Disease burden of mental disorders among children and adolescents considering both co-morbidities and suicide in Northeastern China.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have assessed the burden of mental disorders among children and adolescents considering the impact of co-morbidities and suicide on disability adjusted life years (DALYs). METHODS: This was a multicenter cross-sectional study. Our survey data in Liaoning Province (LN) were used to estimate the burden of six mental disorders, supplemented with data from other investigative studies conducted in China to assess four other disorders. DALYs were derived from the sum of years lived with a disability (YLDs) adjusted for co-morbidities, and the years of life lost (YLLs) adjusted for suicide. The changes in DALYs, YLDs, and YLLs were compared with and without adjustment for co-morbidities and suicide. RESULTS: The DALYs rate of mental disorders among children and adolescents in LN decreased from 1579.6/105 to 1391.4/105, after adjusting for both co-morbidities and suicide (-11.9%). The DALYs rate for major depression, anxiety disorder, and conduct disorder (-80.8/105, -75.0/105 and -30.2/105, respectively) were the top three contributors to the DALYs reduction (-188.2/105). The YLDs decreased from 72724.8 to 62478.5 after co-morbidity adjustment (-17.8%), mainly due to the reduction by major depression (-35.3%) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD] (-34.2%). The YLLs increased from 130 to 1697.8 after adjusting for suicides (+ 56.9% of all suicide YLLs), mainly due to the contribution of major depression (+ 32.4%) and anxiety disorder (+ 10.4%). Compared to GBD 2010, the estimated DALY rate for mental disorders in LN was to be about 80%, with the proportion of DALYs and DALY rates explained by major depressive disorder accounted for only approximately one-third (14.6% vs. 41.9% and 202.6 vs. 759.9, respectively). But the proportion and absolute level of DALY rates explained by anxiety disorders were approximately 2-fold higher (39.7% vs. 19.6% and 552.2 vs. 323.3, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The DALYs of mental disorders among Chinese children and adolescents were approximately 80% of the global level, with anxiety disorders imposing about 2 times the global level. Co-morbidity and suicide must be adjusted when calculating DALYs.

The combined effects of polystyrene of different sizes and cadmium in mouse kidney tissues.

Environmental accumulation of nano- and microplastics pose serious risks to human health. Polystyrene (PS) is a polymer commonly used in the production of plastics. However, PS can adsorb cadmium (Cd), thereby influencing bioavailability and toxicity in vivo. Moreover, PS and Cd can accumulate in the mammalian kidney. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the effects of combined exposure to PS and Cd in the kidney. Kidney damage was evaluated in male mice gavaged with PS (diameter, 100 nm and/or 1 µm) and Cd for 25 days.The results showed that PS at 100 nm caused more severe oxidative damage and cell apoptosis than PS at 1 µm. Combined exposure to PS at both 100 nm and 1 µm caused more severe kidney damage than the single administration groups. The extent of kidney toxicity caused by Cd differed with the combination of PS particles at 100 nm vs. 1 µm. The degree of damage to kidney function, pathological changes, and cell apoptosis induced by Cd+100 nm PS+1µm PS was the most severe. An increase in the Bax/Bcl2 ratio and overexpression of p53 and caspase-3 revealed that renal cell apoptosis might be induced via the mitochondrial pathway. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the size of PS particles dictates the combined effects of PS and Cd in kidney tissues. Kidney damage caused by the combination of different sizes of PS particle and Cd is more complicated under actual environmental conditions.

