RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Anthracnose is a fungal disease caused by Colletotrichum spp. that has a significant impact on worldwide pepper production. Colletotrichum scovillei is the most common pathogenic anthracnose-causing species in the Republic of Korea. RESULTS: The resistances of 197 pepper (Capsicum chinense) accessions deposited in Korea's National Agrobiodiversity Center were evaluated for their response against the virulent pathogens Colletotrichum acutatum isolate 'KSCa-1' and C. scovillei isolate 'Hana') in the field and in vitro methods for three consecutive years (2018 to 2020). The severity of the disease was recorded and compared between inoculation methods. Six phenotypically resistant pepper accessions were selected based on three years of disease data. All of the selected resistant pepper accessions outperformed the control resistant pepper in terms of resistance (PI 594,137). A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was carried out to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with anthracnose resistance. An association analysis was performed using 53,518 SNPs and the disease score of the 2020 field and in vitro experiment results. Both field and in vitro experiments revealed 25 and 32 significantly associated SNPs, respectively. These SNPs were found on all chromosomes except Ch06 and Ch07 in the field experiment, whereas in the in vitro experiment they were found on all chromosomes except Ch04 and Ch11. CONCLUSION: In this study, six resistant C. chinense accessions were selected. Additionally, in this study, significantly associated SNPs were found in a gene that codes for a protein kinase receptor, such as serine/threonine-protein kinase, and other genes that are known to be involved in disease resistance. This may strengthen the role of these genes in the development of anthracnose resistance in Capsicum spp. As a result, the SNPs discovered to be strongly linked in this study can be used to identify a potential marker for selecting pepper material resistant to anthracnose, which will assist in the development of resistant varieties.
Asunto(s)
Capsicum , Colletotrichum , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Capsicum/genética , Capsicum/microbiología , Resistencia a la Enfermedad/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética , Proteínas Quinasas/genética , Enfermedades de las Plantas/genética , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is chronic and irreversible damage to the lung characterized by fibroblast activation and matrix deposition. Although recently approved novel anti-fibrotic agents can improve the lung function and survival of patients with PF, the overall outcomes remain poor. In this study, a novel imidazopurine compound, 3-(2-chloro-6-fluorobenzyl)-1,6,7-trimethyl-1H-imidazo[2,1-f]purine-2,4(3H,8H)-dione (IM-1918), markedly inhibited transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß-stimulated reporter activity and reduced the expression of representative fibrotic markers, such as connective tissue growth factor, fibronectin, collagen and α-smooth muscle actin, on human lung fibroblasts. However, IM-1918 neither decreased Smad-2 and Smad-3 nor affected p38MAPK and JNK. Instead, IM-1918 reduced Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation increased by TGF-ß. Additionally, IM-1918 inhibited the phosphorylation of fibroblast growth factor receptors 1 and 3. In a bleomycin-induced murine lung fibrosis model, IM-1918 profoundly reduced fibrotic areas and decreased collagen and α-smooth muscle actin accumulation. These results suggest that IM-1918 can be applied to treat lung fibrosis.
