Luteolin promotes neuronogenesis in hippocampus of chronic unpredictable mild stress rats and primary hippocampus of fetal rats.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of luteolin on chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depressive rats and corticosterone (CORT)-induced depressive primary hippocampal neurons, and to elucidate the mechanism behind the action. METHODS: The antidepressant mechanism of luteolin was studied by using CUMS rat model and primary hippocampal neurons in fetal rats. In vivo, novelty suppressed feeding, open-field and sucrose preference tests as well as Morris water maze were evaluated. The content of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA) in serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The mechanisms of luteolin were explored based on neurotrophin and hippocampal neurogenesis, and proliferation. Survival of the septo-temporal axis in hippocampus was assayed using the 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU), the expression of BDNF, neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and nerve growth factor (NGF) in hippocampus dentate gyrus region were measured by Western-blotting. In vitro, BDNF, NT-3, tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), and phosphorylated cyclic adenosine monophosphate responsive element binding protein (p-CREB) were detected through the high content analysis (HCA) to investigate neurotrophin and apoptosis. RESULTS: Induction of CUMS in rats induced depressive symptoms, while luteolin significantly enhanced sucrose consumption, decreased feeding latency, increased locomotor activity, escape latency, distance of target quadrant and regulated the content of depressive-like biomarkers. Histology analysis revealed that luteolin increased the abundance of new born neurons that had been labeled with BrdU, BrdU + neuronal nuclear antigen, and BrdU + doublecortin in septo-temporal axis of S2 (mid-septal) and T3 (mid-temporal). Moreover, expression of BDNF, NT-3, and NGF increased significantly in the septo-temporal axis of S2 and T3. HCA showed increased expression of BDNF, NT-3, TrkB and p-CREB in primary hippocampal neurons. CONCLUSION: The results provided direct evidence that luteolin has an antidepressant effect and could effectively promote the regeneration of the septotemporal axis nerve and hippocampal neuronutrition, which suggested that the antidepressant effect of luteolin may be related to hippocampal neurogenesis.

Anatomic and histological analysis in a goat model used for maxillary sinus floor augmentation with simultaneous implant placement.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to carry out an anatomic survey on the goat maxillary sinus in order to provide accurate and definite anatomic parameters for the design of sinus floor elevation and dental implantation studies in this valuable preclinic animal model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The anatomic topographic structure of the maxillary sinuses was studied bilaterally in 10 adult goats by a gross survey as well as a histological analysis with parasagittal or coronal sections. Then following parameters were defined and measured: (1) maxillary alveolar height (MAH): vertical height from the alveolar crest to the sinus floor; (2) sinus lateral floor width (SLFW): horizontal distance from the lateral border of the anteroposterior bone crest to the sinus lateral wall; (3) infraorbital canal diameter (ICD); and (4) maxillary sinus volume (MSV): the volume occupied by water injected into the sinus. The data were presented with mean + or - SD on both sides. RESULTS: The goat has a maxillary sinus similar to humans, with a slender pyramidal shape that pneumatizes the entire maxilla, and a sinus wall covered with a mucosal lining. From the maxillary sinus floor, there is an anteroposterior bone crest protruding with the infraorbital canal enveloped. It divides the maxillary sinus floor into two parts. The SLFW of the lateral part of the maxillary sinus floor becomes broader, about 5.905 + or - 1.475 mm in the third premolar site, and the MAH increases towards the posterior area, where the maxillary sinus floor is close to the related teeth roots. According to original metrical data, we also proposed a possible operation procedure for sinus floor augmentation. CONCLUSIONS: There is enough space in the lateral floor of the maxillary sinus for dental implantation, and the third premolar area might be a suitable position suggested for maxillary sinus augmentation with simultaneous implant placement in a goat model.