Effects of the Acute and Chronic Ethanol Intoxication on Acetate Metabolism and Kinetics in the Rat Brain.

BACKGROUND: Ethanol (EtOH) intoxication inhibits glucose transport and decreases overall brain glucose metabolism; however, humans with long-term EtOH consumption were found to have a significant increase in [1-11 C]-acetate uptake in the brain. The relationship between the cause and effect of [1-11 C]-acetate kinetics and acute/chronic EtOH intoxication, however, is still unclear. METHODS: [1-11 C]-acetate positron emission tomography (PET) with dynamic measurement of K1 and k2 rate constants was used to investigate the changes in acetate metabolism in different brain regions of rats with acute or chronic EtOH intoxication. RESULTS: PET imaging demonstrated decreased [1-11 C]-acetate uptake in rat brain with acute EtOH intoxication, but this increased with chronic EtOH intoxication. Tracer uptake rate constant K1 and clearance rate constant k2 were decreased in acutely intoxicated rats. No significant change was noted in K1 and k2 in chronic EtOH intoxication, although 6 of 7 brain regions showed slightly higher k2 than baseline. These results indicate that acute EtOH intoxication accelerated acetate transport and metabolism in the rat brain, whereas chronic EtOH intoxication status showed no significant effect. CONCLUSIONS: In vivo PET study confirmed the modulatory role of EtOH, administered acutely or chronically, in [1-11 C]-acetate kinetics and metabolism in the rat brain. Acute EtOH intoxication may inhibit the transport and metabolism of acetate in the brain, whereas chronic EtOH exposure may lead to the adaptation of the rat brain to EtOH in acetate utilization. [1-11 C]-acetate PET imaging is a feasible approach to study the effect of EtOH on acetate metabolism in rat brain.

Power Molding Inductors Prepared Using Amorphous FeSiCrB Alloy Powder, Carbonyl Iron Powder, and Silicone Resin.

In this study, amorphous FeSiCrB alloy powder, carbonyl iron powder, and high-temperature heat-resistant silicone resin were used to prepare power molding inductors, and the effects of different heat treatment procedures on the magnetic properties were investigated. Two heat treatment procedures were used. Procedure 1: Amorphous FeSiCrB alloy powder was pre-heat-treated, then mixed with carbonyl iron powder and silicone resin and uniaxially pressed to prepare power inductors. Procedure 2: A mixture of amorphous FeSiCrB alloy powder, carbonyl iron powder, and silicone resin was uniaxially pressed. After dry pressing, the compacted body was heat-treated at 500 °C. Heat treatment after compaction can reduce the internal strain caused by high-pressure compaction and promote the crystallization of superparamagnetic nano-grains simultaneously. Therefore, the compacted sample after heat treatment exhibited better magnetic properties.

A practical background correction method for an immediately repeated first-pass radionuclide angiography.

BACKGROUND: A satisfactory bolus injection is essential for a successful first-pass radionuclide angiography (FPRNA). Rescheduling the FPRNA study is usually needed due to high background interference caused by an unsatisfactory bolus injection. We developed a protocol to correct the pre-existing background activity subsequent to immediately repeating the study. METHODS: Seventy-four consecutive patients who had their bone scan and FPRNA scheduled on the same day were included for analysis. The initial 51 cases constituted the "validation-only" group. In the other 23 cases, the "validation plus clearance constants" group, a 5-min dynamic acquisition was performed during the 5-min equilibrium to obtain the background clearance curve and the clearance constants. For all included 74 cases ejection fraction (EF) analysis was proceeded using the images from the first injection, second injection, and second injection with the corrected background to yield EF1, EF2, and EF2', respectively. EF2 and EF2' were then compared to the ejection fraction without background interference, the EF1. RESULTS: For the LV, the mean difference between the EF1 and the uncorrected EF2 (|LVEF1-LVEF2| in mean ± SD) was 3.1 ± 2.0% and the difference between the EF1 and the corrected EF2' (|LVEF1-LVEF2'|) was 1.6 ± 2.1%, while the mean differences for RV are 2.2 ± 1.9% and 1.8 ± 1.8%, respectively. A significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed between the uncorrected and the corrected data for both the LV and RV. CONCLUSION: In FPRNA, when a bolus injection is immediately readministered, both LVEF and RVEF can be underestimated. With our correction method, the results are superior to those without correction.

Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava Demonstrated by First-Pass Radionuclide Angiography.

Persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is a development variation of the embryonic thoracic venous system. It can be isolated or associated with congenital heart disease combined with shunting problems. Many image findings of PLSVC have been reported, but few mentioned findings in a first-pass radionuclide angiography. We report a case of PLSVC found incidentally in a first-pass radionuclide angiography with tracer injection through the left jugular vein. The right ventricular ejection fraction was underestimated. Injection via the right jugular or right cubital vein is recommended to obtain accurate ejection fractions in cases of PLSVC without shunting.

Quantification method in [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose brain positron emission tomography using independent component analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To extract accurate image-derived input functions from dynamic brain positron emission tomography images (DBPIs) using independent component analysis (ICA). METHODS: A modified linear model with haematocrit correction was used to improve the accuracy of input functions estimated by independent component analysis and to reduce the error of quantitative analysis. Two types of material were examined: (1) a simulated dynamic phantom with a three-compartment, four-parameter model; (2) clinical 2-h DBPIs with a standard plasma sampling procedure. The input function was extracted from DBPIs using independent component analysis. The modified linear model with haematocrit correction was used to obtain the independent component analysis-estimated input function (Iica). For comparison, the input function derived from the last three blood samples (Iest) was used. The image-derived input functions (Iica and Iest) were compared with the input function from blood sampling (Itp). The mean percentage error of the metabolic rate of [F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (MRFDG) was calculated for both Iica and Iest against that of Itp. RESULTS: In simulated studies, the mean percentage errors of MRFDG between true simulated and estimated values of Iest and Iica were 8.2% and 4.2%, respectively. In clinical studies, six clinical cases were collected. The mean percentage errors and standard deviations of MRFDG with Iest and Iica were 12.6+/-7.5% and 7.7+/-3.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We have proposed a technique for estimating image-derived input functions using independent component analysis without blood sampling. The results of our method were highly correlated with those from standard blood sampling, and more accurate than those of other methods proposed previously.

Estimating the input function non-invasively for FDG-PET quantification with multiple linear regression analysis: simulation and verification with in vivo data.

A novel statistical method, namely Regression-Estimated Input Function (REIF), is proposed in this study for the purpose of non-invasive estimation of the input function for fluorine-18 2-fluoro-2-deoxy- d-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) quantitative analysis. We collected 44 patients who had undergone a blood sampling procedure during their FDG-PET scans. First, we generated tissue time-activity curves of the grey matter and the whole brain with a segmentation technique for every subject. Summations of different intervals of these two curves were used as a feature vector, which also included the net injection dose. Multiple linear regression analysis was then applied to find the correlation between the input function and the feature vector. After a simulation study with in vivo data, the data of 29 patients were applied to calculate the regression coefficients, which were then used to estimate the input functions of the other 15 subjects. Comparing the estimated input functions with the corresponding real input functions, the averaged error percentages of the area under the curve and the cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRGlc) were 12.13+/-8.85 and 16.60+/-9.61, respectively. Regression analysis of the CMRGlc values derived from the real and estimated input functions revealed a high correlation (r=0.91). No significant difference was found between the real CMRGlc and that derived from our regression-estimated input function (Student's t test, P>0.05). The proposed REIF method demonstrated good abilities for input function and CMRGlc estimation, and represents a reliable replacement for the blood sampling procedures in FDG-PET quantification.