A systematic review of perioperative clinical practice guidelines for care of older adults living with frailty.

BACKGROUND: Perioperative frailty is prevalent and requires complex management, which could be guided by clinical practice guidelines (CPGs). The objective of this systematic review was to identify and synthesise CPGs that provide perioperative recommendations specific to older adults living with frailty. METHODS: After protocol registration, we performed a systematic review of CPGs. MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and 14 grey literature databases were searched (January 1, 2000 until December 22, 2021). We included all CPGs that contained at least one frailty-specific recommendation related to any phase of the perioperative period. We compiled all relevant recommendations, extracted underlying strength of evidence, and categorised them by perioperative phase of care. Within each phase, recommendations were synthesised inductively into themes. Quality of CPGs was assessed using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II instrument. RESULTS: From 4707 citations, 13 guidelines were included; 8/13 were focused on the perioperative care of older surgical patients in general. Among 110 recommendations extracted, 37 themes were generated, with the majority pertaining to preoperative care. Four themes were supported by strong evidence: performing preoperative frailty assessments, using multidimensional frailty instruments, reducing urinary catheter use, and following multidisciplinary care and communication throughout the perioperative period. Per AGREE II, most guidelines (8/13; 62%) were recommended for use with modifications. CONCLUSIONS: Despite increasing numbers of patients living with frailty, few guidelines exist that address frailty-specific perioperative care. Given the lack of strong evidence-based recommendations, particularly outside the preoperative period, high-quality primary research is required to underpin future guidelines and better inform the care of older surgical patients with frailty. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW PROTOCOL: PROSPERO CRD42022320149.

Using implementation science to promote the use of the fascia iliaca blocks in hip fracture care.

PURPOSE: There is variable and suboptimal use of fascia iliaca compartment nerve blocks (FICBs) in hip fracture care. Our objective was to use an evidence-based and theory-informed implementation science approach to analyze barriers and facilitators to timely administration of FICB and select evidence-based interventions to enhance uptake. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative study at a single centre using semistructured interviews and site observations. We interviewed 35 stakeholders including health care providers, managers, patients, and caregivers. We mapped barriers and facilitators to the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) and Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). We compared the rate and timeliness of FICB administration before and after evidence-based implementation strategies were applied. RESULTS: The study identified 18 barriers and 11 facilitators within seven themes of influences of FICB use: interpersonal relationships between health care professionals; clinician knowledge and skills related to FICB; roles, responsibilities, and processes for delivering FICB; perceptions on using FICB for pain; patient and caregiver perceptions on using FICB for pain; communication of hip fracture care between departments; and resources for delivering FICBs. We mapped the behaviour change domains to eight implementation strategies: restructure the environment, create and distribute educational materials, prepare patients to be active participants, perform audits and give feedback, use local opinion leaders, use champions, train staff on FICB procedures, and mandate change. We observed an increase in the rates of FICBs administered (48% vs 65%) and a decrease in the median time to administration (1.63 vs 0.81 days). CONCLUSION: Our study explains why FICBs are underused and shows that the TDF and CFIR provide a framework to identify barriers and facilitators to FICB implementation. The mapped implementation strategies can guide institutions to improve use of FICB in hip fracture care.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: Il existe une utilisation variable et sous-optimale des blocs nerveux du compartiment fascia iliaca (FICB) dans les soins des fractures de la hanche. Notre objectif était d'utiliser une approche scientifique de la mise en œuvre fondée sur des données probantes et sur la théorie pour analyser les obstacles et les facilitateurs à l'administration opportune d'un FICB et pour sélectionner des interventions fondées sur des données probantes pour améliorer l'adoption de cette technique. MéTHODE: Nous avons mené une étude qualitative dans un seul centre à l'aide d'entrevues semi-structurées et d'observations sur place. Nous avons interviewé 35 intervenant·es, y compris des prestataires de soins de santé, des gestionnaires, des patient·es et des soignant·es. Nous avons cartographié les obstacles et les facilitateurs du cadre des domaines théoriques (Theoretical Domains Framework, TDF) et du cadre consolidé pour la recherche sur la mise en œuvre (Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, CFIR). Nous avons comparé le taux et la rapidité d'administration d'un FICB avant et après l'application des stratégies de mise en œuvre fondées sur des données probantes. RéSULTATS: L'étude a identifié 18 obstacles et 11 facilitateurs dans sept thèmes d'influence de l'utilisation du FICB : les relations interpersonnelles entre les professionnel·les de la santé; les connaissances et les compétences des clinicien·nes liées au FICB; les rôles, responsabilités et processus d'exécution des FICB; les perceptions de l'utilisation des FICB pour soulager la douleur; les perceptions des patient·es et des soignant·es concernant l'utilisation de FICB pour soulager la douleur; la communication des soins des fractures de la hanche entre les services; et les ressources nécessaires à l'exécution des FICB. Nous avons mis en correspondance les domaines de changement de comportement avec huit stratégies de mise en œuvre : restructurer l'environnement, créer et distribuer du matériel éducatif, préparer les patient·es à participer activement, effectuer des audits et donner de la rétroaction, faire appel à des leaders d'opinion locales et locaux, utiliser des champion·nes, former le personnel sur les interventions de FICB et forcer au changement. Nous avons observé une augmentation des taux de FICB administrés (48% vs 65%) et une diminution du délai médian d'administration (1,63 vs 0,81 jour). CONCLUSION: Notre étude explique pourquoi les FICB sont sous-utilisés et montre que le TDF et le CFIR fournissent un cadre pour identifier les obstacles et les facilitateurs à la mise en œuvre des FICB. Les stratégies de mise en œuvre cartographiées peuvent aider les établissements à améliorer l'utilisation des FICB dans le traitement des fractures de la hanche.

