Lifestyle habits and examination findings before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: From health checkups in a rural area in Japan.

Aim: Few health checkup studies have reported lifestyle habits and examination results before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. We compared lifestyle habits and examination results surveyed before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Five hundred and ten and 396 participants attended the health checkup in 2019 and 2022, respectively. The median age of females was 65 in 2019 and 2022, and that of males was 68 in 2019 and 69 in 2022. We investigated dietary and exercise habits, alcohol consumption, sleeping situation, and examination results, including body mass index (BMI), smell function, and blood examination results before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in a rural area in Japan. Results: An ordinal logistic regression analysis revealed that the intake frequency of vegetables and marine products was significantly less in 2022 than in 2019 after adjusting age and sex; green leafy vegetables (p = .016), fish (p = .002), and other marine products, including squid, shrimp, crabs, and octopus (p = .008). Alcohol consumption amount increased significantly in 2022 than in 2019 in men who drank beer (p = .007) and chuhai (p = .040). Albumin, hematocrit, cholesterols, and uric acid decreased, but serum calcium increased significantly in 2022 than in 2019 after adjusting age and sex. BMI and hemoglobin A1c were not significantly different between 2019 and 2022. A decrease in subjective smell feeling and smell test results was associated with decreased intake frequency of vegetables. Conclusion: Both dietary habits and blood examination results changed significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic in a rural area in Japan.

Detailed clinical features and genotype-phenotype correlation in an OTOF-related hearing loss cohort in Japan.

Mutations in the OTOF gene are a common cause of hereditary hearing loss and the main cause of auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD). Although it is reported that most of the patients with OTOF mutations have stable, congenital or prelingual onset severe-to-profound hearing loss, some patients show atypical clinical phenotypes, and the genotype-phenotype correlation in patients with OTOF mutations is not yet fully understood. In this study, we aimed to reveal detailed clinical characteristics of OTOF-related hearing loss patients and the genotype-phenotype correlation. Detailed clinical information was available for 64 patients in our database who were diagnosed with OTOF-related hearing loss. As reported previously, most of the patients (90.6%) showed a "typical" phenotype; prelingual and severe-to-profound hearing loss. Forty-seven patients (73.4%) underwent cochlear implantation surgery and showed successful outcomes; approximately 85-90% of the patients showed a hearing level of 20-39 dB with cochlear implant and a Categories of Auditory Performance (CAP) scale level 6 or better. Although truncating mutations and p.Arg1939Gln were clearly related to severe phenotype, almost half of the patients with one or more non-truncating mutations showed mild-to-moderate hearing loss. Notably, patients with p.His513Arg, p.Ile1573Thr and p.Glu1910Lys showed "true" auditory neuropathy-like clinical characteristics. In this study, we have clarified genotype-phenotype correlation and efficacy of cochlear implantation for OTOF-related hearing loss patients in the biggest cohort studied to date. We believe that the clinical characteristics and genotype-phenotype correlation found in this study will support preoperative counseling and appropriate intervention for OTOF-related hearing loss patients.

Association between the Putative Meningeal Lymphatics at the Posterior Wall of the Sigmoid Sinus and Delayed Contrast-agent Elimination from the Cerebrospinal Fluid.