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Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Imidazoles/química , Fibrosis Pulmonar/tratamiento farmacológico , Receptor Tipo 1 de Factor de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Receptor Tipo 3 de Factor de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Animales , Antibióticos Antineoplásicos/toxicidad , Bleomicina/toxicidad , Fibronectinas/genética , Fibronectinas/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Fibrosis Pulmonar/inducido químicamente , Fibrosis Pulmonar/metabolismo , Fibrosis Pulmonar/patología , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Although biocides at low concentrations have been used to control pests, they can be more harmful than industrial chemicals as humans are directly and frequently exposed to such biocides. Benzalkonium chloride (BAC or BKC) is a non-toxic substance used to control pests. Recently, BAC has been increasingly used as a component in humidifier disinfectants in Korea, raising a serious health concern. Moreover, it poses significant health hazards to workers handling the chemical because of direct exposure. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the respiratory toxicity of BAC due to its inhalation at exposure concentrations of 0.8 (T1 group), 4 (T2 group) and 20 (T3 group) mg/m3. RESULTS: In our previous study on the acute inhalational toxicity of BAC, bleeding from the nasal cavity was observed in all the rats after exposure to 50 mg/m3 BAC. Therefore, in this study, 20 mg/m3 was set as the highest exposure concentration, followed by 4 and 0.8 mg/m3 as the medium and low concentrations for 6 h/day and 14 days, respectively. After exposure, recovery periods of 2 and 4 weeks were provided. Additionally, alveolar lavage fluid was analyzed in males of the BAC-exposed groups at the end of exposure and 2 weeks after exposure to evaluate oxidative damage. In the T3 group exposed to BAC, deep breathing, hoarseness, and nasal discharge were observed along with a decline in feed intake and body weight, and nasal discharge was also observed in the T1 and T2 groups. ROS/RNS, IL-1ß, IL-6, and MIP-2 levels decreased in a concentration-dependent manner in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Histopathological examination showed cellular changes in the nasal cavity and the lungs of the TI, T2, and T3 groups. CONCLUSIONS: As a result, it was confirmed that the target organs in the respiratory system were the nasal cavity and the lungs. The adverse effects were evaluated as reversible responses to oxidative damage. Furthermore, the no observed adverse effect level was found to be less than 0.8 mg/m3 and the lowest benchmark dose was 0.0031 mg/m3. Accordingly, the derived no-effect level of BAC was calculated as 0.000062 mg/m3.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Atmosféricos/toxicidad , Compuestos de Benzalconio/toxicidad , Exposición por Inhalación/efectos adversos , Pulmón/efectos de los fármacos , Cavidad Nasal/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Líquido del Lavado Bronquioalveolar/química , Líquido del Lavado Bronquioalveolar/inmunología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Exposición por Inhalación/análisis , Pulmón/inmunología , Pulmón/metabolismo , Masculino , Cavidad Nasal/inmunología , Cavidad Nasal/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas F344RESUMEN
The conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) to the protease-resistant isoform is the key event in chronic neurodegenerative diseases, including transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Increased iron in prion-related disease has been observed due to the prion protein-ferritin complex. Additionally, the accumulation and conversion of recombinant PrP (rPrP) is specifically derived from Fe(III) but not Fe(II). Fe(III)-mediated PK-resistant PrP (PrPres) conversion occurs within a complex cellular environment rather than via direct contact between rPrP and Fe(III). In this study, differentially expressed genes correlated with prion degeneration by Fe(III) were identified using Affymetrix microarrays. Following Fe(III) treatment, 97 genes were differentially expressed, including 85 upregulated genes and 12 downregulated genes (≥1.5-fold change in expression). However, Fe(II) treatment produced moderate alterations in gene expression without inducing dramatic alterations in gene expression profiles. Moreover, functional grouping of identified genes indicated that the differentially regulated genes were highly associated with cell growth, cell maintenance, and intra- and extracellular transport. These findings showed that Fe(III) may influence the expression of genes involved in PrP folding by redox mechanisms. The identification of genes with altered expression patterns in neural cells may provide insights into PrP conversion mechanisms during the development and progression of prion-related diseases.
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Proliferación Celular/fisiología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/fisiología , Hierro/farmacología , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/metabolismo , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Neuronas/metabolismo , Proteínas PrPC/metabolismo , Animales , Línea Celular , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , RatonesRESUMEN
NK-lysin is an effector protein of the innate immune system and an important component of host protection. We isolated a SNP in the NK-lysin coding sequence among different chicken breeds. This A to G substitution at the position 271 nucleotide in the ORF results in an Asn (N) to Asp (D) amino acid alteration. We synthesized two 30-aa peptides (N29N and N29D) to compare the biological activity of the helix 2-loop-helix 3 region of NK-lysin resulting from the polymorphic gene. Both peptides were found to be cytotoxic in bacteria and tumor cell cultures at micromolar concentrations. The N29N peptide, however, exhibited greater antibacterial and anticancer activity than the N29D peptide. Circular dichroism spectroscopy of the two peptides in negatively charged single unilamellar vesicles showed spectra typical of α-helical peptides. The helical profile of N29D was reduced substantially compared with that of N29N. However, no structural change was observed in neutral vesicles. ζ-Potential measurements of liposomes incubated with increasing peptide concentrations allowed surface charge neutralization with a negatively charged lipid, but not with a zwitterionic lipid. This result suggests that a difference in electrostatic interaction between lipid membranes and the helical peptides results from the polymorphic gene and is subsequently an important factor in cell lytic activity of variant NK-lysin peptides.
