[Health hazards in childhood obesity: Evidence based on Chinese population].

Childhood obesity has become a critical issue in public health area. We searched Wanfang Data and PubMed databases for published studies on health hazards of childhood obesity in China during 2000-2015. From the evidence of the Chinese population studies, we know childhood obesity brings not only cardiovascular, endocrine and respiratory system health hazards, but also other health hazards to liver, moving skeleton, psychological behavior and cognition intelligence, et al. Only to understand the health hazards of childhood obesity, and put the key preventable period of chronic diseases forward to childhood, can pandemic of chronic diseases be controlled from the sources.

Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of milbemycin oxime and praziquantel in plasma: application to a pharmacokinetic study in cats.

Introduction: Milbemycin oxime (MBO) and praziquantel (PZQ) have a broad spectrum of biological activity and are commonly used to treat the parasitic infection in the veterinary clinic. In this study, a fast and efficient LC-MS/MS method was established and validated for the simultaneous determination of MBO, PZQ, cis-4-hydroxylated-PZQ (C-4-OH-PZQ) and trans-4-hydroxylated-PZQ (T-4-OH-PZQ) and in cat plasma. Methods: Extraction of analytes and internal standards from cat plasma by acetonitrile protein precipitation, allows rapid processing of large batches of samples. MBO, PZQ, C-4-OH-PZQ, T-4-OH-PZQ, and internal standard (IS) were eluted for 13.5 min on a C18 column with a 0.1% formic acid water/acetonitrile mixture as the mobile phase. Results: Results showed that the method had good precision, accuracy, recovery, and linearity. The linearity range was 2.5-250 ng/mL for MBO, and 10-1000 ng/mL for PZQ, C-4-OH-PZQ, and T-4-OH-PZQ. The intra-day and inter-day precision CV values of the tested components were within 15%. The extraction recoveries of the four components ranged from 98.09% to 107.46%. The analytes in plasma remained stable for 6 h at room temperature, 26 h in the autosampler (4 °C), after freeze-thaw (-20°C) cycles, and 60 days in a -20°C freezer. Method sensitivity sufficed for assessing pharmacokinetic parameters of MBO, PZQ, C-4-OH-PZQ, and T-4-OH-PZQ in plasma samples with LLOQ of 2.5 ng/mL for MBO and 10 ng/mL for PZQ, C-4-OH-PZQ, and T-4-OH-PZQ. Conclusion: In this study, a selective and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of MBO, PZQ, C-4-OH-PZQ, and T-4-OH-PZQ in cat plasma was developed and validated.This method had been successfully applied to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of MBO, PZQ, C-4-OH-PZQ, and T-4-OH-PZQ after a single oral administration of 8 mg MBO and 20 mg PZQ in cats.

Clinical characteristics of pediatric hypertension: a multicenter study in China.

OBJECTIVES: Hypertension in children has attracted increasing attention. However, clinical-based studies investigating characteristics and secular trends of pediatric hypertension remain limited. This study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and secular trends of different types of hypertension among hospitalized children in China. METHODS: This retrospective analysis was based on medical records from nine tertiary children's hospitals in China during 2010∼2020. A total of 5847 pediatric inpatients (aged <18 years) with the diagnosis of hypertension were enrolled. Information on the clinical characteristics of each patient was obtained from their first admission records. RESULTS: During the past decade, secondary hypertension sustained to be the dominant type of hypertension in children, with the proportion increased from 51.2% during 2010∼2015 to 59.8% during 2016∼2020. The main causes of secondary hypertension were neurologic disorders in children aged 0∼2 years, which changed to renal diseases after 3 years of age. Compared with primary hypertension, secondary hypertension was common in girls (43.1 vs. 23.3%) and children under 5 years of age (32.2 vs. 2.1%). Moreover, over four-fifths of primary hypertensive individuals had obesity and obesity-related comorbidities, and the proportion of clusters of one or more comorbidities increased in the past decade (79.7 → 85.2%). CONCLUSION: Secondary hypertension sustained to be the dominant type of hypertension among children, especially in girls. Renal diseases were the most common causes of secondary hypertension in children, followed by rheumatic immune diseases. For primary hypertension, over four-fifths of inpatients had obesity and obesity-related diseases, and the proportion kept rising.

Prevalence and related factors of hyperuricaemia in Chinese children and adolescents: a pooled analysis of 11 population-based studies.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Hyperuricaemia can lead to gout and is associated with an increased risk of cardiometabolic disease. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of hyperuricaemia and its related factors in Chinese children and adolescents. METHODS: We pooled data from 11 population-based studies comprising 54,580 participants aged 3-19 years. The sex- and age-standardized prevalence of hyperuricaemia was estimated overall and by sex, age, weight status, geographic region and survey year. RESULTS: Serum uric acid (SUA) increased gradually from 3 to 11 years with no significant sex difference, and then increased dramatically during 11-15 years. The estimated overall prevalence of hyperuricaemia was 23.3% (26.6% in boys and 19.8% in girls, p < .001). The prevalence increased with growing age (3.7, 9.8, 15.8, 35.5 and 31.7% among children aged 3-5, 6-8, 9-11, 12-15 and 16-19 years, respectively, p for trend < .001) and with increasing weight status (18.2, 37.6, 50.6 and 64.5% among children with non-overweight, overweight, obesity and extreme obesity, respectively, p for trend < .001). The prevalence was higher in North than in South (24.2 vs. 19.7%, p < .001), and increased markedly from 16.7% during 2009-2015 to 24.8% during 2016-2019. In multivariable regression analyses, sex, age, obesity, region and survey year were independently associated with odds of hyperuricaemia. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of hyperuricaemia in Chinese children and adolescents is unexpectedly high. The findings suggest an urgent need to implement effective interventions to reduce risk of hyperuricaemia in Chinese youths.KEY MESSAGESQuestion: What is the prevalence of hyperuricaemia in Chinese children and adolescents?Findings: In this large pooled cross-sectional study comprising >50,000 children and adolescents aged 3-19 years, we found that the prevalence of hyperuricaemia was high in overall population and subgroups of sex, age, obesity, region and survey year.Meaning: Our findings indicate that hyperuricaemia is an important health problem in Chinese children and adolescents, and effective intervention strategies are needed to reduce its burden.