Effect of Helicobacter pylori Eradication on Gastric Cancer Prevention: Updated Report From a Randomized Controlled Trial With 26.5 Years of Follow-up.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Helicobacter pylori infection is considered as the most important risk factor in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. This study aims to evaluate the long-term effects of H pylori eradication treatment on the incidence and mortality of gastric cancer among a high-risk population. METHODS: This prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in a high-risk area in southern China in July 1994. A total of 1630 asymptomatic, H pylori-infected individuals were randomly assigned to receive standard triple therapy for H pylori eradication (n = 817) or placebo (n = 813), and were followed up until December 2020. The primary outcome was incidence of gastric cancer. Total and cause-specific mortalities were the secondary outcomes. RESULTS: During 26.5 years of follow-up, 21 participants (2.57%) in the treatment arm and 35 (4.31%) in the placebo arm were diagnosed with gastric cancer. Participants receiving H pylori treatment had a lower incidence of gastric cancer compared with their placebo counterparts (hazard ratio [HR], 0.57; 95% CI, 0.33-0.98). More obvious risk reduction was observed among those without premalignant gastric lesions (HR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.15-0.95) and those without dyspepsia symptoms at baseline (HR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.21-0.94). Furthermore, compared with 32 cases of gastric cancer observed among 527 participants with persistent H pylori infection in the placebo group, only 16 were identified in 625 subjects with successful eradication in the treatment group (HR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.26-0.83). However, there were no statistically significant differences for any mortality end points between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Eradication of H pylori might confer a long-term protection against gastric cancer in high-risk populations, especially for infected individuals without precancerous gastric lesions at baseline.

Detection of microplastics in domestic and fetal pigs' lung tissue in natural environment: A preliminary study.

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous in the environment. However, it is unclear whether MPs are present in mammalian lungs through inhalation, and if so, could be possibly found in fetal tissues. In this study, we aim to determine the presence and characteristics of particles in domestic and fetal pig lung tissue in the natural environment. Specimens from the lungs of domestic pigs (n = 10) and fetal pigs that already died in matrix during vaginal birth from the non-contaminated area (n = 10) were obtained from farmers' nearby sludge treatment plant. These specimens were compressed between two glass microscope slides, which were examined under polarized light microscopy. In addition, Agilent 8700 LDIR Chemical imaging system (LDIR) was used to determine the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of MPs. According to the polarized light microscope survey of domestic pig lungs, we observed an average of 12 particles/g, which was more than the 6 particles/g observed in fetal pig lungs, which ranged in size from 115.14 µm to 1370.43 µm. All the observed MP particles were fiber in shape. LDIR indicated an average of 180 particles/g of domestic pig lungs, ranging in size from 20.34 µm to 916.36 µm, which was twice as many MPs observed in fetal pig lungs. Furthermore, the compositions of MPs were different between them. LDIR indicated that polyamide (PA) was the most common polymer identified in domestic pig lungs (46.11%), while polycarbonate (PC) was the most common polymer in fetal pig lungs (32.99%). These findings confirmed the presence of MPs in the lung tissue of both domestic and fetal pigs in the natural environment, but the main characteristics differed. This fact indicated the increasing risk of MPs to human respiratory tract is increasing. Further research should be conducted to entirely estimate the specific exposure level on humans and offspring.

A composite oral hygiene score and the risk of oral cancer and its subtypes: a large-scale propensity score-based study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the potential relationship between oral hygiene and the risk of oral cancer and its subtypes after controlling the effects of several confounding factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A large-scale case-control study was conducted from January 2010 to August 2019, recruiting a total of 1,288 oral cancer cases with newly diagnosed and 4,234 healthy controls. Propensity score matching (PSM) and inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) were utilized to minimize confounding effects. Conditional logistic regression was used to evaluate the effects of oral hygiene indicators on oral cancer. RESULTS: A composite oral hygiene score was developed based on five indicators selected based on PSM and IPTW analysis (including tooth loss, dentures wearing, the frequency of tooth brushing, regular dental visits, and recurrent dental ulcer). Participants with a higher score, compared with their lower counterparts, showed a 49% increased risk (the odds ratio (OR) was 1.49 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.26-1.75). A similar association pattern was found following IPTW analyses (OR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.22-1.42). Of note, the adverse effects of poor oral hygiene were more evident among the sites of gingival and buccal (PSM analysis: 2.03-fold and 2.68-fold increased risk; IPTW analysis: 1.57-fold and 2.07-fold increased risk, respectively). Additionally, a greater positive association was observed between poor oral hygiene and oral squamous cell carcinoma, compared with other pathological types. CONCLUSION: This study establishes a composite oral hygiene score and provides supportive evidence of poor oral hygiene associated with a higher risk of oral cancer, particularly in the gingival and buccal mucosa sites and in the squamous cell carcinoma. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The data highlights the importance of improving poor oral hygiene habits, which has public health implications for the prevention of oral cancer.

