RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Cystatin C (CyC) concentration has been suggested as a marker of middle-molecule accumulation, hemodialysis (HD) adequacy and for estimating residual renal function (RRF), but it has not been studied in pediatric HD. High CyC is associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD). We investigated CyC kinetics and the effect of RRF on CyC in a pediatric HD population. METHODS: A total of 21 HD sessions and 20 interdialytic periods were analyzed in seven patients, age 5-19 years, of whom four were anuric (A) and three were non-anuric (NA). CyC was measured before (preHD) and after (postHD) three standard HD sessions in 1 week and prior to the first session of the following week. RESULTS: We found no difference (p=0.67) in CyC concentration between preHD CyC (9.85 ± 2.15 mg/l; A vs. NA, p=0.37) and postHD CyC (10.04 ± 2.83 mg/l; A vs NA, p=0.28). The weekly average preHD CyC median concentration was 10.14 mg/l (A vs. NA, p=0.87) and correlated with age (r=0.808, p=0.03) and height measurement (r=0.799, p=0.03), but not with RRF, single-pool Kt/V, ultrafiltration, HD duration or blood liters processed. CONCLUSIONS: Cystatin C is very elevated in children on HD. It does not rise between HD sessions, is not removed by standard HD and remains at steady state; therefore, elimination is extrarenal. Low RRF does not affect CyC elimination. CyC increases with age and height. If a high CyC concentration can be proven to have a causative role in the development of CVD, routine intensified HD regimens in children may be indicated for its removal.
Asunto(s)
Cistatina C/sangre , Fallo Renal Crónico/terapia , Riñón/fisiopatología , Diálisis Renal , Adolescente , Factores de Edad , Biomarcadores/sangre , Niño , Preescolar , Humanos , Fallo Renal Crónico/sangre , Fallo Renal Crónico/fisiopatología , Pruebas de Función Renal , Cinética , Modelos Lineales , Proyectos Piloto , Resultado del Tratamiento , Regulación hacia Arriba , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Middle-molecules (MM) are not monitored in children on hemodialysis (HD), but are accumulated and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Molecular properties of Cystatin C (CyC), 13 kDa, potentially make it a preferred MM marker over Beta-2-Microglobulin (B2M), 12 kDa. We compared CyC and B2M kinetics to investigate if CyC can be used as preferred MM marker. CyC (mg/L) and B2M (µg/mL) were measured in 21 low-flux HD sessions in seven children. Blood samples were taken at HD start (pre), 1 and 2 hours into HD and at end of HD (post) for all sessions and 60 minutes after the first HD (Eq). PreCyC (9.85 ± 2.15) did not differ (P > 0.05) from postCyC (10.04 ± 2.83). PostB2M (38.87 ± 7.12) was higher (P < 0.05) than preHD B2M (33.27 ± 7.41). There was no change in CyC at 1 and 2 hours into HD, while B2M progressively increased. CyC or B2M changes did not significantly correlate with spKt/V (2.09 ± 0.86), ultrafiltration (4.61 ± 1.98%) or HD duration (218 ± 20 minutes). EqCyC was not different from postCyC (11.07 ± 3.14 vs. 10.71 ± 2.85, P > 0.05), while EqB2M was lower than postB2M (36.48 ± 7.68 vs. 41.09 ± 8.99, P < 0.05). MMs as represented by B2M and CyC are elevated in children on standard HD. Intensified HD modalities would be needed for their removal. B2M is affected by the dialytic process with a rise during HD independent of ultrafiltration and decrease 1 hour after, while CyC remains unchanged. We suggest that CyC be used as preferred marker of MM removal and as a marker of adequacy of intensified HD regimens.