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Pollos/genética , Inmunidad Innata/genética , Péptidos/farmacología , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética , Proteolípidos/genética , Sustitución de Aminoácidos/genética , Animales , Línea Celular Tumoral , Técnicas de Química Sintética , Pollos/inmunología , Dicroismo Circular , Pruebas Inmunológicas de Citotoxicidad , Cartilla de ADN/genética , Citometría de Flujo , Péptidos/química , Péptidos/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Polimorfismo Conformacional Retorcido-Simple , Conformación Proteica , Electricidad EstáticaRESUMEN
Iron dyshomeostasis has been observed in prion diseases; however, little is known regarding the contribution of the oxidation state of iron to prion protein (PrP) conversion. In this study, PrP(C)-deficient HpL3-4 cells were exposed to divalent [Fe(II)] or trivalent [Fe(III)] iron, followed by exogenous recombinant PrP (rPrP) treatment. We then analyzed the accumulation of internalized rPrP and its biochemical properties, including its resistance to both proteinase K (PK) digestion and detergent solubility. Fe(III), but not Fe(II), induced the accumulation of internalized rPrP, which was partially converted to detergent-insoluble and PK-resistant PrP (PrP(res)). The Fe(III)-induced PrP(res) generation required an intact cell structure, and it was hindered by U18666A, an inhibitor of vesicular trafficking, but not by NH4Cl, an inhibitor of endolysosomal acidification. These observations implicated that the Fe(III)-mediated PrP(res) conversion likely occurs during endosomal vesicular trafficking rather than in the acidic environment of lysosomes.
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Endosomas/metabolismo , Compuestos Férricos/metabolismo , Hierro/metabolismo , Proteínas PrPC/metabolismo , Animales , Bovinos , Línea Celular , Endosomas/efectos de los fármacos , Compuestos Férricos/farmacología , Homeostasis , Hierro/farmacología , Ratones , Proteínas PrPC/genética , Proteínas PrPC/farmacología , Enfermedades por Prión/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Chloroplast molecular markers can provide useful information for high-resolution analysis of inter- and intra-specific variation in Brassicaceae and for differentiation between its species. Combining data generated from nuclear and chloroplast markers enables the study of seed and pollen movement, and assists in the assessment of gene-flow from genetically modified (GM) plants through hybridization studies. To develop chloroplast DNA markers for monitoring of transgene introgression in Brassica napus L., we searched for sequence variations in the chloroplast (cp) genome, and developed a simple cpDNA marker that is reliable, time-saving, and easily discriminates among 4 species (B. napus, B. rapa, Raphanus sativus, and Sinapis alba) based on PCR-product length polymorphism. This marker will be useful to identify maternal lineages and to estimate transgene movement of GM canola.
Asunto(s)
Brassica napus/clasificación , Brassica napus/genética , ADN de Cloroplastos/genética , Marcadores Genéticos , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Variación Genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Sinapis/clasificación , Sinapis/genética , TransgenesRESUMEN
Pepper (Capsicum spp.; Family: Solanaceae; 2n = 24) is an important crop cultivated worldwide for the consumption of its fresh and dried processed fruits. Pepper fruits are used as raw materials in a wide variety of industrial processes. As a multipurpose vegetable crop, there is a need to increase the yield. However, yield productivity of pepper is severely constrained by infectious plant pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes. The pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) is currently one of the most damaging pathogens associated with yield losses in pepper production worldwide. In addition to impacts on pepper productivity, PMMoV has been detected in domestic and aquatic water resources, as well as in the excreta of animals, including humans. Therefore, PMMoV has been suggested as a potential indicator of domestic water quality. These findings present additional concerns and trigger the need to control the infectious pathogen in crop production. This review provides an overview of the distribution, economic impacts, management, and genome sequence variation of some isolates of PMMoV. We also describe genetic resources available for crop breeding against PMMoV.