The effect of formal statistical courses attitudes on learning outcomes in a cohort of undergraduate dental students.

INTRODUCTION: Whilst statistical knowledge is essential for dental students' academic or professional careers, only a few studies have measured the attitudes of these students towards statistics courses. This study aimed to investigate the attitudes of a cohort of dental students towards a formal statistical course and explore the factors that are potentially related to these attitudes. METHODS: A survey was performed amongst dental students of 2017 entry at Fujian Medical University, China. The questionnaire covers three aspects: demographic characteristics, educational background and attitudes towards formal statistics courses. RESULTS: A total of 103 dental students enrolled for the survey, and the response rate was 100.0%. 44.7% of dental students had positive attitudes towards formal statistics courses with an overall average of 25.7 (SD = 2.2, out of 30). Students' computer skills, expectations of course achievement, attention in class and learning atmosphere of the class were significantly associated with the attitudes towards formal statistics courses. Moreover, students with positive attitudes experienced a greater improvement in the statistical cognition and application ability of statistical methods after the course than those with negative/neutral attitudes. Additionally, a positive correlation was observed between students' attitudes and achievement in the examination. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that attitudes are critical to the learning effectiveness in formal statistics courses amongst undergraduate dental students. All the educators involved should monitor the students' attitudes in the teaching process and make effective interventions to improve students' attitudes towards formal statistics courses.

Prognostic value of transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 polymorphisms in patients with oral cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate possible associations between disease-specific survival (DSS) of oral cancer and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 (TGFBR1). METHODS: Using iPLEX Sequenom MassARRAY platform, three SNPs in TGFBR1 gene were genotyped in 356 newly diagnosed patients with histologically confirmed primary oral cancer. Demographic and clinical information of all cases were obtained from face-to-face interviews and electronic medical records, and telephone interviews were carried out every 6 months to timely gain follow-up data. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards model were used to assess the association between the polymorphisms of tagging loci and DSS of oral cancer. RESULTS: TGFBR1 rs33438 polymorphism was protective against death of oral cancer in codominant (AG vs AA: HR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.35-0.88) and dominant (GG + AG vs AA: HR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.38-0.87) models. Moreover, better DSS was particularly significant in radiotherapy patients who carrying GG + AG genotype. There also existed a positive multiplicative interaction on DSS between the polymorphism of TGFBR1 rs334348 and radiotherapy (P = .001). Not any associations between TGFBR1 rs334354 or rs3739798 polymorphism and DSS were observed. CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary prospective study suggests that polymorphism of TGFBR1 rs334348 may act as a potentially independent factor and novel genetic biomarker to predict oral cancer DSS especially for patients with radiotherapy. A much more extensive investigation will need to confirm our findings.

Current heterosexual marriage is associated with significantly decreased levels of anxiety symptoms among Chinese men who have sex with men.

BACKGROUND: The high heterosexual marriage rate could be a 'double-edge' sword for the emotional health of Chinese men who have sex with men (MSM). The aim of this study was to determine if current marriage and breakdown of marriage (divorce) have different effects on the mental health of Chinese MSM. METHODS: Eight hundred seven MSM were recruited using respondent-driven sampling from four cities in northeastern China. Gay-related stressful events (GRSE) were measured using the Gay Related Stressful Life Events Scale; social support was measured by the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS); and depressive and anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), respectively. RESULTS: Of the study participants, 13.4% were married to women and 4.5% were divorced. The rates of marriage or divorce were 35.3 and 75.8% for participants 30-39 and > 40 years of age, respectively. The current married MSM had the highest SDS (50.0 ± 10.9) and SSRS (35.8 ± 8.6) levels, but the lowest SAS (38.7 ± 12.1) levels. Divorced MSM had the highest SAS (44.4 ± 9.6) and lowest SSRS (30.8 ± 8.1) levels. Age, GESE number, and HIV infection were predictors for SDS and SAS, and current marriage was associated with significantly decreased level of SAS (ß = - 0.136, P = 0.001) based on multiple linear analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Current marriage is associated with significantly decreased levels of anxiety symptoms among Chinese MSM. More studies are needed to understand the mechanisms underlying the effects of different marriage status on the emotional distress of Chinese MSM.