Impact of an orthogeriatric collaborative care model for older adults with hip fracture in a community hospital setting.

Background: Studies have shown that the incidence of postoperative delirium, the hospital length of stay and time to surgery are reduced when older adults with a hip fracture are cared for by a multidisciplinary team providing comprehensive geriatric assessments. Most of these studies have been conducted in academic centres. We sought to determine if implementation of an orthogeriatric collaborative care model would improve key quality of care metrics in a community hospital setting. Methods: This retrospective pre- and postintervention single-site study was conducted in a community hospital in Ontario, Canada. We included consecutive patients aged 65 years or older who were admitted for a hip fracture between June 2015 and June 2017. In the intervention period, a new postoperative order set included a referral to a geriatrician for comprehensive geriatric assessment, with direct implementation of recommendations. Primary outcomes were the incidence of postoperative delirium and length of stay. Secondary outcomes included Health Quality Ontario's quality standards for hip fracture. Results: A total of 212 consecutive patients (95 in the preintervention group and 117 in the postintervention group) were included in the study. The incidence of postoperative delirium (26.3% v. 26.5%, p = 0.98) and length of stay (interquartile range 4-10 v. 5-10 d, p = 0.32) were similar in the preintervention and postintervention groups. There were improvements (p < 0.001) in the rates of asssessment of mental status, falls and bone health; identification of delirium prevention strategies; prescription of vitamin D or calcium or both; and recommendations for antiresorptive therapy. Despite systemic implementation of the orthogeriatric model, only 74.4% of patients in the postintervention group were seen by a geriatric medicine consultant. Conclusion: Although the implementation of an orthogeriatric collaborative care model for older adults with a hip fracture did not reduce the incidence of postoperative delirium or length of stay, there were improvements in the rates at which several other key quality standards for hip fracture care were met. Earlier proactive, comprehensive geriatric assessment in a community hospital setting will be the target for further quality improvement initiatives.

