A Transcriptomic Analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Under the Stress of 2-Phenylethanol.

2-Phenylethanol (2-PE) is a kind of advanced aromatic alcohol with rose fragrance, which is wildly used for the deployment of flavors and fragrances. Microbial transformation is the most feasible method for the production of natural 2-PE. But a bottleneck problem is the toxicity of 2-PE on the cells. The molecular mechanisms of the toxic effect of 2-PE to Saccharomyces cerevisiae are not well studied. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptomes of S. cerevisiae in the media with and without 2-PE, respectively, using Illumina RNA-Seq technology. We identified 580 differentially expressed genes between S. cerevisiae in two different treatments. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of these genes suggested that most genes encoding mitochondrial proteins, cytoplasmic, and plasma membrane proteins were significantly up-regulated, whereas the enzymes related to amino acid metabolism were down-regulated. These results indicated that 2-PE suppressed the synthesis of plasma membrane proteins, which suppressed the transport of nutrients required for growth. The findings in this study will provide insight into the inhibitory mechanism of 2-PE to yeast and other microbes.

Rapid and Comprehensive Analysis of 41 Harmful Substances in Multi-Matrix Products by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Using Matrix-Matching Calibration Strategy.

Harmful substances in consumer goods pose serious hazards to human health and the environment. However, due to the vast variety of consumer goods and the complexity of their substrates, it is difficult to simultaneously detect multiple harmful substances in different materials. This paper presents a method for the simultaneous determination of 41 harmful substances comprising 17 phthalates (PAEs), 8 organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in five types of products using the matrix-matching calibration strategy. The method employs an efficient ultrasonic extraction procedure using a mixture of dichloromethane and methylbenzene, followed by dissolution-precipitation and analysis through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Compared with previous experiments, we established a universal pretreatment method suitable for multi-matrix materials to simultaneously determine multiple harmful substances. To evaluate the effects of the matrix on the experimental results, we compared neat standard solutions and matrix-matching standard solutions. The results demonstrated that all compounds were successfully separated within 30 min with excellent separation efficiency. Additionally, the linear relationships of all analytes showed strong correlation coefficients (R2) of at least 0.995, ranging from 0.02 mg/L to 20 mg/L. The average recoveries of the target compounds (spiked at three concentration levels) were between 73.6 and 124.1%, with a relative standard deviation (n = 6) varying from 1.2% to 9.9%. Finally, we tested 40 different materials from consumer products and detected 16 harmful substances in 31 samples. Overall, this method is simple and accurate, and it can be used to simultaneously determine multiple types of hazardous substances in multi-matrix materials by minimizing matrix effects, making it an invaluable tool for ensuring product safety and protecting public health.

TGF-ß1 mimics the effect of IL-4 on the glycosylation of IgA1 by downregulating core 1 ß1, 3-galactosyltransferase and Cosmc.

The aberrant glycosylation of IgA1 is pivotal in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of transforming growth factor­ß1 (TGF­ß1) on the glycosylation of IgA1 and the associated mechanism. The mRNA levels of core1 ß1, 3-galactosyltransferase (C1GalT1) and its molecular chaperone, Cosmc, were analyzed, as was the subsequent O-glycosylation of IgA1, in a human B­cell line stimulated with TGF­ß1. The IgA1­positive human B­cell line was cultured with different concentrations of recombinant human TGF­ß1 (5, 10, 15 and 30 ng/ml). The production and glycosylation of IgA1 were assayed using sandwich ELISA and enzyme­linked lectin binding assays, respectively, and the mRNA levels of C1GalT1 and Cosmc were quantified using reverse transcription­quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. The results showed that the production of IgA1 was stimulated by low concentrations of TGF­ß1 (5 or 10 ng/ml) and was suppressed by high concentrations (15 or 30 ng/ml). The terminal glycosylation of secreted IgA1 was altered in response to TGF­ß1. TGF­ß1 stimulation significantly decreased the mRNA levels of C1GalT1 and Cosmc. TGF­ß1 may be key in controlling the glycosylation of IgA1, in part via the downregulation of C1GalT1 and Cosmc.