PURPOSE: To investigate the characteristics of the putative meningeal lymphatics located at the posterior wall of the sigmoid sinus (PML-PSS) in human subjects imaged before and after intravenous administration (IV) of a gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA). The appearance of the PML-PSS and the enhancement of the perivascular space of the basal ganglia (PVS-BG) were analyzed for an association with gender, age, and clearance of the GBCA from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). METHODS: Forty-two patients with suspected endolymphatic hydrops were included. Heavily T2-weighted 3D-fluid attenuated inversion recovery (hT2w-3D-FLAIR) and 3D-real inversion recovery (IR) images were obtained at pre-administration, immediately post-administration, and at 4 and 24 hours after IV-GBCA. The appearance of the PML-PSS and the presence of enhancement in the PVS-BG were analyzed for a relationship with age, gender, contrast enhancement of the CSF at 4 hours after IV-GBCA, and the washout ratio of the GBCA in the CSF from 4 to 24 hours after IV-GBCA. RESULTS: The PML-PSS and PVS-BG were seen in 23 of 42 and 21 of 42 cases, respectively, at 4 hours after IV-GBCA. In all PML-PSS positive cases, hT2w-3D-FLAIR signal enhancement was highest at 4 hours after IV-GBCA. A multivariate analysis between gender, age, CSF signal elevation at 4 hours, and washout ratio indicated that only the washout ratio was independently associated with the enhancement of the PML-PSS or PVS-BG. The odds ratios (95% CIs; P value) were 4.09 × 10-5 (2.39 × 10-8 - 0.07; 0.0078) for the PML-PSS and 1.7 × 10-4 (1.66 × 10-7 - 0.174; 0.014) for the PVS-BG. CONCLUSION: The PML-PSS had the highest signal enhancement at 4 hours after IV-GBCA. When the PML-PSS was seen, there was also often enhancement of the PVS-BG at 4 hours after IV-GBCA. Both observed enhancements were associated with delayed GBCA excretion from the CSF.

Direct Visualization of Tracer Permeation into the Endolymph in Human Patients Using MR Imaging.

PURPOSE: The endolymph of the inner ear, vital for balance and hearing, has long been considered impermeable to intravenously administered gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) due to the tight blood-endolymph barrier. However, anecdotal observations suggested potential GBCA entry in delayed heavily T2-weighted 3D-real inversion recovery (IR) MRI scans. This study systematically investigated GBCA distribution in the endolymph using this 3D-real IR sequence. METHODS: Forty-one patients suspected of endolymphatic hydrops (EHs) underwent pre-contrast, 4-h, and 24-h post-contrast 3D-real IR imaging. Signal intensity in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), perilymph, and endolymph was measured and analyzed for temporal dynamics of GBCA uptake, correlations between compartments, and the influence of age and presence of EH. RESULTS: Endolymph showed a delayed peak GBCA uptake at 24h, contrasting with peaks in perilymph and CSF at 4h. Weak to moderate positive correlations between endolymph and CSF contrast effect were observed at both 4 (r = 0.483) and 24h (r = 0.585), suggesting possible inter-compartmental interactions. Neither the presence of EH nor age significantly influenced endolymph enhancement. However, both perilymph and CSF contrast effects significantly correlated with age at both time points. CONCLUSION: This study provides the first in vivo systematic confirmation of GBCA entering the endolymph following intravenous administration. Notably, endolymph uptake peaked at 24h, significantly later than perilymph and CSF. The lack of a link between endolymph contrast and both perilymph and age suggests distinct uptake mechanisms. These findings shed light on inner ear fluid dynamics and their potential implications in Ménière's disease and other inner ear disorders.

Imaging evaluation and volumetric measurement of the space surrounding the diploic veins.

PURPOSE: The diploic veins have been suggested to be involved in the excretion of cerebrospinal fluid and intracranial waste products; however, to date, there have been no reports evaluating the space surrounding the diploic veins. Therefore, we aimed to visualize the distribution of gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) in the space surrounding the diploic veins and to evaluate the spatial characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-eight participants (aged 14-84 years) were scanned 4 h after intravenous GBCA injection at Nagoya University Hospital between April 2021 and December 2022. The volume of the space surrounding the diploic veins where the GBCA was distributed was measured using contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images with the application of three-axis motion-sensitized driven equilibrium. The parasagittal dura (PSD) volume adjacent to the superior sagittal sinus was also measured using the same images. Both volumes were corrected for intracranial volume. The correlation between age and the corrected volume was examined using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient; the relationship between the corrected volume and sex was assessed using the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: A significant weak negative correlation was observed between the volume of the space surrounding the diploic veins and age (r = -0.330, p < 0.001). Furthermore, there was a significant weak positive correlation between the PSD volume and age (r = 0.385, p < 0.001). Both volumes were significantly greater in men than in women. There was no correlation between the volume of the space surrounding the diploic veins and the volume of the PSD. CONCLUSION: The volume of the space surrounding the diploic veins was measurable and, in contrast to the volume of the PSD, was greater in younger participants. This space may be related to intracranial excretory mechanisms and immune responses during youth, requiring further research.

