Identification of the in vitro metabolites of 3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-2H-naphthol[1,2-b]pyran-5,6-dione (ARQ 501; beta-lapachone) in whole blood.

3,4-Dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-2H-naphthol[1,2-b]pyran-5,6-dione (ARQ 501; beta-lapachone) showed promising anticancer activity in phase I clinical trials as monotherapy and in combination with cytotoxic drugs. ARQ 501 is currently in multiple phase II clinical trials. In vitro incubation in fresh whole blood at 37 degrees C revealed that ARQ 501 is stable in plasma but disappears rapidly in whole blood. Our data showed that extensive metabolism in red blood cells (RBCs) was mainly responsible for the rapid disappearance of ARQ 501 in whole blood. By comparison, covalent binding of ARQ 501 and/or its metabolites to whole blood components was a minor contributor to the disappearance of this compound. Sequestration of intact ARQ 501 in RBCs was not observed. Cross-species metabolite profiles from incubating [(14)C]ARQ 501 in freshly drawn blood were characterized using a liquid chromatography-mass spec-trometry-accurate radioactivity counter. The results show that ARQ 501 was metabolized more rapidly in mouse and rat blood than in dog, monkey, and human blood, with qualitatively similar metabolite profiles. Six metabolites were identified in human blood using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and the postulated structure of five metabolites was confirmed using synthetic standards. We conclude that the primary metabolic pathway of ARQ 501 in human blood involved oxidation of the two adjacent carbonyl groups to produce dicarboxylic and monocarboxylic metabolites, elimination of a carbonyl group to form a ring-contracted metabolite, and lactonization to produce two metabolites with a pyrone ring to form a ring-contracted metabolite. Metabolism by RBCs may play a role in clearance of ARQ 501 from the blood compartment in cancer patients.

Synthetic methods for the preparation of ARQ 501 (beta-Lapachone) human blood metabolites.

ARQ 501 (3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-2H-naphthol[1,2-b] pyran-5,6-dione), a synthetic version of beta-Lapachone, is a promising anti-cancer agent currently in multiple Phase II clinical trials. Promising anti-cancer activity was observed in Phase I and Phase II trials. Metabolism by red blood cells of drugs is an understudied area of research and the metabolites arising from oxidative ring opening (M2 and M3), decarbonylation/ring contraction (M5), and decarbonylation/oxidation (M4 and M6) of ARQ 501 offer a unique opportunity to provide insight into these metabolic processes. Since these metabolites were not detected in in vitro incubations of ARQ 501 with liver microsomes and were structurally diverse, confirmation by chemical synthesis was considered essential. In this report, we disclose the synthetic routes employed and the characterization of the reference standards for these blood metabolites as well as additional postulated structures, which were not confirmed as metabolites.

Quinic acid derivatives as sialyl Lewis(x)-mimicking selectin inhibitors: design, synthesis, and crystal structure in complex with E-selectin.

A search for noncarbohydrate sLe(x) mimics led to the development of quinic acid derivatives as selectin inhibitors. At Wyeth we solved the first cocrystal structure of a small molecule, quinic acid, with E-selectin. In the cocomplex two hydroxyls of quinic acid mimic the calcium-bound fucose of the tetrasaccharide sLe(x). The X-ray structure, together with structure based computational methods, was used to design quinic acid based libraries that were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to block the interaction of sLex with P-selectin. A large number of analogues were prepared using solution-phase parallel synthesis. Selected compounds showed decrease in leukocyte rolling in the IVM mouse model. Compound 2 inhibited neutrophil influx in the murine TIP model and demonstrated good plasma exposure.

Discovery and optimization of a series of 3-(3-phenyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-yl)pyridin-2-amines: orally bioavailable, selective, and potent ATP-independent Akt inhibitors.

This paper describes the implementation of a biochemical and biophysical screening strategy to identify and optimize small molecule Akt1 inhibitors that act through a mechanism distinct from that observed for kinase domain ATP-competitive inhibitors. With the aid of an unphosphorylated Akt1 cocrystal structure of 12j solved at 2.25 Å, it was possible to confirm that as a consequence of binding these novel inhibitors, the ATP binding cleft contained a number of hydrophobic residues that occlude ATP binding as expected. These Akt inhibitors potently inhibit intracellular Akt activation and its downstream target (PRAS40) in vitro. In vivo pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies with two examples, 12e and 12j, showed the series to be similarly effective at inhibiting the activation of Akt and an additional downstream effector (p70S6) following oral dosing in mice.

In vitro metabolism of beta-lapachone (ARQ 501) in mammalian hepatocytes and cultured human cells.

ARQ 501 (3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-2H-naphthol[1,2-b]pyran-5,6-dione, beta-lapachone) is an anticancer agent, currently in multiple phase II clinical trials as monotherapy and in combination with other cytotoxic drugs. This study focuses on in vitro metabolism in cryopreserved hepatocytes from mice, rats, dogs and humans using [(14)C]-labeled ARQ 501. Metabolite profiles were characterized using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry combined with an accurate radioactivity counter. Ion trap mass spectrometry was employed for further structural elucidation. A total of twelve metabolites were detected in the mammalian hepatocytes studied; all of which but one were generated from phase II conjugation reactions. Ten of the observed metabolites were produced by conjugations occurring at the reduced ortho-quinone carbonyl groups of ARQ 501. The metabolite profiles revealed that glucuronidation was the major biotransformation pathway in mouse and human hepatocytes. Monosulfation was the major pathway in dog, while, in rat, it appears glucuronidation and sulfation pathways contributed equally. Three major metabolites were found in rats: monoglucuronide M1, monosulfate M6, and glucuronide-sulfate M9. Two types of diconjugation metabolites were formed by attachment of the second glycone to an adjacent hydroxyl or to an existing glycone. Of the diconjugation metabolites, glucosylsulfate M10, diglucuronide M5, and glucuronide-glucoside M11 represent rarely observed phase II metabolites in mammals. The only unconjugated metabolite was generated through hydrolysis and was observed in rat, dog and human hepatocytes. ARQ 501 appeared less stable in human hepatocytes than in those of other species. To further elucidate the metabolism of ARQ 501 in extrahepatic sites, its metabolism in human kidney, lung and intestine cells was also studied, and only monoglucuronide M1 was observed in all the cell types examined.