Contexte: Des études ont montré que l'incidence du délire postopératoire, la durée du séjour à l'hôpital et le temps d'attente avant la chirurgie sont réduits lorsque les personnes âgées présentant une fracture de la hanche reçoivent les soins d'une équipe multidisciplinaire qui réalise une évaluation gériatrique complète. La plupart de ces études ont été effectuées dans des centres universitaires. Nous souhaitions donc déterminer si l'intégration d'un modèle de soins orthogériatriques collaboratif améliorerait les principaux indicateurs de la qualité des soins dans les hôpitaux communautaires. Méthodes: Cette étude rétrospective comparant 2 groupes de patients avant et après la mise en oeuvre d'une intervention a été menée dans un seul hôpital communautaire en Ontario, au Canada. Nous avons inclus les patients consécutifs de 65 ans et plus admis pour une fracture de la hanche entre juin 2015 et juin 2017. Pendant la période d'intervention, un nouvel ensemble d'ordonnances postopératoires a été ajouté. Il comprenait l'aiguillage vers un gériatre pour une évaluation gériatrique complète et l'application directe des recommandations. Les principales issues à l'étude étaient l'incidence du délire postopératoire et la durée de l'hospitalisation. Les issues secondaires comprenaient le respect des normes de qualité relatives à la fracture de la hanche de Qualité des services de santé Ontario. Résultats: Au total, 212 patients consécutifs (95 dans le groupe préintervention et 117 dans le groupe postintervention) ont été inclus dans l'étude. L'incidence du délire postopératoire (26,3 % c. 26,5 %, p = 0,98) et la durée de l'hospitalisation (écart interquartile 4­10 jours c. 5­10 jours, p = 0,32) étaient similaires dans les 2 groupes. Il y a eu des améliorations (p < 0,001) dans le taux d'évaluation de l'état mental, des chutes et de la santé des os; dans l'intégration de stratégies de prévention du délire; dans la prescription de vitamine D ou de calcium, ou des deux; et dans les recommandations de traitement antirésorptif. Malgré l'adoption du modèle orthogériatrique dans l'ensemble du centre, seulement 74,4 % des patients du groupe postintervention ont eu une consultation en gériatrie. Conclusion: Bien que la mise en œuvre d'un modèle de soins orthogériatriques collaboratif chez les personnes âgées présentant une fracture de la hanche n'ait pas réduit l'incidence du délire postopératoire ou la durée de l'hospitalisation, il y a eu une amélioration du respect de plusieurs normes de qualité importantes relatives à ce type de fracture. L'évaluation gériatrique complète réalisée tôt, de manière proactive, dans les hôpitaux communautaires sera la cible d'initiatives d'amélioration de la qualité à venir.

Sustainability of a proactive geriatric trauma consultation service.

BACKGROUND: Proactive geriatric trauma consultation service (GTCS) models have been associated with better delivery of geriatric care and functional outcomes. Whether such collaborative models can be improved and sustained remains uncertain. We describe the sustainability and process improvements of an inpatient GTCS. METHODS: We assessed workflow using interviews and surveys to identify opportunities to optimize the referral process for the GTCS. Sustainability of the service was assessed via a prospective case series (July 2012-December 2013). Study data were derived from a review of the medical record and trauma registry database. Metrics to determine sustainability included volume of cases, staffing levels, rate of adherence to recommendations, geriatric-specific clinical outcomes, trauma quality indicators, consultation requests and discharge destination. RESULTS: Through process changes, we were able to ensure every eligible patient was referred for a comprehensive geriatric assessment. Compared with the implementation phase, volume of assessments increased and recommendation adherence rates were maintained. Delirium and/or dementia were the most common geriatric issue addressed. The rate of adherence to recommendations made by the GTCS team was 88.2%. Only 1.4% of patients were discharged to a nursing home. CONCLUSION: Workflow assessment is a useful means to optimize the referral process for comprehensive geriatric assessment. Sustainability of a GTCS was shown by volume, staffing and recommendation adherence.

Les modèles de services de consultation proactifs en traumatologie gériatrique ont été associés à une amélioration des soins gériatriques et des capacités fonctionnelles. Toutefois, on ignore toujours s'il est possible de perfectionner et de maintenir ces modèles collaboratifs. Nous décrivons donc ici la viabilité et l'amélioration des procédures d'un service de consultation en traumatologie gériatrique en milieu hospitalier.

Room transfers and the risk of delirium incidence amongst hospitalized elderly medical patients: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Room transfers are suspected to promote the development of delirium in hospitalized elderly patients, but no studies have systematically examined the relationship between room transfers and delirium incidence. We used a case-control study to determine if the number of room transfers per patient days is associated with an increased incidence of delirium amongst hospitalized elderly medical patients, controlling for baseline risk factors. METHODS: We included patients 70 years of age or older who were admitted to the internal medicine or geriatric medicine services at St. Michael's Hospital between October 2009 and September 2010 for more than 24 h. The cases consisted of patients who developed delirium during the first week of hospital stay. The controls consisted of patients who did not develop delirium during the first week of hospital stay. Patients with evidence of delirium at admission were excluded from the analysis. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to determine the relationship between room transfers and delirium development within the first week of hospital stay. RESULTS: 994 patients were included in the study, of which 126 developed delirium during the first week of hospital stay. Using a multivariable logistic regression model which controlled for age, gender, cognitive impairment, vision impairment, dehydration, and severe illness, room transfers per patient days were associated with delirium incidence (OR: 9.69, 95 % CI (6.20 to15.16), P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: An increased number of room transfers per patient days is associated with an increased incidence of delirium amongst hospitalized elderly medical patients. This is an exploratory analysis and needs confirmation with larger studies.

