NH2 with NO2- and subsequent diazonium salt hydrolysis to form a hydroxyl-substituted product (TMN-OH). Under the optimized conditions of reaction and detection, a new quantitative analysis method based on TMN-NH2 was established for NO2- detection, exhibiting good linear relationships to NO2- in the range of 0.5 to 15 µM with practical detection limits of 26.6 nM and 17.6 nM for the colorimetric and fluorescent readout, respectively. The quantitative detection of NO2- in real samples demonstrated satisfactory recoveries and repeatability. Moreover, TMN-NH2 was successfully applied for monitoring NO2- in Escherichia coli by confocal fluorescence imaging.

Construction and Application of a Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome Differentiation Model for Dysmenorrhea Based on Machine Learning.

BACKGROUND: Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common ailments affecting young and middle-aged women, significantly impacting their quality of life. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) offers unique advantages in treating dysmenorrhea. However, an accurate diagnosis is essential to ensure correct treatment. This research integrates the age-old wisdom of TCM with modern Machine Learning (ML) techniques to enhance the precision and efficiency of dysmenorrhea syndrome differentiation, a pivotal process in TCM diagnostics and treatment planning. METHODS: A total of 853 effective cases of dysmenorrhea were retrieved from the CNKI database, including patients' syndrome types, symptoms, and features, to establish the TCM information database of dysmenorrhea. Subsequently, 42 critical features were isolated from a potential set of 86 using a selection procedure augmented by Python's Scikit-Learn Library. Various machine learning models were employed, including Logistic Regression, Random Forest Classifier, Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), each chosen for their potential to unearth complex patterns within the data. RESULTS: Based on accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score metrics, SVM emerged as the most effective model, showcasing an impressive precision of 98.29% and an accuracy of 98.24%. This model's analytical prowess not only highlighted the critical features pivotal to the syndrome differentiation process but also stands to significantly aid clinicians in formulating personalized treatment strategies by pinpointing nuanced symptoms with high precision. CONCLUSION: The study paves the way for a synergistic approach in TCM diagnostics, merging ancient wisdom with computational acuity, potentially innovating the diagnosis and treatment mode of TCM. Despite the promising outcomes, further research is needed to validate these models in real-world settings and extend this approach to other diseases addressed by TCM.

Effectiveness of narrowband ultraviolet B monotherapy versus combination therapy with systemic agents in patients with early-stage mycosis fungoides and the association with plaque lesions.

OBJECTIVE: Narrowband ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) has been recommended as first-line therapy for early-stage mycosis fungoides (MF) in international guidelines. NB-UVB can be used as monotherapy or part of a multimodality treatment regimen. There is limited evidence on the effectiveness and optimal patients of NB-UVB in combination with systemic therapies in MF. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of the combination versus NB-UVB monotherapy in early-stage MF and if plaque lesion status was related to these effects. METHODS: This observational cohort study included 247 early-stage MF patients who had received NB-UVB combined with systemic therapies vs. NB-UVB monotherapy from 2009 to 2021. The primary outcome was partial or complete response. Overall response rate and median time to response were calculated. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using the Cox model. RESULTS: In 139 plaque-stage patients, the response rate for combination therapy group was higher than that of monotherapy group (79.0% vs. 54.3%, p = 0.006). The adjusted HR for combination therapy compared with NB-UVB monotherapy was 3.11 (95% CI 1.72-5.63). The combination therapy group also showed shorter time to response (4 vs. 6 months, p = 0.002). In 108 patch-stage patients, the response rate and time to response in two treatment groups showed no significant difference. There was therefore an observed interaction with patients' plaque lesion status for the effect size of NB-UVB combination therapy. No serious adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Adding systemic treatments to NB-UVB did not improve the treatment outcome of patch-stage patients, but it surpassed NB-UVB monotherapy for early-stage patients with plaques.

Impression life with pulmonary hypertension: clinically relevant characteristics and quality of life among patients in Gansu, China.