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Enfermedades Transmisibles , Tobamovirus , Animales , Humanos , Calidad del Agua , Fitomejoramiento , Tobamovirus/genéticaRESUMEN
Antibiotic resistance marker genes are powerful selection tools for use in plant transformation processes. However, once transformation is accomplished, the presence of these resistance genes is no longer necessary and can even be undesirable. We herein describe the successful excision of antibiotic resistance genes from transgenic plants via the use of an oxidative stress-inducible FLP gene. FLP encodes a recombinase that can eliminate FLP and hpt selection genes flanked by two FRT sites. During a transformation procedure in tobacco, transformants were obtained by selection on hygromycin media. Regenerants of the initial transformants were screened for selective marker excision in hydrogen peroxide supplemented media and both the FLP and hpt genes were found to have been eliminated. About 13-41% of regenerated shoots on hydrogen peroxide media were marker-free. This auto-excision system, mediated by the oxidative stress-inducible FLP/FRT system to eliminate a selectable marker gene can be very readily adopted and used to efficiently generate marker-free transgenic plants.
Asunto(s)
Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/genética , Nicotiana/metabolismo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/metabolismo , Recombinasas/genética , Recombinación Genética , Aminobutiratos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Cinamatos/farmacología , Vectores Genéticos , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/farmacología , Higromicina B/análogos & derivados , Higromicina B/farmacología , Estrés Oxidativo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/genética , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/crecimiento & desarrollo , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Nicotiana/genética , Nicotiana/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
The cerebellum is involved in complex physiological functions including motor control, sensory perception, cognition, language, and emotion. Humans and animals with prion diseases are characterized clinically by ataxia, postural abnormalities and cognitive decline. Pathology in the cerebellum affected by prions includes spongiform degeneration, neuronal loss, and gliosis. To develop an in vitro model system for studying prion biology in cerebellar cells, we established and characterized an immortal cell line (CRBL) isolated from the cerebellum of mice lacking expression of a protein involved in cell cycle arrest. The characteristics of the cells include morphological heterogeneity, rapid proliferation, serum responsiveness during growth, and a change in the number of chromosomes. CRBL cells expressed both neuronal and glial cell markers as well as a considerable level of cellular prion protein, PrP(C). Upon in vitro infection, CRBL cells exhibited selective susceptibility to prions isolated from different sources. These cells chronically propagated prions from SMB cells. Strain-specific prion infection in CRBL cells was not due to instability of the cell line, allelic variance, or mutations in the PrP gene. Molecular properties of prions derived from SMB cells were maintained in the infected CRBL cells. Our results suggest that the specific interaction between a prion strain and hosts determined the selective susceptibility of CRBL cells, which reflects the conditions in vivo. In addition to the future studies revealing cellular and molecular mechanism involved in prion pathogenesis, CRBL cells will contribute to the studies dealing with prion strain properties and host susceptibilities.
Asunto(s)
Línea Celular Transformada/fisiología , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades , Neuronas/fisiología , Priones/metabolismo , Animales , Recuento de Células , Células Cultivadas , Cerebelo/citología , Citogenética/métodos , Citometría de Flujo , Proteína Ácida Fibrilar de la Glía/metabolismo , Glicosilación , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , Transfección/métodos , Tubulina (Proteína)/metabolismo , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/deficienciaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Radiotherapy is widely used to treat cancer alone or in combination with surgery, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. However, damage to normal tissues and radioresistance of tumor cells are major obstacles to successful radiotherapy. Furthermore, the immune network around tumors appears to be connected to tumor progression and recurrence. METHODS: We investigated the cytosolic proteins produced by irradiated tumor cells by using a quantitative proteomic approach based on stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture. MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were treated with a single or fractionated 10 Gray dose of (137)Cs γ-radiation, which was selected based on cell viability. RESULTS: Radiation-induced proteins were differentially expressed based on the fractionated times of radiation and were involved in multiple biological functions, including energy metabolism and cytoskeleton organization. We identified 46 proteins increased by at least 1.3-fold, and high ranks were determined for cathepsin D, gelsolin, arginino-succinate synthase 1, peroxiredoxin 5, and C-type mannose receptor 2. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that a number of tumor-derived factors upregulated by γ-radiation are promising targets for modulation of the immune response during radiation treatment.