Selenoprotein genetic variants may modify the association between serum selenium and oral cancer risk.

OBJECTIVE: The relationship between selenium (Se) and oral cancer is still controversial, and the selenoprotein genes play crucial roles in selenium metabolism. We aim to investigate the potential effect of selenoprotein genes (including GPx and TXNRD) in the association of serum Se with oral cancer risk. METHODS: A case-control study including 235 oral cancer cases and 406 controls from September 2011 to December 2018 was conducted in Fujian, China. The peripheral blood samples were obtained from each participant. Genotyping was performed by MassARRAY system, and serum Se levels were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). RESULTS: Compared with the lowest tertile of Se concentration, those with Se levels in the third tertile were associated with the lower risk of oral cancer (OR = 0.228; 95% CI: 0.135, 0.384). After additional adjustment for genetic risk score (GRS, derived from selenoprotein genetic variants), the model demonstrated the superior goodness of fit. When stratified by GRS, the negative correlation of serum Se was more pronounced among those with low risk (i.e., lower GRS). Moreover, there is a multiplicative interaction between serum Se and GRS for the risk of oral cancer (p = .001). CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that serum Se levels may be significantly associated with oral cancer risk, yet the association may be modified by the effects of selenoprotein genetic variants.

Serum copper and zinc levels and the risk of oral cancer: A new insight based on large-scale case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: Limited evidence exists on the roles of serum copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in oral cancer risk. We aimed to preliminarily explore the association between serum Cu and Zn levels and oral cancer risk with relatively large-scale samples. METHODS: Serum Cu and Zn levels of 344 oral cancer patients and 1,122 matched healthy controls in this case-control study were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). RESULTS: Restricted cubic spline revealed the U-shaped relationship between serum Cu or Zn levels and the risk of oral cancer. Serum deficient or elevated levels of Cu were significantly associated with the risk of oral cancer: The ORs were 1.38 (95% CI: 1.01-1.89) and 2.82 (95% CI: 1.60-4.98), respectively. The positive association of serum low or high levels of Zn with oral cancer risk was also observed: The ORs were 2.72 (95% CI: 1.60-4.62) and 12.41 (95% CI: 9.09-16.93), respectively. Additionally, there were multiplicative interactions between the aforementioned trace elements and smoking. CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study suggests that both serum excess and deficient levels of Cu or Zn were significant correlation with oral cancer risk, which may provide a new insight on the roles of serum Cu and Zn in oral cancer.

FADS1 rs174549 Polymorphism May Predict a Favorable Response to Chemoradiotherapy in Oral Cancer Patients.

PURPOSE: The fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) gene variant is a novel susceptibility marker for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma identified by a recent genome-wide association study, but it is still unclear whether this genetic variant continues to influence oral cancer recurrence or death. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of FADS1 rs174549 polymorphism and its interaction with postoperative chemoradiotherapy in the prognosis of oral cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective cohort study involving 304 oral cancer patients with surgical resection was conducted in Fujian, China. Demographic and clinical data (adjuvant therapy types, histologic types, clinical stage, etc.) were extracted from medical records, and follow-up data were obtained by telephone interviews. We collected 5 to 8 mL of venous blood from all patients for DNA extraction, and rs174549 genotypes were determined by TaqMan assays (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA). A Cox proportional hazards model and Kaplan-Meier curve were used to assess the association between FADS1 rs174549 polymorphism and progression-free survival (PFS), as well as overall survival, in oral cancer. RESULTS: Carrying the AA genotype was significantly associated with a decreased risk of PFS: The hazard ratio was 0.52 (95% confidence interval, 0.29 to 0.93) for the codominant model and 0.54 (95% confidence interval, 0.31 to 0.94) for the recessive model. Moreover, better PFS was particularly obvious in patients who had received chemoradiotherapy. A positive multiplicative interaction between FADS1 rs174549 polymorphism and chemoradiotherapy was observed for PFS (P = .036). No significant association was found between FADS1 rs174549 polymorphism and overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests, for the first time, that FADS1 rs174549 polymorphism is a potentially independent and favorable factor in predicting oral cancer PFS especially for patients who undergo chemoradiotherapy, and it may serve as a potential target for individualized treatment in the future.

