Difenoconazole induces cardiovascular toxicity through oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis in early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Difenoconazole (DIF), a common broad-spectrum triazole fungicide, is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Unfortunately, little attention has been paid to the mechanisms underlying this association. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to DIF (0, 0.3, 0.6 and 1.2 mg/L) from 4 to 96 h post fertilization (hpf) and cardiovascular toxicity was evaluated. Our results showed that DIF decreased hatching rate, survival rate and heart rate, with increased malformation rate. Cardiovascular deformities are the most prominent, including pericardial edema, abnormal cardiac structure and disrupted vascular pattern in two transgenic zebrafish models (myl7:egfp and fli1:egfp). DIF exacerbated oxidative stress by via accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibition of antioxidant enzyme. Cardiovascular apoptosis was triggered through increased expression of p53, bcl-2, bax and caspase 9, while DIF suppressed the transcription of key genes involved in calcium signaling and cardiac muscle contraction. These adverse outcomes were restored by the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), indicating that oxidative stress played a crucial role in DIF-induced cardiovascular toxicity caused by apoptosis and inhibition of cardiac muscle contraction. Taken together, this study revealed the key role of oxidative stress in DIF-induced cardiovascular toxicity and provided novel insights into strategies to mitigate its toxicity.

The mechanisms of lncRNA Tug1 in islet dysfunction in a mouse model of intrauterine growth retardation.

Taurine upregulated gene 1 (Tug1) is a novel lncRNA that participates in growth, and the abnormal expression of Tug1 related to mouse islet cell dysfunction. A recent study revealed that intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) related to the pathogenesis of diabetes. Here, we aimed to explore the role and mechanism of Tug1 in IUGR-mediated islet dysfunction. We observed that newborn IUGR mice had lower body and pancreas weight and smaller islets than newborn control mice. After IUGR mice were given a normal diet, they showed catch-up growth and abnormal glucose tolerance; however, the pancreas/body weight ratio remained low. Blood glucose, serum insulin and related gene expression showed mild recovery after overexpression of Tug1 in IUGR mice. Furthermore, Tug1 was enriched in the nuclei of MIN6 cells. Using RIP and CHIP analyses we found that Tug1 could regulate Hes1 expression by binding to EZH2 to affect insulin synthesis in MIN6 cells. These findings indicate that lncRNA Tug1 could regulate the expression of Hes1 via EZH2-driven H3K27 methylation and affect insulin production. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: This study suggests Tug1 as a novel biomarker, as it was shown to regulate ß cell function and is worthy of further investigation due to its potential for diabetes treatment.

Identification of intracellular peptides associated with thermogenesis in human brown adipocytes.

OBJECTIVES: Currently, brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a therapeutic target in obesity and diabetes, but the mechanism of BAT activation remains unclear. Because increasing emphasis has been placed on the role of intracellular peptides in biological processes, we conducted a study to gain insight into the mechanism of BAT activation by using a peptidomic approach and then attempted to identify peptides that are capable of activating BAT. METHODS: In the present study, we generated the peptidomic profile of the intracellular peptides in brown adipocytes treated with forskolin (FSK) using a peptidomic approach. Then, the differentially expressed peptides were evaluated via Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment, KEGG pathway, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. Finally, we selected candidate peptides for further validation via assessing the expression levels of UCP-1 and PGC-1α in brown adipocytes exposed to the peptides. RESULTS: A total of 4,370 peptides were identified, of which 951 were upregulated and 379 were downregulated after FSK treatment. Bioinformatic analysis demonstrated that the ECM-receptor interaction GO term was the most enriched and that collagen alpha-related proteins exhibited the highest degree of PPI. Four peptides separately derived from TSC22 domain family protein 1 (T22D1), bromodomain and WD repeat-containing protein 1 (BRWD1), protein piccolo (PCLO), and collagen alpha-1 (III) chain (CO3A1) increased the expression levels of UCP-1 and PGC-1α. CONCLUSIONS: ECM-receptor interaction may play an important role in the process of FSK-stimulated BAT activation, and the pT22D1tide, pBRWD1tide, pPCLOtide, and pCO3A1tide peptides potentially promote BAT thermogenesis.

A novel peptide suppresses adipogenic differentiation through activation of the AMPK pathway.