RESUMEN
Development of marker-free transgenic plants is a technical alternative for avoiding concerns about the safety of selectable marker genes used in genetically modified (GM) crops. Here, we describe the construction of a spontaneous self-excision binary vector using an oxidative stress-inducible modified FLP/FRT system and its successful application to produce marker-free transgenic rice plants with enhanced seed tocopherol content. To generate selectable marker-free transgenic rice plants, we constructed a binary vector using the hpt selectable marker gene and the rice codon-optimized FLP (mFLP) gene under the control of an oxidative stress-inducible promoter between two FRT sites, along with multiple cloning sites for convenient cloning of genes of interest. Using this pCMF binary vector with the NtTC gene, marker-free T1 transgenic rice plants expressing NtTC were produced by Agrobacterium-mediated stable transformation using hygromycin as a selective agent, followed by segregation of selectable marker genes. Furthermore, α-, γ-, and total tocopherol levels were significantly increased in seeds of the marker-free transgenic TC line compared with those of wild-type plants. Thus, this spontaneous auto-excision system, incorporating an oxidative stress-inducible mFLP/FRT system to eliminate the selectable marker gene, can be easily adopted and used to efficiently generate marker-free transgenic rice plants. Moreover, nutritional enhancement of rice seeds through elevation of tocopherol content coupled with this marker-free strategy may improve human health and public acceptance of GM rice.
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Oryza/genética , Oryza/metabolismo , Tocoferoles/metabolismo , Codón/genética , ADN Nucleotidiltransferasas/genética , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Marcadores Genéticos , Vectores Genéticos , Humanos , Estrés Oxidativo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Semillas/metabolismo , Transformación GenéticaRESUMEN
The common cytokine receptor γ chain (γc) plays an essential role in regulating lymphoid homeostasis. In fact, alteration of this gene causes severe immunodeficiency in humans and animals. Although soluble γc (sγc) was identified in the late 1990s, much remains unknown about its production. This study describes various mechanisms underlying the generation of sγc isoforms in different species. Our data demonstrate that mouse γc and the avian ortholog γc-a did not generate sγc. Moreover, two mouse isoforms, CRA-a and mγc-b, encoded by transcripts lacking a transmembrane region by alternative splicing, did not yield sγc. However, in ducks, sγc was produced from a γc-b transcript lacking a transmembrane region by alternative splicing. In chickens, sγc was produced in normal cells and cell lines by proteolytic shedding of the γc-b isoform containing intron 5, which displayed a relatively high probability of proteolytic cleavage of the ectodomain. This shedding was suppressed by leupeptin, serine and cysteine protease inhibitor. Compared to the chicken ortholog γc-a, expression of γc-b mRNA was differentially regulated according to tissue type, developmental stage, and antigen stimulation. These data demonstrate several mechanisms for producing sγc and suggest a potential role for sγc in avian lymphoid homeostatic responses to environmental antigens.
Asunto(s)
Eimeria tenella/inmunología , Subunidad gamma Común de Receptores de Interleucina/biosíntesis , Subunidad gamma Común de Receptores de Interleucina/inmunología , Isoformas de Proteínas/biosíntesis , Empalme Alternativo , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Células COS , Línea Celular , Pollos/genética , Pollos/inmunología , Chlorocebus aethiops , Patos/genética , Patos/inmunología , Humanos , Subunidad gamma Común de Receptores de Interleucina/genética , Activación de Linfocitos/inmunología , Ratones , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Isoformas de Proteínas/genética , Estructura Terciaria de Proteína , Proteolisis , Transducción de Señal/inmunologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: In contrast to high-dose therapeutic irradiation, definitive research detailing the physiological effects of low-dose irradiation is limited. Notably, the immunological response elicited after low-dose irradiation remains controversial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Female C57BL/6 mice were whole- body-irradiated with a single or three daily fractions up to a total dose of 0.1, 1, or 10 cGy. Blood and spleen were harvested 2, 7 and 14 days after irradiation. RESULTS: The splenic CD4(+) T cell subpopulations were temporarily increased at 2 days after single or fractionated irradiation, whereas the percentage of dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages was decreased. Whereas CD8(+) T cell populations were decreased in single-dose irradiated mice at day 7, early and sustained reduction of CD8(+) T cell numbers was observed in fractionated- dose-irradiated mice from day 2 until day 14. In addition, single-dose irradiation resulted in a Th1 cytokine expression profile, whereas fractionated-dose irradiation drove a Th2 shift. Additionally, increased expression of immune-related factors was observed at early time-points with single-dose irradiation, in contrast to the dose-independent induction following fractionated-dose irradiation. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that low-dose irradiation modulates the immune response in mice, where the sensitivity and kinetics of the induced response vary according to the dosing method.