Clinical significance of posterior expansion of the utricular endolymphatic space.

BACKGROUND: Posterior expansion of the utricular endolymphatic space (ES) is a finding occasionally observed, and often occurs in bilateral ears. The clinical significance of posterior expansion of the utricular ES is not clear. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the clinical significance of posterior expansion of the utricular ES detected on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Among 957 patients who underwent contrast-enhanced MRI to investigate the presence of endolymphatic hydrops (EH), clinical findings in cases with posterior expansion of the utricular ES were evaluated and the significance of their existence is considered. RESULTS: Posterior expansion of the utricular ES was detected in 30 ears from 20 cases (7 males, 13 females; mean age 48.7 years). The ears with posterior expansion had a significantly lower incidence of vestibular EH than those without, and this tendency was more prominent in cases in bilateral ears. Some cases with posterior expansion had vestibular symptoms and were diagnosed with Ménière's disease, although EH was not detected in their vestibules. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE: Posterior expansion of the utricular ES was associated with Ménière's disease without vestibular EH. Posterior expansion of the utricular ES might not be associated with the formation of EH but may occur independently.

Improvement of vertigo symptoms and acoustic power absorbance in cases with endolymphatic hydrops.

Objective: The pathophysiology and symptoms underlying Meniere's disease (MD) manifest as endolymphatic hydrops (EH), potentially impacting acoustic power absorbance in vestibular EH. The longitudinal effects of middle ear pressure therapy (MEPT) and conservative therapies for EH by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and on acoustic power absorbance on wideband acoustic immittance (WAI) were evaluated, and their changes were compared with clinical symptoms. Methods: Eleven patients with definite MD or delayed endolymphatic hydrops (DEH), resistant to conservative therapies and who continued MEPT for 1 year, were included. Vertigo scores, hearing levels, acoustic power absorbance on WAI, and degrees of EH on 3-T MRI were evaluated and compared before and after the treatments. Results: One year after the start of MEPT, all cases showed symptomatic improvement in vertigo score; however, the degrees of EH showed no improvements except in one case. In the affected ears with EH, their absorbances on WAI improved, particularly at 1580-1905 or 2400-2953 Hz (p < .05). Conclusion: Alleviation of vestibular symptoms with the therapy of MD was not necessarily associated with improved EH. Vestibular symptoms could be related to the change in the impedance of inner ear pressure, which was proven by the normalization of acoustic power absorbance. Assessments of acoustic power absorbance may provide useful information for physiological conditions and causative factors of vertigo in ears with EH. Level of evidence: 4.

Efficacy of 100 hz sound stimulation on saccular dysfunction in meniere's disease.

BACKGROUND: Although various medical remedies have been attempted to alleviate the symptoms of Meniere's disease (MD), the risk-benefit ratios of these various treatments remain debatable. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the efficacy of sound stimulation of 100 Hz for treating vestibular dysfunction in patients with Meniere's disease (MD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with definitive MD with intractable vestibular symptoms and endolymphatic hydrops (EH) in the inner ear were evaluated. The experimental group received sound stimulation of 75 dB at a frequency of 100 Hz for 5 min, and the control group received sound stimulation of 75 dB at a frequency of 250 Hz for 5 min. Cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMPs) were measured before and after each sound stimulation, and the results of the clinical tests were compared between the two patient groups. RESULTS: Significant increases in cVEMP amplitudes were observed after sound stimulation of 100 Hz in ears with vestibular endolymphatic hydrops, although no such improvement was observed in the control group. CONCLUSION: Sound stimulation of 75 dB at a frequency of 100 Hz leads to improvement in cVEMP amplitude in patients with definitive MD. Adequate sound stimulation might be a new method for treating vestibular dysfunction associated with MD.