Preoperative Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts the Prognosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Large-Sample Prospective Study.

PURPOSE: To assess and determine the prognostic value of the preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The prospective study involving 1,202 patients with OSCC and surgical resection was carried out in Fujian, China. Two-stage analyses were performed by randomly dividing all patients into 800 discovery and 402 replication sets. The optimal NLR cutoff points were identified by the X-tile program with minimum P values. Prognostic factors were evaluated using univariate and multivariate Cox regression models. RESULTS: The discovery set was categorized as low-, middle-, and high-risk groups based on optimal NLR cutoff points (<1.94, 1.94 to 3.66, and >3.66, respectively). A high NLR was meaningfully associated with an increased risk of death on survival (NLR 1.94 to 3.66, hazard ratio [HR] = 1.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-2.08; NLR >3.66, HR = 1.76; 95% CI, 1.21-2.55). In the replication phase, patients with a high NLR showed considerably worse overall survival compared with those with a low NLR (NLR 1.94 to 3.66, HR = 1.61; 95% CI, 1.02-2.55; NLR >3.66, HR = 1.94; 95% CI, 1.16-3.27). In addition, better overall survival was observed for patients with a higher NLR who had received postoperative chemoradiotherapy (HR = 0.49; 95% CI, 0.26-0.92). CONCLUSION: The preoperative NLR is an independent factor in predicting the prognosis of OSCC, especially for patients with chemoradiotherapy, which could serve as a potential target for improving patients' prognosis.

A novel environmental exposure index and its interaction with familial susceptibility on oral cancer in non-smokers and non-drinkers: a case-control study.

The objective of this study was to explore the collective effect of environmental factors and its interaction with familial susceptibility on oral cancer among non-smokers and non-drinkers (NSND). A hospital-based case-control study, including 319 oral cancer patients and 994 frequency-matched controls, was conducted in Fujian, China. We raised a weighed environmental exposure index according to nine significant environmental factors obtained from multivariable logistic regression model. And then, the index was classified into three categories according to the tertiles of controls (<1.34, 1.34-2.43, and >2.43). Multiplicative and additive interactions were evaluated between environmental exposure index and family cancer history. Our results showed that environmental exposure index was associated with an increased risk of oral cancer especially for those with family cancer history. Compared to subjects with low environmental exposure index and without family cancer history, those with high index and family cancer history showed the highest magnitude of OR in oral cancer risk (OR 10.40, 95% CI 5.46-19.80). Moreover, there was a multiplicative interaction between environmental exposure index and family cancer history for the risk of oral cancer (P < 0.001). This study puts forward a novel environmental exposure index, which enables a comprehensive evaluation on the overall effect of environmental risk factors on oral cancer among NSND and may interact with family cancer history. Further studies are warranted to explore the underlying mechanisms.