Does this man with lower urinary tract symptoms have bladder outlet obstruction?: The Rational Clinical Examination: a systematic review.

IMPORTANCE: Early, accurate diagnosis of bladder outlet obstruction in men with lower urinary tract symptoms may reduce the need for invasive testing (ie, catheter placement, urodynamics), and prompt early treatment to provide symptomatic relief and avoid complications. OBJECTIVES: To systematically review the evidence on (1) the diagnostic accuracy of office-based tests for bladder outlet obstruction in men with lower urinary tract symptoms; and (2) the accuracy of the bladder scan as a measure of urine volume because management decisions rely on measuring postvoid bladder residual volumes. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (1950-March 2014), along with reference lists from retrieved articles were searched to identify studies of diagnostic test accuracy among males with lower urinary tract symptoms due to bladder outlet obstruction. MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library (1950-March 2014) were searched to identify studies of urine volumes measured with a bladder scanner vs those measured with bladder catheterization. Prospective studies were selected if they compared 1 or more office-based, noninvasive diagnostic test with the reference test or were invasive urodynamic studies, and if urine volumes were measured with a bladder scanner and bladder catheterization. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: For the bladder outlet obstruction objective, 8628 unique citations were identified. Ten studies (1262 patients among 9 unique cohorts) met inclusion criteria. For the bladder scan objective, 2254 unique citations were identified. Twenty studies (n = 1397 patients) met inclusion criteria. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The first main outcome and measure was the diagnostic accuracy of individual symptoms and questionnaires compared with the reference standard (urodynamic studies) for the diagnosis of bladder outlet obstruction in males with lower urinary tract symptoms. The second was the correlation between urine volumes measured with a bladder scanner and those measured with bladder catheterization. RESULTS: Among males with lower urinary tract symptoms, the likelihood ratios (LRs) of individual symptoms and questionnaires for diagnosing bladder outlet obstruction from the highest quality studies had 95% CIs that included 1.0, suggesting they are not significantly associated with one another. An International Prostate Symptom Score cutoff of 20 or greater increased the likelihood of bladder outlet obstruction (positive LR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-2.0), whereas scores of less than 20 had an LR that included 1.0 in the 95% CI (negative LR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.67-1.00). We found no data on the accuracy of physical examination findings to predict bladder outlet obstruction. Urine volumes measured by a bladder scanner correlated highly with urine volumes measured by bladder catheterization (summary correlation coefficient, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.91-0.95). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In patients with lower urinary tract symptoms, the symptoms alone are not enough to adequately diagnose bladder outlet obstruction. A bladder scan for urine volume should be performed to assess patients with suspected large postvoid residual volumes.

Geriatric assessment and treatment decision-making in surgical oncology.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Present an approach for surgical decision-making in cancer that incorporates geriatric assessment by building upon the common categories of tumor, technical, and patient factors to enable dual assessment of disease and geriatric factors. RECENT FINDINGS: Conventional preoperative assessment is insufficient for older adults missing important modifiable deficits, and inaccurately estimating treatment intolerance, complications, functional impairment and disability, and death. Including geriatric-focused assessment into routine perioperative care facilitates improved communications between clinicians and patients and among interdisciplinary teams. In addition, it facilitates the detection of geriatric-specific deficits that are amenable to treatment. We propose a framework for embedding geriatric assessment into surgical oncology practice to allow more accurate risk stratification, identify and manage geriatric deficits, support decision-making, and plan proactively for both cancer-directed and non-cancer-directed therapies. This patient-centered approach can reduce adverse outcomes such as functional decline, delirium, prolonged hospitalization, discharge to long-term care, immediate postoperative complications, and death. SUMMARY: Geriatric assessment and management has substantial benefits over conventional preoperative assessment alone. This article highlights these advantages and outlines a feasible strategy to incorporate both disease-based and geriatric-specific assessment and treatment when caring for older surgical patients with cancer.

Trauma in the Aging Population: Geriatric Trauma Pearls.