Association between polymorphisms in genes encoding methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and the risk of Ménière's disease.

Folate metabolism is essential for cellular functioning. Despite extensive research on the roles of folate-metabolism-related gene polymorphisms in the pathophysiology of many diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancers, and sudden sensorineural hearing loss, little is known about their association with Ménière's disease (MD). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene polymorphisms (C677T and A1298C) on the risk of MD in a Japanese population. We examined the C677T and A1298C (rs1801133 and rs1801131) polymorphisms in the MTHFR gene and compared them between 1946 adults (986 men and 960 women) participating in the National Institute for Longevity Sciences Longitudinal Study of Aging and 86 cases of MD. A multiple logistic regression was performed to obtain odds ratios (ORs) for the risk of MD regarding the MTHFR polymorphisms before (model 1) and after (model 2) adjustment for age and sex factors. The OR of MTHFR C677T for the risk of MD was 0.669 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.479-0.934) in model 1 and 0.680 (95% CI, 0.484-0.954) in model 2. In contrast, the OR of MTHFR A1298C for the risk of MD was 1.503 (95% CI, 1.064-2.123) in model 1 and 1.505 (95% CI, 1.045-2.167) in model 2. Our results imply that the MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms are associated with the risk of MD.

Endolymphatic hydrops in patients with tinnitus as the major symptom.

Tinnitus is one of the symptoms of Meniere's disease. The relationship between a clinical presentation of subjective tinnitus or ear fullness and endolymphatic hydrops (EH) has not yet been explored. We studied 15 patients with symptoms of tinnitus as their major complaint, with or without hearing loss, who were evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The mean age of the subjects was 59 years (range 35-79 years). Nine were women and six were men. Patients were divided into two groups based on whether they had fluctuating or stable tinnitus. These groups were subdivided in the presence or absence of accompanying sensation of ear fullness. MRI was performed 4 h after intravenous gadolinium administration. Overall, 30 ears were evaluated. EH in the cochlea was present in 14 of 25 symptomatic ears (56 %) in patients with tinnitus as the major complaint. Significant hydrops was present in 7 of 14 ears and mild hydrops in the other ears. Patients with fluctuating tinnitus had EH more frequently than patients with stable tinnitus. Furthermore, the presence of ear fullness also correlated with the presence of EH in the cochlea. However, there was no significant relationship between EH in the cochlea and age, sex, duration of tinnitus, hearing level or the configuration of the audiogram. Our study revealed that patients who had tinnitus as their major symptom often had EH. Using MRI to identify this covert early EH in patients who have tinnitus as their major symptom may broaden the treatment options for tinnitus.

[Inner ear 3D-FLAIR magnetic resonance image evaluation of MPO-ANCA related angitis patients].

Patients with MPO-ANCA related angitis sometimes experience the onset of sonsorineural hearing loss and facial palsy. The main aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the inflammation in the inner ear and sensorineural hearing loss, or between the inflammation of the facial nerve and facial nerve palsy in patients with MPO-ANCA related angitis. From 2007 to 2011, the inner ear was evaluated in 16 ears from 8 patients with MPO-ANCA related angitis with 3D-FLAIR MRI. In 12 ears of the 16 ears the onset of sensorineural hearing loss was noted, and the signal intensity ratio (SIR) in the cochlea was 0.62 +/- 0.15 on pre-enhancement 3D-FLAIR MRI, and 0.97 +/- 0.5 on post-enhancement. These SIR values were significantly higher than the SIR of non-sensorineural hearing loss patients. The onset of facial palsy was noted in 9 of 16 sides and the facial nerve SIR was 0.83 +/- 0.23 on post-contrast 3D-FLAIR MRI. The SIR in the facial nerve of facial nerve palsy patients was higher than non-facial palsy patients. The conclusion is that sensorineural hearing loss and facial palsy in patients with MPO-ANCA related angitis occurred due to strong inflammation in the cochlea or facial nerve. 3D-FLAIR MRI made this pathology clear.