[Effects of dietary factors on the incidence of tongue cancer in smoking and non-smoking population].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of dietary factors on tongue cancer in smoking and non-smoking population. METHODS: A case-control study was performed including 251 tongue cancer patients with pathologically confirmed in a hospital in Fuzhou and 1382 healthy community controls from December 2011 to March 2016. Face-to-face interviews were used to collect the information about demographics characteristics, dietary habits, smoking, drinking, etc. Unconditional logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the odds ratios( ORs) and 95% confidence intervals( 95% CI) to examine thedietary factors related to tongue cancer and to assess multiplicative interactions. RESULTS: Intake of fish ≥3 times/week, seafood ≥1 times/week, milk and dairy products ≥1times/week, green vegetables ≥1 times/day, non-green leafy vegetables ≥ 1 times/day and fruits ≥3 times/week were all associated with decreased risk of tongue cancer. When stratified by smoking, the protective effects of fish, seafood, green vegetables and nongreen leafy vegetables on tongue cancer were more obvious in smokers. And the statistically significant association between daily intake of meat ≥3 times/week and tongue cancer was only emerged in smokers( adjusted OR = 1. 55, 95% CI 1. 02- 2. 34). Moreover, there is a positive multiplicative interaction between smoking and meat intake( OR multiplicative = 2. 08, 95% CI1. 43-3. 03). CONCLUSION: Moderate intake of fresh fruits and vegetables, fish and seafood, milk and dairy products, and low intake of meat( especially for smokers) may reduce tongue cancer risk to a certain extent.

[Fatty acid desaturase 1 polymorphism, marine fish oil intake and the risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma: A case-control study].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the independent and joint effects of FADS1 polymorphism and fish oil intake on oral squamous cell carcinoma( OSCC). METHODS: A case-control study was conducted with 259 newly diagnosed primary OSCC patients and538 controls frequency-matched by sex and age in Fujian from September 2010 to September 2014. Data on demographics and dietary habits such as marine fish oil intake were collected using a structure questionnaire. FADS1 rs174549 genotype was determined using Taq Man genotyping assays. Unconditional logistic regression was used to the oddsratios( ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals( CI) of FADS1 polymorphism and fish oil intake for OSCC. RESULTS: FADS1 rs174549 AA genotype was associated with decreased risk of OSCC( codominant model: OR = 0. 53, 95% CI 0. 33-0. 85; recessive model: OR = 0. 57, 95% CI 0. 38-0. 87). Compared with those who non-intake marine fish oil, regularly intake of marine fish oil decreased the risk of OSCC( OR = 0. 54, 95%CI: 0. 32-0. 91). Moreover, a multiplicative interaction between FADS1 rs174549 polymorphism and marine fish oil intake for oral cancer( OR_(multiplicative)= 0. 31, 95% CI0. 11-0. 87). CONCLUSION: FADS1 rs174549 polymorphism and marine fish oil intake may be independent protective factors for OSCC with a gene-diet multiplicative interaction.

[Association between oral hygiene, chronic diseases, and oral squamous cell carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between oral hygiene, chronic diseases, and oral squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS: We performed a case-control study with 414 cases and 870 controls in Fujian during September 2010 to January 2015. Patients were newly diagnosed oral squamous cell carcinoma cases according to the pathologic diagnoses, control subjects were enrolled from community population. Epidemiological data were collected by in-person interviews using a standard questionnaire. The contents of the questionnaire included demography character, history of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking, dietary habits, oral hygiene status, family history of cancer, etc. Using unconditional logistic regression analysis to estimate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) for oral hygiene and chronic diseases. We also stratified by sex, smoking and drinking to explore possible difference in association between subgroups. RESULTS: The multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that number of teeth (20-27 and < 20), bad prosthesis, recurrent oral ulceration were the risk factors of oral squamous cell carcinoma, the adjusted OR (95% CI) values were 2.01 (1.49-2.73), 3.51 (2.39-5.15), 2.33 (1.79-3.04), 3.96 (2.11-7.44), respectively; brushing tooth once per bay, brushing tooth more than once per day, regular oral health examination at least 5 years per time were the protective factors of oral squamous cell carcinoma, the adjusted OR (95% CI) values were 0.24 (0.13-0.43), 0.13 (0.07-0.24), 0.37 (0.26-0.53), respectively. The stratification analysis indicated that recurrent oral ulceration could increase the risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma for non-smokers and non-drinking, the adjusted OR (95% CI) value was 5.21 (2.42-11.18) and 4.71 (2.37-9.36); and a risky effect of hypertension on risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma was observed for non-smokers and non-drinking, the adjusted OR (95% CI) values were 1.70 (1.10-2.61) and 1.58 (1.07-2.34). CONCLUSIONS: Oral hygiene and chronic diseases could affect the incidence of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

[Effect of tea on oral cancer in nonsmokers and nondrinkers: a case-control study].