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Citocinas/metabolismo , Sistema Inmunológico/citología , Dosis de Radiación , Bazo/citología , Bazo/inmunología , Irradiación Corporal Total , Animales , Recuento de Células , Citocinas/genética , Fraccionamiento de la Dosis de Radiación , Relación Dosis-Respuesta en la Radiación , Femenino , Rayos gamma , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de la radiación , Sistema Inmunológico/efectos de la radiación , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Bazo/metabolismo , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
The immunomodulatory and antitumor effects of lactic acid bacteria (LABs) were investigated. Cytoplasmic fraction of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium longum were tested for the antiproliferative activity in vitro to SNUC2A, SNU1, NIH/3T3 and Jurkat cell lines by crystal violet assay. All cytoplasmic fraction suppressed proliferation of tumor cells, though L. casei and B. longum were more effective. From these results, cytoplasmic fraction of L. casei and B. longum with Y400 as a control were administered as dietary supplements to Balb/c mice for 2, and 4 consecutive wks. Administration for 4 wks enhanced the number of total T cells, NK cells and MHC class II+ cells, and CD4-CD8+ T cells in flow cytometry analysis. To determine of antitumor activity of LABs preparation in vivo, F9 teratocarcinoma cells were inoculated on mice at 14th day. Body weight was decreased with increased survival rate in all groups with the cytoplasm of LABs. Our results showed that cytoplasmic fraction of LABs had direct antiproliferative effects on tumor cell lines in vitro, effects on immune cells in vivo, and antitumor effects on tumor-bearing mice with prolonged survival periods.
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Bifidobacterium , Lacticaseibacillus casei , Neoplasias Experimentales/terapia , Probióticos/farmacología , Células 3T3 , Animales , Peso Corporal , División Celular/fisiología , Citotoxicidad Inmunológica , Citometría de Flujo , Humanos , Inmunofenotipificación , Células Jurkat , Células Asesinas Naturales/inmunología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Neoplasias Experimentales/inmunología , Análisis de Supervivencia , Linfocitos T/inmunologíaRESUMEN
We had found that orally administered Lactobacillus species were effective immune modulators in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice. To validate these findings, we investigated the effects of orally administered Lactobacillus brevis HY7401 in OVA-T cell receptor transgenic mice. This strain showed a tendency to induce Th1 cytokines and inhibit Th2 cytokines. All assayed isotypes of OVA-specific antibody were effectively reduced. Systemic anaphylaxis was also relatively reduced with the probiotic administration. These results reveal that L. brevis HY7401 might be useful to promote anti-allergic processes through oral administration.
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Alérgenos/inmunología , Dieta/métodos , Hipersensibilidad a los Alimentos/terapia , Levilactobacillus brevis/fisiología , Ovalbúmina/inmunología , Probióticos/administración & dosificación , Administración Oral , Animales , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Hipersensibilidad a los Alimentos/inmunología , Levilactobacillus brevis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ratones Transgénicos , Células TH1/inmunología , Células Th2/inmunologíaRESUMEN
We investigated the effects of orally administered probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus species) as allergic immune modulators in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice. BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally injected with OVA twice at a 2-week interval for allergy sensitization. The mice were then orally administered Lactobacillus casei YIT9029 (L1), L. casei HY7201 (L2), L. brevis HY7401 (L3), or L. plantarum HY20301 (L4) every 2 days for 3 weeks. Total IgE levels significantly decreased in sera of L3-administered mice but increased in the other groups. OVA-specific IgE levels decreased slightly in sera of mice administered L1, L3, and L4 but increased significantly in L2-administered mice. In passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) using sera from administered mice, only the L3-administered group showed reaction inhibition. High expression of TLR-2 with interferon (IFN)-gamma stimulation on peripheral blood mononuclear cells occurred in L3- or L4-administered mice. Th1 cytokines, including IFN-gamma and interleukin (IL)- 12, increased in splenocytes of L3-administered mice; however, IL-4 decreased in L1- and L4-administered groups; IL-5 decreased in all experimental groups. IL-6 decreased in the L3-administered group; and IL-10 decreased in L1-, L2-, and L3-administered groups. L3 induced antiallergic effects by increasing Th1 cytokines, decreasing Th2 cytokines, and inhibiting the PCA reaction, whereas L2 administration increased allergic effects.