Obesity rates have risen rapidly over the past several decades and obesity is now a global public health challenge. The reduction of excessive adipogenesis is thought to be an effective intervention for obesity and obesity-related metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes. In this study, a novel peptide PDBSN was identified that functions to suppress adipogenesis. In both human preadipocytes and mouse adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), PDBSN exhibited a suppressive effect on the accumulation of lipids and the expression of genes as well as their corresponding proteins (CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)ß, C/EBPα and nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ)) relevant to adipogenic cell differentiation. Although adipogenesis decreased, the preadipocyte number and proliferation were not influenced by the PDBSN treatment. Apoptosis and the cell cycle were also determined to not have a role in the action of PDBSN. Mechanistically, the activity of the AMPK (adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase) pathway was markedly increased upon PDBSN treatment. Moreover, treatment of preadipocytes with compound C, a selective AMPK inhibitor, abolished the effect of PDBSN in anti-adipogenesis, suggesting that the function of PDBSN relied on the AMPK pathway. These results suggest an effective role for PDBSN in suppressing adipogenesis and show potential for anti-obesity drug discovery.

Fluorometric determination of the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha by using gold nanoparticles and a labeled protein-binding DNA.

A method is described for the determination of the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) which is a regulator in adipocyte differentiation. The method is based on quenching of the red fluorescence (with excitation/emission maxima at 548/562 nm) of Cy3-labeled DNA if it becomes adsorbed on positively charged gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Fluorescently labeled dsDNA that can bind C/EBPα is introduced as a fluorescent probes. The dsDNA is electrostatically adsorbed on the positively charged AuNPs to quench their fluorescence. In the presence of C/EBPα, it will bind dsDNA which then diffuses away. The fluorescence of the AuNPs becomes restored. The fluorescent signal increases linearly in the 0.05 to 600 ng·mL-1 µM C/EBPα concentration range, and the detection limit is 29 pg·mL-1. The method is specific and was applied to analyze cell lysates and in-situ. Graphical abstractSchematic representation of a fluorometric method for determination of the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα). Fluorescently labeled dsDNA that can bind C/EBPα is introduced as a fluorescent probes. The dsDNA is electrostatically adsorbed on the positively charged AuNPs to quench their fluorescence. In the presence of C/EBPα, it will bind dsDNA which then diffuses away. The fluorescence of the AuNPs becomes restored.

High folate intake contributes to the risk of large for gestational age birth and obesity in male offspring.

Folate supplementation is recommended before and during early pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects, but the effect of red blood cell (RBC) folate on large for gestational age (LGA) is still unknown. We performed a nested case-control study including 542 LGA cases and 1,084 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) controls to examine the association of RBC folate concentrations with risk of LGA. Then, male offspring of dams fed basic folic acid (2 mg/kg, control) or 10-fold folic acid (20 mg/kg, HFol) diet before and during pregnancy were used to explore the effect of high folate intake on birth weight and long-term effects. We observed higher RBC folate concentrations in the cases compared to controls (p = 0.039). After adjustment for maternal age, BMI at enrollment, gestational weeks at enrollment, gestational weeks at delivery and infant gender, higher RBC folate levels were significantly associated with increased risk of LGA (Ptrend = 0.003). Interestingly, male offspring of HFol dams showed the higher birth weight, elevated levels of post loading blood glucose at 9 and 13 weeks post-weaning and increased triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels at 17 weeks post-weaning. Furthermore, we observed that high folate intake increased the proliferation and differentiation of adipose cells. Our results suggest that maternal high folate intake confers the risk of LGA birth and accelerates the development of obesity in male offspring.

GM13133 is a negative regulator in mouse white adipocytes differentiation and drives the characteristics of brown adipocytes.

Obesity is tightly associated with the disturbance of white adipose tissue storing excess energy. Thermogenic adipocytes (brown and beige) exert a critical role of oxidizing nutrients at the high rates through non-shivering thermogenesis. The recruitment of brown characteristics in white adipocytes, termed browning, has been considered as a promising strategy for treating obesity and associated metabolic complications. Recently, long noncoding RNAs play a crucial role in regulating tissue development and participating in disease pathogenesis, yet their effects on the conversion of white into brown-like adipocytes and thermogenic function were not totally understood. Here, we identified a mouse brown adipose specific expressed lncRNA, termed GM13133. Moreover, a considerable amount of GM13133 is expressed in adipocytes and actively modulated by cold, ß3 -adrenergic agonist and cAMP stimuli, implying a potential role in the conversion from white to brown adipocytes. Overexpression of GM13133 did not affect the proliferation of mouse white pre-adipocytes, but inhibited white adipocyte differentiation by decreasing lipid accumulation. The forced expression of GM13133 also significantly drove the conversion of white into brown-like adipocytes with the enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis and the induced expression of brown adipocytes specific markers. A global mRNA analysis further indicated the possible regulatory role of cAMP signaling pathway in GM13133 mediated white-to-brown adipocytes conversion. Our results identified a lncRNA-mediated modulation in primary mouse white adipocyte differentiation and indicate the functional significance of GM13133 in promoting browning of white adipocytes and maintenance of thermogenesis, further providing a potential strategy to treating obesity.