The relative proportion of trauma patients who are older adults continues to rise as the population ages. Older adults who experience trauma have unique needs compared with their younger counterparts. There are specific considerations that must take into account. Treating older adults with traumatic injuries requires specific skills, knowledge, and specialized protocols to optimize outcomes. This article reviews the most important aspects of geriatric trauma care. We focus on presentation and initial resuscitation, triage guidelines and the issue of undertriage, the importance of multidisciplinary and specialized geriatric care, and common injuries and their management.

A qualitative study of older adult trauma survivors' experiences in acute care and early recovery.

BACKGROUND: Older adults (aged ≥ 65 yr) account for a substantial proportion of hospital admissions for severe injury, yet little is known about their care experiences and views regarding outcomes. We sought to characterize the acute care and early recovery experiences of older adults who had been discharged after traumatic injury, with a long-term goal to inform the selection of patient-centred process and outcome measures in geriatric trauma. METHODS: From June 2018 to September 2019, we conducted telephone interviews with adults aged 65 years or older who had been discharged after traumatic injury within 6 months from Sunnybrook or London Health Sciences Centres in Ontario, Canada. Using interpretive description and thematic analysis, we drew on social science theories of illness and aging for data interpretation. We analyzed data to the point of theoretical saturation. RESULTS: We interviewed 25 trauma survivors aged 65-88 years. Most were injured in a fall. Four themes characterized participants' experiences, as follows: "I don't feel like a senior" (i.e., participants disliked being viewed as a senior or as needing senior-specific care); "don't bother telling him anything" (i.e., participants perceived ageist assumptions and treatment in acute care processes); getting back to normal (i.e., participants emphasized their active lifestyles and functional recovery as goals of care); "I have lost control of my life" (i.e., substantial social and personal losses linked to participants' experiences and adaptations to aging generally). INTERPRETATION: Findings suggest that older adults experience social and personal loss after injury, and underscore how implicit age bias may influence care experiences and outcomes. This can inform improvements in injury care and guide providers in the selection of patient-centred outcome measures.

Survey and Interview Findings of an Environmental Scan of Perioperative Geriatric Models of Care in Canada.

Background: Best practice recommendations support the implementation of perioperative geriatric care models that tailor to the specific needs of older adults undergoing surgery. The objective of this study was to describe the current proactive perioperative geriatric programs and pathways in Canadian hospitals. Methods: A survey of geriatricians, surgeons, and anesthesiologists practicing in Canada combined with phone interviews of a subset of participants were used to determine characteristics of perioperative geriatric pathways or programs including eligibility, team composition, and intervention elements. Results: Analysis of 132 survey respondents and 24 interviews showed 47% (40 out of 85) of hospitals described had elements of a perioperative geriatrics program and 20% had two or more elements. Eleven themes emerged including: how perioperative geriatric care programs built geriatric competencies in other health-care providers; geriatric assessment identified risks not captured in standard perioperative risk assessment; perceived value for patients and the health-care team; delirium prevention was addressed; most programs were reactive; most programs were informal; virtual care may be used to meet demand; successful implementation required system buy-in with collaboration across subspecialties; mechanisms to drive improvement were accountability and data evaluation; few clinicians with geriatric expertise; and other priorities limited program implementation. Conclusions: There were few hospitals in Canada with perioperative geriatric care models and even fewer with elements spanning the entire perioperative pathway. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to inform the implementation and sustainability of perioperative geriatric care in the Canadian context were identified in this national environmental scan.

An evaluation of a proactive geriatric trauma consultation service.

OBJECTIVE: To describe and evaluate an inpatient geriatric trauma consultation service (GTCS). BACKGROUND: Delays in recognizing the special needs of older trauma patients may result in suboptimal care. The GTCS is a proactive geriatric consultation model aimed at preventing and managing age-specific complications and discharge planning for all patients 60 years or older admitted to the St Michael's Hospital Trauma Service. METHODS: This was a before and after case series of patients admitted pre-GTCS (March 2005-August 2007) and post-GTCS (September 2007-March 2010). Study data were derived from a review of the medical records and from the St Michael's Hospital trauma registry. Abstracted data included demographics, type of geriatric issues addressed, rate of adherence to recommendations made by the GTCS, geriatric-specific clinical outcomes, trauma quality indicators, consultation requests, and discharge destinations. RESULTS: A total of 238 pre-GTCS patients and 248 post-GTCS patients were identified. The rate of adherence to recommendations made by the GTCS team was 93.2%. There were fewer consultation requests made to Internal Medicine and Psychiatry in the post-GTCS group (N = 31 vs N = 18, P = 0.04; and N = 33 vs N = 18, P = 0.02; respectively). There were no differences in any of the prespecified complications except delirium (50.5% pre-GTCS vs 40.9% post- GTCS, P = 0.05). Among patients admitted from home, fewer were discharged to long-term care facilities among the post-GTCS group (6.5% pre-GTCS vs 1.7% post-GTCS, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: A proactive geriatric consultation model for elderly trauma patients may decrease delirium and discharges to long-term care facilities. Future studies should include a multicenter randomized trial of this model of care.

