RESUMEN
In the field of positive youth development, there are few studies on program sustainability and the relationship between program implementation and program sustainability. Based on an in-depth case study in the Project P.A.T.H.S. in Hong Kong, this study examines the intrinsic factors and mechanisms that influence program implementation and sustainability. The results reveal that implementers under study are highly flexible and responsive agents who operate in different areas at all school levels. With an understanding of the program philosophies and a belief in its efficacy, implementers also modify the program by integrating the "adopted" program to the existing strength-based framework, resulting in enhanced program effectiveness and sustainability. Furthermore, the present study underscores the importance of staff commitment and morale in the implementation and sustainability of positive youth development programs in the Chinese context.
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Desarrollo del Adolescente , Adolescente , Adulto , Actitud del Personal de Salud , Docentes , Hong Kong , Humanos , Comunicación Interdisciplinaria , Obligaciones Morales , Evaluación de Necesidades , Evaluación de Programas y Proyectos de Salud , Psicología Educacional/métodos , Psicología Educacional/normas , Mejoramiento de la Calidad , Instituciones Académicas/organización & administración , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
High quality pre-implementation professional training is the cornerstone for successful implementation of positive youth development programs. A qualitative evaluation study was conducted to understand the experiences of the potential program implementers of the Project P.A.T.H.S. in Hong Kong. The findings showed that participants highly valued the learning experiences acquired from the training program, particularly in the areas of knowledge acquisition and personal growth. Participants who benefited from these dimensions developed attitudes and skills that are desirable for the implementation of the Project P.A.T.H.S. Implications about the conditions that are conducive to the P.A.T.H.S. training program in promoting knowledge, skills acquisition, retention, application, and generalization are discussed.
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Desarrollo del Adolescente , Actitud , Conocimiento Psicológico de los Resultados , Competencia Profesional , Instituciones Académicas , Estudiantes , Adolescente , Femenino , Hong Kong , Humanos , Masculino , Evaluación de Resultado en la Atención de Salud , Práctica Psicológica , Evaluación de Programas y Proyectos de Salud , Mejoramiento de la Calidad , Análisis de Regresión , Instituciones Académicas/normas , Instituciones Académicas/estadística & datos numéricos , Participación Social , Percepción Social , Estudiantes/psicología , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Introduction Early breast cancer detection with screening mammography has been shown to reduce mortality and improve breast cancer survival. This study aims to evaluate the ability of an artificial intelligence computer-aided detection (AI CAD) system to detect biopsy-proven invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) on digital mammography. Methods This retrospective study reviewed mammograms of patients who were diagnosed with biopsy-proved ILC between January 1, 2017, and January 1, 2022. All mammograms were analyzed using cmAssist® (CureMetrix, San Diego, California, United States), which is an AI CAD for mammography. The AI CAD sensitivity for detecting ILC on mammography was calculated and further subdivided by lesion type, mass shape, and mass margins. To account for the within-subject correlation, generalized linear mixed models were implemented to investigate the association between age, family history, and breast density and whether the AI detected a false positive or true positive. Odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and p-values were also calculated. Results A total of 124 patients with 153 biopsy-proven ILC lesions were included. The AI CAD detected ILC on mammography with a sensitivity of 80%. The AI CAD had the highest sensitivity for detecting calcifications (100%), masses with irregular shape (82%), and masses with spiculated margins (86%). However, 88% of mammograms had at least one false positive mark with an average number of 3.9 false positive marks per mammogram. Conclusion The AI CAD system evaluated was successful in marking the malignancy in digital mammography. However, the numerous annotations confounded the ability to determine its overall accuracy and this reduces its potential use in real-life practice.
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Authoritarian parenting has long been associated with Western individualism and improved child development. This study examined the relationship between cultural values, parenting styles, and children's perceived competence in Hong Kong. A total of 48 parents from local Chinese families, 49 parents from South Asian families, and 105 children (24 local Chinese and 81 South Asian) aged 5-6 years participated in the study. Self-report questionnaires on adherence to Asian cultural values and parenting style were administered to parents. The Pictorial Survey on Children's Perceived Competence was administered to children by trained research assistants. The results contradicted two long-standing assumptions on Asian cultural values and parenting styles. First, higher adherence to Asian cultural values increased the likelihood of having an authoritarian parenting style. Second, authoritative parenting practices were more likely be associated with improved social-emotional competence in children. Multiple regression analyzes revealed a strong positive correlation between Asian cultural values and authoritative parenting style (R 2 = 0.597). There was no association between parenting style and the development of competence in young children. However, a positive correlation was found between Asian cultural values and young children's perceived competence. This study showed that components of collectivism and humility in Asian cultural values could have functional values that are essential for developing competencies in South Asian young children but not in local Chinese young children. This study discussed the implications of cultural values sin the terms of contextualization, functional relevance of cultural values for ethnic minorities, and ideal parenting practices.
RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether muscle invasion evident on pretreatment imaging in p16 + oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) correlates with recurrence. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review. METHODS: Two-hundred and seventy-six patients with p16 + OPSCC treated at a tertiary referral center from 2003 to 2015 were analyzed. All scans were reviewed by a dedicated neuroradiologist with subspecialty expertise in head and neck imaging. Radiographic evidence of muscle invasion to the genioglossus, hyoglossus, medial pterygoid, and prevertebral muscles was analyzed. Local and regional recurrence rates were compared between the muscle invasion and no muscle invasion groups. RESULTS: One hundred and ninety patients met inclusion criteria with adequate follow-up data and pretreatment imaging. Patients were predominantly male (87.5% male) and smokers (65.6% smokers) with a mean age of 56.7 (standard deviation: 9.0 years). Most commonly invaded muscles in the muscle invasion group were hyoglossus (57.8%) and genioglossus (56.3%). There was no statistically significant difference in primary site or nodal recurrence between the combined group, including definite or possible muscle invasion and the group without muscle invasion (P = 0.205 and P = 0.569, respectively). Additionally, no statistically significant difference was present in recurrence-free and disease-specific survival between the two groups at 3- and 5-year follow-up (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Radiographic evidence of muscle invasion does not appear to be a predictor of human papilloma virus (+) OPSCC recurrence. Additional studies are needed to validate our findings. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 129:871-876, 2019.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/diagnóstico por imagen , Invasividad Neoplásica/diagnóstico por imagen , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/etiología , Neoplasias Orofaríngeas/diagnóstico por imagen , Radiografía/estadística & datos numéricos , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patología , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/virología , Femenino , Humanos , Músculos Laríngeos/diagnóstico por imagen , Músculos Laríngeos/patología , Músculos Laríngeos/virología , Masculino , Músculos Masticadores/diagnóstico por imagen , Músculos Masticadores/patología , Músculos Masticadores/virología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/patología , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/virología , Neoplasias Orofaríngeas/patología , Neoplasias Orofaríngeas/virología , Papillomaviridae , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/complicaciones , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/virología , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Periodo Preoperatorio , Radiografía/métodos , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
In yeast, DNA breaks are usually repaired by homologous recombination (HR). An early step for HR pathways is formation of a heteroduplex, in which a single-strand from the broken DNA molecule pairs with a strand derived from an intact DNA molecule. If the two strands of DNA are not identical, there will be mismatches within the heteroduplex DNA (hetDNA). In wild-type strains, these mismatches are repaired by the mismatch repair (MMR) system, producing a gene conversion event. In strains lacking MMR, the mismatches persist. Most previous studies involving hetDNA formed during mitotic recombination were restricted to one locus. Below, we present a global mapping of hetDNA formed in the MMR-defective mlh1 strain. We find that many recombination events are associated with repair of double-stranded DNA gaps and/or involve Mlh1-independent mismatch repair. Many of our events are not explicable by the simplest form of the double-strand break repair model of recombination.
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ADN de Hongos/genética , Mitosis/efectos de la radiación , Ácidos Nucleicos Heterodúplex/análisis , Recombinación Genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/efectos de la radiación , Rayos Ultravioleta , Neoplasias Encefálicas , Neoplasias Colorrectales , Homólogo 1 de la Proteína MutL/deficiencia , Síndromes Neoplásicos Hereditarios , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/fisiología , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiaeRESUMEN
Gene conversions and crossovers are related products of the repair of double-stranded DNA breaks by homologous recombination. Most previous studies of mitotic gene conversion events have been restricted to measuring conversion tracts that are <5 kb. Using a genetic assay in which the lengths of very long gene conversion tracts can be measured, we detected two types of conversions: those with a median size of â¼6 kb and those with a median size of >50 kb. The unusually long tracts are initiated at a naturally occurring recombination hotspot formed by two inverted Ty elements. We suggest that these long gene conversion events may be generated by a mechanism (break-induced replication or repair of a double-stranded DNA gap) different from the short conversion tracts that likely reflect heteroduplex formation followed by DNA mismatch repair. Both the short and long mitotic conversion tracts are considerably longer than those observed in meiosis. Since mitotic crossovers in a diploid can result in a heterozygous recessive deleterious mutation becoming homozygous, it has been suggested that the repair of DNA breaks by mitotic recombination involves gene conversion events that are unassociated with crossing over. In contrast to this prediction, we found that â¼40% of the conversion tracts are associated with crossovers. Spontaneous mitotic crossover events in yeast are frequent enough to be an important factor in genome evolution.