Genome-wide analysis reveals that altered methylation in specific CpG loci is associated with childhood obesity.

Over the past decades, the epidemic of childhood obesity has greatly increased, and it has recently become a global public health concern. Methylation, serving as a crucial regulator of the gene-environment interaction, has exhibited a strong association with obesity. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between DNA methylation and childhood obesity, and further uncover the potential association of aberrantly methylated genes with obesity. DNA samples of peripheral blood leukocytes from three obese subjects (mean BMI: 21.67) and 4 age/sex matched controls (mean BMI: 14.92) were subjected to Infinium Human Methylation 450 Bead Array analysis. A total of more than 4 85 000 methylation sites were identified across the genome, and 226 methylated CpGs (DMCpGs) were differentially methylated between these two groups. Subsequent Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG Pathway analyses showed that these DMCpGs were mainly engaged in immunity and lipoprotein metabolism, indicating their physiological significance. Further verification of the candidate CpG sites within the HDAC4, RAX2, APOA5, CES1, and SLC25A20 gene loci, were performed using bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) in a cohort of 42 controls and 39 obese cases. The results revealed that methylation levels within HDAC4 and RAX2 loci were positively associated with obesity, while the methylation levels of loci within APOA5 and CES1 loci were negatively correlated with obesity. Thus, alterations in methylation of CpG sites of specific genes may contribute to childhood obesity, which provide novel insights into the aetiology of obesity.

Identification and characterization of metformin on peptidomic profiling in human visceral adipocytes.

To gain insight into the effect of metformin on losing weight from peptidomic perspective and to screen potential active peptides for reducing fat lipid deposition. After determining the proper concentration of metformin on human primary visceral adipocytes, we constructed a comparative peptidomic profiling between control and metformin treatment group (n = 3) using a stable isobaric labeling strategy involving tandem mass tag reagents, followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. We identified and quantified 3065 non-redundant peptides, 304 of which were differentially expressed after metformin treatment, 206 peptides were up regulated and 98 peptides were down regulated significantly. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment and pathway analysis were performed to study differentially peptides though their precursor proteins. We concluded three peptides located within the functional domains of their precursor proteins could be candidate bioactive peptides for obesity. On one hand, these results confirmed the versatile effects of metformin on adipocyte and advance our current understanding of metformin, on the other hand, these identified peptides might play putative roles in treatment of obesity.

Maternal Vitamin D Status and Risk of Gestational Diabetes: a Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Whether maternal vitamin D deficiency is associated with gestational diabetes remains controversial. This meta-analysis aimed to systematically evaluate published evidence on the association between maternal vitamin D status and the risk of gestational diabetes. METHODS: We retrieved relevant articles from the PubMed, Medline and Embase databases up to May 2017 for observational studies investigating the association between vitamin D status and the risk of gestational diabetes. Odds ratios (OR) or risk ratios (RR) from individual studies were pooled using the fixed and random effect models. RESULTS: The meta-analysis of 29 observational studies included 28,982 participants, of which 4,634 were diagnosed with gestational diabetes, and showed that maternal vitamin D insufficiency was associated with a significantly increased risk of gestational diabetes by 39% (pooled OR = 1.39, 95%CI = 1.20-1.60) with moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 50.2%; P = 0.001). Moreover, the 25(OH)D level was significantly lower in gestational diabetes cases than in controls with a pooled effect of -4.79 nmol/L (95% CI = -6.43, -3.15). Significant heterogeneity was also detected (I2 = 65.0%, P < 0.001). Further subgroup analysis indicated that this association was also evident in most subpopulations. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis indicated a significant association between vitamin D insufficiency and increased risk of gestational diabetes. Further well-designed large-scale clinical trials are essential to verify this association.

Downregulation of Long Noncoding RNA Gas5 Affects Cell Cycle and Insulin Secretion in Mouse Pancreatic ß Cells.