Does this patient have delirium?: value of bedside instruments.

CONTEXT: Delirium occurs in many hospitalized older patients and has serious consequences including increased risk for death and admission to long-term care. Despite its importance, health care clinicians often fail to recognize delirium. Simple bedside instruments may lead to improved identification. OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the evidence on the accuracy of bedside instruments in diagnosing the presence of delirium in adults. DATA SOURCES: Search of MEDLINE (from 1950 to May 2010), EMBASE (from 1980 to May 2010), and references of retrieved articles to identify studies of delirium among inpatients. STUDY SELECTION: Prospective studies of diagnostic accuracy that compared at least 1 delirium bedside instrument to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-based diagnosis made by a geriatrician, psychiatrist, or neurologist. DATA SYNTHESIS: There were 6570 unique citations identified with 25 prospectively conducted studies (N = 3027 patients) meeting inclusion criteria and describing use of 11 instruments. Positive results that suggested delirium with likelihood ratios (LRs) greater than 5.0 were present for the Global Attentiveness Rating (GAR), Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale (MDAS), Confusion Assessment Method (CAM), Delirium Rating Scale Revised-98 (DRS-R-98), Clinical Assessment of Confusion (CAC), and Delirium Observation Screening Scale (DOSS). Normal results that decreased the likelihood of delirium with LRs less than 0.2 were calculated for the GAR, MDAS, CAM, DRS-R-98, Delirium Rating Scale (DRS), DOSS, Nursing Delirium Screening Scale (Nu-DESC), and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The Digit Span test and Vigilance "A" test in isolation have limited utility in diagnosing delirium. Considering the instrument's ease of use, test performance, and clinical importance of the heterogeneity in the confidence intervals (CIs) of the LRs, the CAM has the best available supportive data as a bedside delirium instrument (summary-positive LR, 9.6; 95% CI, 5.8-16.0; summary-negative LR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.09-0.29). Of all scales, the MMSE (score <24) was the least useful for identifying a patient with delirium (LR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2-2.0). CONCLUSION: The choice of instrument may be dictated by the amount of time available and the discipline of the examiner; however, the best evidence supports use of the CAM, which takes 5 minutes to administer.

Do Interest Groups Cultivate Interest? Trajectories of Geriatric Interest Group Members.

BACKGROUND: Minimal exposure, misconceptions, and lack of interest have historically driven the shortage of health-care providers for older adults. This study aimed to determine how medical students' participation in the National Geriatrics Interest Group (NGIG) and local Geriatrics Interest Groups (GIGs) shapes their career development in the care of older adults. METHODS: An electronic survey consisting of quantitative and qualitative metrics to assess the influence of Interest Groups was distributed to all current and past members of local GIGs at Canadian universities since 2017, as well as current and past executives of the NGIG since 2011. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were performed. RESULTS: Thirty-one responses (27.7% response rate) were collected from medical students (13), residents (16), and physicians (2). 79% of resident respondents indicated they will likely have a geriatrics-focused medical practice. 45% of respondents indicated GIG/NGIG involvement facilitated the establishment of strong mentorship. Several themes emerged on how GIG/NGIG promoted interest in geriatrics: faculty mentorship, networking, dispelling stigma, and career advancement. CONCLUSION: The positive associations with the development of geriatrics-focused careers and mentorship compel ongoing support for these organizations as a strategy to increase the number of physicians in geriatrics-related practices.

Cost-effectiveness: cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine in vascular dementia.