Pathophysiological analysis of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss by magnetic resonance imaging: A mini scoping review.

Objective: To summarize the pathophysiological analysis of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), focusing on the findings of high signal or endolymphatic hydrops (EH) in the inner ear. Methods: We summarize the published studies of our research group regarding the pathophysiological analysis of ISSNHL on MRI and review related clinical articles that have reported significantly high signal or the existence of EH in ears with ISSNHL. Results: Pre-contrast high signal on MRI may indicate minor hemorrhage or increased permeability of surrounding vessels to the perilymph, whereas post-contrast high signal indicates breakdown of the blood-labyrinth barrier, in which irreversible changes would lead to poor prognosis. In some cases of ISSNHL, primary EH could be pre-existing and may be a risk factor for the onset of ISSNHL. Conclusion: Analysis of ISSNHL by cutting-edge MRI evaluation could provide useful information for elucidating its pathophysiology and for predicting prognosis in this disease.

Pitfalls of Using T2-contrast Enhancement Techniques in 3D-FLAIR to Detect Endolymphatic Hydrops.

PURPOSE: To determine whether T2-contrast enhancement techniques can be used to diagnose endolymphatic hydrops, we compared fluid signal artifacts with and without T2-contrast enhancement techniques in 3D fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (3D-FLAIR). METHODS: We prepared a custom-made phantom consisting of eight tubes half-filled with saline. Images were obtained using four 3D-FLAIR: without T2-contrast enhancement (Normal), with non-selective T2-inversion recovery (T2-IR), and two with non-selective T2 preparation IR (T2-prep). Scans were performed with and without rice covering the phantom to simulate minimal and severe B0-inhomogeneity conditions. The average signal intensity (SI) values of eight saline tubes were compared between the four sequences and between each other. Comparisons were performed for all measurement slices and the central 10 slices. The images using T2-contrast enhancement technique were obtained from a volunteer and a patient suspected of Meniere's disease. RESULTS: The Normal sequence SI for all slices was significantly lower than that for the other sequences, with smaller standard deviation (SD) and no outliers. Several outliers were detected in the other sequences. The SDs and outliers were larger without rice than with rice. When the central 10 slices with rice, the T2-IR had a significantly higher SI with more outliers compared with the Normal sequence. The T2-prep had no outliers and SIs that were comparable to those of the Normal sequence. However, without rice, the T2-IR and T2-prep sequences had significantly higher SIs with outliers and larger SDs compared to the Normal sequence. In the corresponding images, the Normal sequence achieved excellent fluid suppression, whereas the T2-IR and T2-prep sequences showed high-signal artifacts. Imperfect fluid suppressions were observed in the volunteer image and the endolymphatic hydrops on the post-gadolinium image differed in size and shape in the non-injected T2-IR in the patient image. CONCLUSION: T2-contrast enhancement techniques should be used with caution in 3D-FLAIR for diagnosing endolymphatic hydrops.

Significance of an augmented response on cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential testing in Meniere's disease.

The potential mechanism of augmented response on cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) testing and its decrease following treatment in a patient with Meniere's disease (MD) are discussed. Changes of static posturography and cVEMP testing before and after a glycerol drip in a 69-year-old man with unilateral MD, in which significant endolymphatic hydrops (EH) was confirmed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on the diseased side, were evaluated. Values of total locus lengths, areas of postural sway, and their Romberg ratios were decreased after the glycerol drip. On cVEMP testing, the diseased ear demonstrated a 375% larger amplitude than the contralateral ear before treatment, but both ears showed almost the same responses after treatment. An augmented response on cVEMP testing and a decrease following treatment for MD reflect the diversity of clinical findings in MD. Responses on cVEMP testing may relate not only to the degree of EH, but also be due to abnormal acoustic energy absorbance transmitted into the saccule.