BACKGROUND: Evidence shows that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in individual development, cell differentiation, cell cycle processes and other important life processes and are closely related to major human diseases, including diabetes. Recent studies have reported that lncRNAs are involved in ß cell functions and that lncRNA Gas5 levels decreased in T2DM patients' serum. The purpose of this study was to clarify the role of lncRNA Gas5 in mouse ß cell functions in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: lncRNA Gas5 expression in T2DM and normal mouse tissues was analyzed using qRT-PCR. RNAi, qRT-PCR, Annexin V-FITC assays, western blot, GSIS and RIA were performed to detect the effects of lncRNA Gas5 on insulin synthesis and secretion in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: The lncRNA Gas5 level was significantly decreased in db/db mice. However, lncRNA Gas5 expression was relatively high in the pancreas of normal mice. Knockdown of lncRNA Gas5 expression led to cell cycle G1 arrest and impaired insulin synthesis and secretion in Min6 cells. Further, knockdown of lncRNA Gas5 expression in primary isolated islets resulted in decreased expression of insulin gene and transcription factors, Pdx1 and MafA. These results indicate that lncRNA Gas5 might perform as a new regulator, maintaining ß cell identity and function by affecting insulin synthesis and secretion.

Association of Maternal Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations with Risk of Gestational Anemia.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Vitamin D deficiency has been shown to be associated with a greater prevalence of anemia in various healthy and diseased populations by a great deal of observational studies. However, less work has been done to explore this association in pregnant women. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and risk of gestational anemia in a large, nested case-control study. METHODS: The serum 25(OH)D concentrations was measured by enzyme immunoassay in 775 pregnant women affected with anemia and 1550 controls. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the association of 25(OH)D concentrations with risk of gestational anemia. RESULTS: We found the 25(OH)D concentrations was significantly lower in women affected with anemia than in controls. Logistic regression analyses showed that women with 25(OH)D concentrations < 25.0 nmol/L, from 25.0 to 37.4 nmol/L and from 37.5 to 49.9 nmol/L all had increased risk of anemia when compared with women with concentrations from 50.0 to 74.9 nmol/L. And the risk of anemia was significantly increased with the decreasing concentrations of the serum 25(OH)D in a dose-dependent manner (P for trend = 0.012). For women with concentrations < 50.0 nmol/L, they had an 80% increase in anemia risk (95% CI = 1.45-2.25) after adjustment for confounders. We also observed a nonlinear relationship between the serum 25(OH)D and anemia, with a threshold for 25(OH)D of 50.0 nmol/L existed for anemia. CONCLUSION: Maternal serum 25(OH)D < 50.0 nmol/L may be a risk factor for gestational anemia, and it should be monitored for the high-risk pregnant women.

A transcribed ultraconserved noncoding RNA, uc.417, serves as a negative regulator of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis.

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) oxidizes fatty acids for thermogenesis and could therefore be considered as part of a new strategy in combating obesity and associated metabolic diseases. It is well established that aging is accompanied by a decline of brown adipocyte regenerative capacity. How aging contributes to this loss is poorly understood. Here, we identify a long noncoding RNA, uc.417, which is transcribed from an ultraconserved region in rodents. Expression of uc.417 increases with age. Ectopic expression of uc.417 impairs adipogenesis and the thermogenic program in brown adipocytes. However, uc.417 is not required for brown fat function. In vivo, uc.417 attenuates the cold-induced thermogenic program in mouse BAT. Moreover, we find that uc.417 moderately inhibits phosphorylation of p38MAPK without affecting the total protein level of p38MAPK. The p38MAPK pathway is essential for activating BAT to stimulate uncoupling protein 1 gene expression. The data point to uc.417 as being an important factor in an age-dependent loss of function of brown adipose tissue.-Cui, X., You, L., Li, Y., Zhu, L., Zhang, F., Xie, K., Cao, Y., Ji, C., Guo, X. A transcribed ultraconserved noncoding RNA, uc.417, serves as a negative regulator of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis.

Downregulation of Long Noncoding RNA Meg3 Affects Insulin Synthesis and Secretion in Mouse Pancreatic Beta Cells.

Increasing evidence indicates that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in diverse biological process. Mouse maternal expressed gene 3 (Meg3) is an imprinted gene and essential for development. Here, we explored the relationship between Meg3 and the function of mouse beta cells in vitro and in vivo. Real-time PCR analyses revealed that Meg3 was more abundantly expressed in Balb/c mouse islets than exocrine glands. Moreover, the expression of Meg3 in islets was decreased in T1DM (NOD female mice) and T2DM (db/db mice) models. Meg3 expression was modulated dynamically by glucose in Min6 cells and isolated mouse islets. The function role of Meg3 was investigated in Min6 cells and normal mouse by knockdown of Meg3 using small interfering RNA. After suppression of Meg3 expression in vitro, insulin synthesis and secretion were impaired and the rate of beta cells apoptosis was increased. Moreover, knockdown of Meg3 in vivo led to the impaired glucose tolerance and decreased insulin secretion, consisted with the reduction of insulin positive cells areas by immunochemistry assays. Notably, islets from Meg3 interference groups showed significant decrease of Pdx-1 and MafA expression in mRNA and protein levels. These results indicate that Meg3 may function as a new regulator of maintaining beta cells identity via affecting insulin production and cell apoptosis. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 852-862, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Long noncoding RNA PVT1 indicates a poor prognosis of gastric cancer and promotes cell proliferation through epigenetically regulating p15 and p16.