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Antialérgicos/administración & dosificación , Hipersensibilidad/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipersensibilidad/inmunología , Factores Inmunológicos/administración & dosificación , Lactobacillus/inmunología , Ovalbúmina/inmunología , Probióticos/administración & dosificación , Administración Oral , Animales , Citocinas/inmunología , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina E/inmunología , Lactobacillus/clasificación , Leucocitos Mononucleares/efectos de los fármacos , Leucocitos Mononucleares/inmunología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ovalbúmina/efectos adversosRESUMEN
Prion diseases, also called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), lead to neurological dysfunction in animals and are fatal. Infectious prion proteins are causative agents of many mammalian TSEs, including scrapie (in sheep), chronic wasting disease (in deer and elk), bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE; in cattle), and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD; in humans). BSE, better known as mad cow disease, is among the many recently discovered zoonotic diseases. BSE cases were first reported in the United Kingdom in 1986. Variant CJD (vCJD) is a disease that was first detected in 1996, which affects humans and is linked to the BSE epidemic in cattle. vCJD is presumed to be caused by consumption of contaminated meat and other food products derived from affected cattle. The BSE epidemic peaked in 1992 and decreased thereafter; this decline is continuing sharply owing to intensive surveillance and screening programs in the Western world. However, there are still new outbreaks and/or progression of prion diseases, including atypical BSE, and iatrogenic CJD and vCJD via organ transplantation and blood transfusion. This paper summarizes studies on prions, particularly on prion molecular mechanisms, BSE, vCJD, and diagnostic procedures. Risk perception and communication policies of the European Union for the prevention of prion diseases are also addressed to provide recommendations for appropriate government policies in Korea.
RESUMEN
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is one of the fatal neurodegenerative diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) caused by infectious prion proteins. Genetic variations correlated with susceptibility or resistance to TSE in humans and sheep have not been reported for bovine strains including those from Holstein, Jersey, and Japanese Black cattle. Here, we investigated bovine prion protein gene (PRNP) variations in Hanwoo cattle [Bos (B.) taurus coreanae], a native breed in Korea. We identified mutations and polymorphisms in the coding region of PRNP, determined their frequency, and evaluated their significance. We identified four synonymous polymorphisms and two non-synonymous mutations in PRNP, but found no novel polymorphisms. The sequence and number of octapeptide repeats were completely conserved, and the haplotype frequency of the coding region was similar to that of other B. taurus strains. When we examined the 23-bp and 12-bp insertion/deletion (indel) polymorphisms in the non-coding region of PRNP, Hanwoo cattle had a lower deletion allele and 23-bp del/12-bp del haplotype frequency than healthy and BSE-affected animals of other strains. Thus, Hanwoo are seemingly less susceptible to BSE than other strains due to the 23-bp and 12-bp indel polymorphisms.
Asunto(s)
Encefalopatía Espongiforme Bovina/genética , Variación Genética , Priones/genética , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Bovinos , ADN/genética , Haplotipos , República de CoreaRESUMEN
Oral administration of immunoglobulin in the colostrum or egg yolk has been considered an effective tool for preventing enterobacterial infection via passive immunization. During this process, the transmission and residence of the active immunoglobulin are the most important conditions for successful protection. We investigated the stability of encapsulated colostrum and egg yolk immunoglobulin for the effective transmission of immunoglobulin in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. First, we measured GI transit time. Contrast media passed through and reached the stomach within 10 min, the small intestine within 3.5 h, and the cecum within 5 h. Both the encapsulated colostrum containing anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) antibody (IgG) and egg yolk with anti-rotavirus antibody (IgY) showed lower antibody activity than the non-encapsulated colostrum did in the stomach after administration; however, significantly higher antibody activities were observed in the encapsulated groups than in the non-encapsulated groups in the small intestine 3.5 h after the administration. In the large intestine, the antibody activities of the encapsulated groups were maintained or slightly increased in a time-dependent manner; however, the titers of each non-capsulated control were as low as the negative controls. Therefore, this encapsulation is considered a useful tool for the delivery of active antibody through the GI tract.