BACKGROUND: The adverse effects of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) on physical, emotional, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) remain primarily unrecognized, especially in resource-limited settings. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to characterize the HRQoL of patients with PAH in this area and also identify the potential role of clinically relevant characteristics, including the 6-min walk distance test (6MWD), WHO-Functional Classification (WHO-FC), and mental health in the occurrence of lowering quality of life. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional observational study. METHODS: Inpatients with PAH were chosen from a tertiary hospital located in Gansu province, China. All participants were interviewed face-by-face by using questionnaires, including items from the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), the self-rating anxiety scale, and the self-rating depression scale. Data on demographic and clinically relevant characteristics, including WHO-FC and 6MWD, were also collected by tracing medical recorders. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the association between demographic, clinically relevant characteristics data, and physical component summary (PCS) or mental component summary (MCS) in SF-36. RESULTS: Of the 152 participants, SF-36 differed significantly from Chinese norms in all eight domains, with role-physical (21.55 ± 9.87) less than one-third of the norm (88.79 ± 28.49). Multiple linear regression results showed that the factors with the greatest impact on PCS were anxiety scores (ß = -0.22, p = 0.001), followed by WHO-FC (ß = -0.16, p = 0.014) and 6MWD (ß = 0.15, p = 0.036). The factors with the greatest impact on MCS were WHO-FC (ß = -0.30, p < 0.001), followed by anxiety (ß = -0.23, p = 0.001) and depression scores (ß = -0.16, p = 0.013). CONCLUSION: HRQoL was substantially reduced among PAH patients in the resource-limited area, mainly the physiological functions. WHO-FC and anxiety scores were independently associated with both PCS and MCS in SF-36. Clinicians should make reasonable rehabilitation programs and plans for patients according to their cardiac function grade and the severity of clinical symptoms. In addition, psychological interventions should also be taken, especially for those with anxiety symptoms, so as to improve their HRQoL.

Can Subsurface Oxygen Species in Oxides Participate in Catalytic Reactions? An 17O Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study.

The impacts of subsurface species of catalysts on reaction processes are still under debate, largely due to a lack of characterization methods for distinguishing these species from the surface species and the bulk. By using 17O solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, which can distinguish subsurface oxygen ions in CeO2 (111) nanorods, we explore the effects of subsurface species of oxides in CO oxidation reactions. The intensities of the 17O NMR signals due to surface and subsurface oxygen ions decrease after the introduction of CO into CeO2 nanorods, with a more significant decrease observed for the latter, confirming the participation of subsurface oxygen species. Density functional theory calculations show that the reaction involves subsurface oxygen ions filling the surface oxygen vacancies created by the direct contact of surface oxygen with CO. This new approach can be extended to the study of the role of oxygen species in other catalytic reactions.

Prevalence and Determinants of Delay in Time-to-Diagnosis for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Patients in Gansu China: A Observational Cohort Study.

Current studies of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) have shown a significant diagnostic delay. However, the causes and risk factors for this delay are not been well explored in Chinese population. This study aimed to assess the status of diagnostic delay in patients with PAH in China. Additionally, we identified factors associated with the delay. Demographic and clinical data were collected from 153 PAH patients admitted to three tertiary hospitals in Gansu, China, from March 2020 to October 2022. Based on the recorded date, the diagnostic delay was divided into patient delay and health system delay. For analysis, we divided diagnostic delay into 2 groups (≤3 years and >3 years). Factors associated with delay were identified by binary logistic regression. The median diagnostic delay was 3 years (IQR: 0.25-5.88). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that male (OR = 2.48, 95% CI: 1.10-5.58), those with junior high school or below (OR = 3.65, 95% CI: 1.36-9.78), living far away from the tertiary hospital (OR = 2.66, 95% CI: 1.14-6.18), initially visit hospital before 2018 (OR = 3.82, 95% CI: 1.68-8.71), and visit hospital at county level or below (OR = 3.80, 95% CI: 1.42-10.18) were risk factor for diagnostic delay (>3 years). Despite increased awareness, most patients with PAH in Gansu, China still experienced a delay in diagnosis of more than 3 years. Male sex, lower educational background, and being away from tertiary hospitals are risk factors for delay. Furthermore, factors impacting time-to-diagnosis and its impact should be continuously evaluated as therapeutic strategies continue to evolve and improve.