Evaluation of the Listening Environment of Bilateral Cochlear Implant Users through Data Logging: A Comparison of Bilateral Simultaneous and Sequential Implantation.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the listening conditions of bilateral cochlear implant (CI) users in their daily living environment. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS: Thirty-one adult CI users 16 years or older; 18 underwent sequential surgery, and 13 underwent simultaneous surgery. Inclusion criteria included the availability of CI data logging features and a minimum duration of binaural use of 6 months. INTERVENTION: Retrospective analysis of data obtained from the automatic scene classifier data logging system. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Comparison of data logging and maximum speech discrimination scores of the two surgery groups (sequential vs. simultaneous) to investigate the potential influence of these factors on the listening conditions of CI users. RESULTS: The maximum speech discrimination score of the second CI in the sequential group was significantly worse than that of any other CI in the sequential and simultaneous CI groups. Additionally, the longer the interval between surgeries, the more significant the difference in "time on air" between the first and the second CIs. The second CI in sequential CI surgery had a shorter "time on air" than the first or the bilateral simultaneous CIs; the second CI was also used more frequently in noisy and speech with background noise environments. CONCLUSIONS: A second CI may be more frequently used in challenging listening environments because of its binaural auditory effect, despite its lower speech discrimination performance. The timing of sequential implantation and the potential impact of binaural hearing should be considered when developing rehabilitation strategies for individuals with bilateral CIs.

Labyrinthine calcification in ears with otitis media and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (OMAAV): A report of two cases.

Otitis media with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (OMAAV) has been proposed as a new type of otitis media. The hearing loss caused by OMAAV can be expected to improve with early detection and intervention, but if it continues to worsen and leads to deafness, it is challenging to recover the patient's hearing. When bilateral deafness occurs, cochlear implant (CI) surgery is the only way to improve hearing. Here, Case 1 showed unilateral cochlear calcification, and Case 2 showed bilateral cochlear calcification. In Case 1, CI surgery was performed on the ear lacking calcification, and in Case 2 it was performed on the ear with milder calcification. In Case 2, granulation was present from the tympanic space to the mastoid, the round window was closed, and the basal turn of the cochlea was narrowed. Such calcification of the cochlea caused by OMAAV has not been reported so far. It is essential to detect these changes by computed tomography scans at an early stage and to perform CI surgery at an appropriate time, because hearing improvements are not expected in patients who become deaf because of OMAAV.

Peripheral Retinal Leakage after Intravenous Administration of a Gadolinium-based Contrast Agent: Age Dependence, Temporal and Inferior Predominance and Potential Implications for Eye Homeostasis.

PURPOSE: Peripheral retinal leakage (PRL) of contrast medium from the ora serrata (i.e., the peripheral part of the retina) was recently reported in normal eyes using ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography. We occasionally see PRL of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) in the vitreous from the temporal and inferior sides of the ora serrata on MR images of subjects without ophthalmic disease. In this study, we retrospectively evaluated these MR images to determine if PRL was associated with aging. We also evaluated whether the initial leakage appeared in the temporal and inferior sides, and whether there was uniform distribution within the vitreous after 24 hours. METHODS: In 127 subjects (9 volunteers, 85 patients with sudden deafness, and 33 patients with a suspicion of endolymphatic hydrops), pre- and post-contrast-enhanced heavily T2-weighted 3D-fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images were obtained. The presence or absence of PRL was subjectively evaluated. For patients with a suspicion of endolymphatic hydrops, 3D-real inversion recovery (IR) images were also obtained at pre-, 10 mins, 4 hours, and 24 hours after intravenous administration (IV) of GBCA. Four circular ROIs were placed in the vitreous humor and the signal intensity was measured. RESULTS: In the cases with PRL (n = 88) and without PRL (n = 47), the median age was 59 and 47 years, respectively (P = 0.001). At 4 hours after IV-GBCA, the mean signal increase in the inferior temporal ROI was greater than all the other ROIs. At 24 hours after IV-GBCA, no significant difference in signal intensity was observed for the four ROIs. CONCLUSION: PRL of GBCA is age-dependent and occurs mainly from the inferior temporal side of the ora serrata. The contrast effect was uniformly distributed at 24 hours after IV-GBCA. Future observations in a variety of diseases will determine the clinical significance of these findings.