Characteristics of pediatric inpatients with primary and secondary hypertension.

IMPORTANCE: Extensive population-based studies have explored the prevalence of primary hypertension (HTN) in children and adolescents. However, there is little published data on the characteristics of different types of pediatric HTN and the causes of secondary HTN. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the characteristics of different types of pediatric HTN and the causes of secondary HTN in a hospital setting. METHODS: The study cohort comprised pediatric inpatients (<18 years of age) discharged with a diagnosis of HTN from Beijing Children's Hospital during 2015-2020. Pediatric patients with HTN were allocated to secondary and primary HTN groups on the basis of comprehensive analyses of their diagnoses, family history of HTN, and findings on physical examination, as documented in their medical records. The Mann-Whitney U test, χ 2 and Fisher's exact test were used to assess differences in characteristics of patients with different HTN types and causes of secondary HTN. RESULTS: Data of 1470 inpatients with HTN from 18 clinical departments were included in the analysis. Among them, 458 (31.2%) had primary HTN, and 1012 (68.8%) had secondary HTN. Compared with patients had primary HTN, children with secondary HTN were younger and had lower body mass indexes and longer lengths of stay. Moreover, children with primary HTN had mostly been managed by the Endocrinology and Cardiology Departments, 75.8% of them having obesity-related comorbidities. In contrast, most patients with secondary HTN had been managed by the Nephrology Department, renal diseases being the leading cause of their HTN (46.3%). INTERPRETATION: Secondary HTN is more common than primary HTN in pediatric clinical settings, renal diseases being the leading cause of secondary HTN.

Validation of the Raycome RBP-1200 upper-arm pulse wave device in children aged 3-12 years according to the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation protocol.

OBJECTIVE: To validate the accuracy of Raycome RBP-1200 used for blood pressure (BP) measurements in Chinese children aged 3-12 years according to the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI)/International Organization for Standardization 81060-2:2013(E) protocol. METHODS: A prospective observational study was carried out using 'the same arm sequential method' as described in the AAMI protocol. Eighty-seven children participated in this examination and 255 paired-determinations were analyzed. RESULTS: The BP difference between the RBP-1200 and the mercury sphygmomanometer device was -0.9±5.3 mmHg for systolic BP and -1.1±5.0 mmHg for diastolic BP, which were within the range of ±5±8 mmHg as required by criterion 1 of the AAMI protocol. The SD of the averaged difference for each participant was 4.1 mmHg for systolic BP and 3.9 mmHg for diastolic BP, which were also within the requirement of criterion 2 of the AAMI protocol. CONCLUSION: The Raycome RBP-1200 device fulfills the requirements of the AAMI protocol and it can be recommended for BP measurements in Chinese children aged 3-12 years with low or normal BP values.

[Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Chinese children and adolescents: a Meta-analysis].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in Chinese children and adolescents to provide scientific basis for early prevention of MS in the related populations. METHODS: Studies on CNKI, Wanfangdata, VIP and PubMed databases on related prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Chinese children and adolescents between 2004-2014 were searched. Quality of literatures was evaluated according to the cross-sectional study standard in Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement. Stata 12.0 software was used to estimate the prevalence of MS, as well as on gender, weight and other factors to make subgroup analysis. According to funnel plot and Egger assess publication bias, sensitivity analysis performed by excluding the impact of any article was generated by the combined effect of the value of literature. RESULTS: This study included 19 papers from the literature (5 in English, 14 in Chinese). According to International Diabetes Federation (IDF), National Cholesterol Education Program III (NCEP III) and The definition and prevention recommends of metabolic syndrome in Chinese children and adolescents (CHN2012), the prevalence rates of MS in Chinese children were seen as 1.8%, 2.6% and 2.0%. According to IDF, the prevalence rates of MS appeared 2.9% in boys and 1.8% in girls, 0.2% in children with normal weight, 4.7% in overweight and 17.3% in obesity. Both the results from NCEPIII and CHN2012 showed that the prevalence rates of MS as boys > girls, obesity > overweight > normal weight. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of MS in Chinese children and adolescents showed a general trend. Data under different standards showed different prevalence rates. Obesity appeared an important risk factor of MS, suggesting that in order to control obesity in children, attention should be paid to identifying and carrying out effective interventions on children under overweight or obesity.