BACKGROUND: Several randomized controlled trials of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine in mild to moderate vascular dementia have demonstrated the efficacy of these treatments. However, given these drugs incur considerable cost, the economic argument for their use is less clear. OBJECTIVE: To determine the incremental cost-effectiveness of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine for mild to moderate vascular dementia. DESIGN: A decision analysis model using a 24-28 week time horizon was developed. Outcomes of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine and probabilities of adverse events were extracted from a systematic review. Costs of adverse events, medications, and physician visits were obtained from local estimates. Robustness was tested with probabilistic sensitivity analysis using a Monte Carlo simulation. INTERVENTIONS: Donepezil 5 mg daily, donepezil 10 mg daily, galantamine 16-24 mg daily, rivastigmine flexible dosing up to 6 mg twice daily, or memantine 10 mg twice daily versus standard care. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) expressed as cost per unit decrease in the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive (ADAS-cog) subscale. RESULTS: Donepezil 10 mg daily was found to be the most cost-effective treatment with an ICER of $400.64 (95%CI, $281.10-$596.35) per unit decline in the ADAS-cog subscale. All other treatments were dominated by donepezil 10 mg, that is, more costly and less effective. CONCLUSION: From a societal perspective, treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors or memantine was more effective but also more costly than standard care for mild to moderate vascular dementia. The donepezil 10 mg strategy was the most cost-effective and also dominated the other alternatives.

Does this patient have a pleural effusion?

CONTEXT: Pleural effusion is a common finding among patients presenting with respiratory symptoms. The value of the bedside examination to detect pleural effusion is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the evidence regarding the accuracy of the physical examination in assessing the probability of a pleural effusion. DATA SOURCES: We searched MEDLINE (1950-October 2008) and EMBASE (1980-October 2008) using Ovid to identify English-language studies conducted in a clinical setting. Additional studies were identified by searching the bibliographies of retrieved articles and contacting experts in the field. STUDY SELECTION: We included prospective studies of diagnostic accuracy that compared at least 1 physical examination maneuver with radiographic confirmation of pleural effusion. DATA EXTRACTION: Three authors independently appraised study quality and extracted relevant data. Data regarding participant recruitment, reference standard, diagnostic test(s), and test accuracy were extracted. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. DATA SYNTHESIS: We identified 310 unique citations, but only 5 prospectively conducted studies met inclusion criteria (N = 934 patients). A random-effects model was used for quantitative synthesis. Of the 8 physical examination maneuvers evaluated in the included studies (conventional percussion, auscultatory percussion, breath sounds, chest expansion, tactile vocal fremitus, vocal resonance, crackles, and pleural friction rub), dullness to conventional percussion was most accurate for diagnosing pleural effusion (summary positive likelihood ratio, 8.7; 95% confidence interval, 2.2-33.8), while the absence of reduced tactile vocal fremitus made pleural effusion less likely (negative likelihood ratio, 0.21; 95% confidence interval, 0.12-0.37). CONCLUSIONS: Based on the limited number of studies, dullness to percussion and tactile fremitus are the most useful findings for pleural effusion. Dull chest percussion makes the probability of a pleural effusion much more likely but requires a chest radiograph to confirm the diagnosis. When the pretest probability of pleural effusion is low, the absence of reduced tactile vocal fremitus makes pleural effusion less likely so that a chest radiograph might not be necessary depending on the overall clinical situation.

The Predictive Value of the Clinical Frailty Scale on Discharge Destination and Complications in Older Hip Fracture Patients.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS), a validated frailty tool, was associated with discharge destination. Secondary objectives were to determine whether the CFS was associated with in-hospital complications and length of stay. DESIGN: This is a 5-year retrospective cohort study. SETTING: The study took place at an academic Level 1 trauma center. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: All patients 65 years of age and older admitted with an isolated hip fracture were included (N = 423). INTERVENTION: Preadmission CFS was determined as part of routine clinical care prospectively and abstracted from the chart. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: We collected demographic and process data associated with adverse outcomes (age, sex, time to surgery, and mode of anesthesia) and used multivariable logistic regression to determine the association between CFS with discharge destination, in-hospital complications, and length of stay. RESULTS: Preadmission frailty was independently associated with adverse discharge destination (adjusted odds ratio 23.0; 95% confidence interval, 3.0-173.5) and in-hospital complications (adjusted odds ratio 4.8; 95% confidence interval, 2.1-10.8) in greater magnitude than traditional risk factors such as age, male sex, time to surgery, and mode of anesthesia. There was a dose-response relationship between increasing frailty and length of stay (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Preadmission frailty as quantified by the CFS is associated with discharge destination, in-hospital complications, and length of stay. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.