UNLABELLED: OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of tea on oral cancer in nonsmokers and nondrinkers. METHODS: A case-control study were performed between September 2010 and January 2015 including 203 oral cancer cases in nonsmokers and nondrinkers with pathologically confirmed and 572 community controls. The related information included socio-demographic characteristics, detailed information on tobacco smoking and alcohol and tea consumption, personal medical history, family history of cancer, and occupational history were collected from all subjects. Unconditional logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) to examine the effect of tea on oral cancer and to assess multiplicative interactions between tea and passive smoking. We also stratified by age, sex, residence, and passive smoking to explore possible difference in association between subgroups. Additive interactions between tea and passive smoking were assessed using relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), attributable proportion (AP), and synergy index (SI). RESULTS: Compared with non-tea drinkers, tea consumption (OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.34-0.81), age of tea drinking initiation (years) ≥ 18 (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.34-0.85), duration of tea consumption (years) < 20 (OR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.27-0.90), duration of tea consumption (years) ≥ 20 (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.32-0.95), average daily tea consumed < 700 ml (OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.32-0.86), moderate concentration of tea consumed (OR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.32-0.96), weak concentration of tea consumed (OR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.16-0.77), drinking green-tea (OR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.28-0.82) and drinking moderate temperature of tea (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.31-0.98) could reduce the risk of oral cancer; Stratified analysis indicated the protective effects of tea drinking on female (OR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.30-0.94), age < 60 years old (OR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.29-0.97), live in the urban (OR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.20-0.69) and no passive smoking (OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.25-0.86) population with nonsmoking and nondrinking was more obvious; Crossover analysis showed tea and passive smoking did not exist multiplication interaction relationship (OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.41-2.20) and addition interaction relationship (RERI = -0.15, 95% CI: -0.92-0.62;AP = -0.16, 95% CI: -1.06-0.73; SI = -0.18, 95% CI: -1.44-0.87). CONCLUSION: Tea consumption, age of tea drinking initiation, duration of tea consumption, average daily tea consumed, concentration of tea consumed, types of tea and temperature of tea might have impact on the incidence of oral cancer in nonsmokers and nondrinkers to a certain extent.

[Influencing factors for oral-maxillofacial benign tumors: a case-control study].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical influence factors of oral-maxillofacial benign tumors. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study with 113 cases newly diagnosed primary oral-maxillofacial benign tumors and 584 cases controls from a hospital in Fujian from September 2010 to January 2015. Epidemiological data were collected by in-person interviews using a standard questionnaire. The contents of the questionnaire included demography character, history of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking, dietary habits, oral hygiene status, family history of cancer, etc. Unconditional logistic regression was used to research the relationship between the factors and oral-maxillofacial benign tumors. RESULTS: Multivariable analysis showed that risk factors of oral-maxillofacial benign tumors included: cigarette smoking index above 1 000, passive smoking before the age of 18, age of wearing bad prosthesis between 33 to 55 years old and high blood pressure; the corresponding OR (95% CI) values were 14.63 (3.88-55.13), 2.34 (1.19-4.62), 2.35 (1.17-4.73), 3.46 (1.71-7.00), respectively; Protective factors included: regularly intake of meat above 1 time/day, fruits, health care products and vitamin tablets, brushing teeth above 1 time per day and oral examination above 5 years/time, the corresponding OR (95% CI) values were 0.22 (0.07-0.70), 0.18 (0.08-0.41), 0.32 (0.11-0.88), 0.22 (0.07-0.73), 0.28 (0.16-0.48), 0.28 (0.13-0.60), respectively. CONCLUSION: Abstinence from tobacco smoking, reduce passive smoking before the age of 18, regularly intake of meat, fruits, health care products and vitamin tablets, and oral examination at regular time might have impact on the incidence of oral-maxillofacial benign tumors to a certain extent.