BACKGROUND: Mounting evidence indicates that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) could play a pivotal role in cancer biology. However, the overall biological role and clinical significance of PVT1 in gastric carcinogenesis remains largely unknown. METHODS: Expression of PVT1 was analyzed in 80 GC tissues and cell lines by qRT-PCR. The effect of PVT1 on proliferation was evaluated by MTT and colony formation assays, and cell apoptosis was evaluated by Flow-cytometric analysis. GC cells transfected with shPVT1 were injected into nude mice to study the effect of PVT1 on tumorigenesis in vivo. RIP was performed to confirm the interaction between PVT1 and EZH2. ChIP was used to study the promoter region of related genes. RESULTS: The higher expression of PVT1 was significantly correlated with deeper invasion depth and advanced TNM stage. Multivariate analyses revealed that PVT1 expression served as an independent predictor for overall survival (p = 0.031). Further experiments demonstrated that PVT1 knockdown significantly inhibited the proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, we also showed that PVT1 played a key role in G1 arrest. Moreover, we further confirmed that PVT1 was associated with enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) and that this association was required for the repression of p15 and p16. To our knowledge, this is the first report showed that the role and the mechanism of PVT1 in the progression of gastric cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Together, these results suggest that lncRNA PVT1 may serve as a candidate prognostic biomarker and target for new therapies in human gastric cancer.

Downregulation of lncRNA TUG1 affects apoptosis and insulin secretion in mouse pancreatic ß cells.

BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence indicates that long noncoding RNAs (IncRNAs) perform specific biological functions in diverse processes. Recent studies have reported that IncRNAs may be involved in ß cell function. The aim of this study was to characterize the role of IncRNA TUG1 in mouse pancreatic ß cell functioning both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: qRT-PCR analyses were performed to detect the expression of lncRNA TUG1 in different tissues. RNAi, MTT, TUNEL and Annexin V-FITC assays and western blot, GSIS, ELISA and immunochemistry analyses were performed to detect the effect of lncRNA TUG1 on cell apoptosis and insulin secretion in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: lncRNA TUG1 was highly expressed in pancreatic tissue compared with other organ tissues, and expression was dynamically regulated by glucose in Nit-1 cells. Knockdown of lncRNA TUG1 expression resulted in an increased apoptosis ratio and decreased insulin secretion in ß cells both in vitro and in vivo . Immunochemistry analyses suggested decreased relative islet area after treatment with lncRNA TUG1 siRNA. CONCLUSION: Downregulation of lncRNA TUG1 expression affected apoptosis and insulin secretion in pancreatic ß cells in vitro and in vivo. lncRNA TUG1 may represent a factor that regulates the function of pancreatic ß cells.

Secretome Derived from Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells: A Promising Strategy for Diabetes and its Complications.

Diabetes is a complex metabolic disease with a high global prevalence. The health and quality of life of patients with diabetes are threatened by many complications, including diabetic foot ulcers, diabetic kidney diseases, diabetic retinopathy, and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. The application of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) in cell therapies has been recognized as a potential treatment for diabetes and its complications. MSCs were originally thought to exert biological effects exclusively by differentiating and replacing specific impaired cells. However, the paracrine function of factors secreted by MSCs may exert additional protective effects. MSCs secrete multiple compounds, including proteins, such as growth factors, chemokines, and other cytokines; nucleic acids, such as miRNAs; and lipids, extracellular vesicles (EVs), and exosomes (Exos). Collectively, these secreted compounds are called the MSC secretome, and usage of these chemicals in cell-free therapies may provide stronger effects with greater safety and convenience. Recent studies have demonstrated positive effects of the MSC secretome, including improved insulin sensitivity, reduced inflammation, decreased endoplasmic reticulum stress, enhanced M2 polarization of macrophages, and increased angiogenesis and autophagy; however, the mechanisms leading to these effects are not fully understood. This review summarizes the current research regarding the secretome derived from MSCs, including efforts to quantify effectiveness and uncover potential molecular mechanisms in the treatment of diabetes and related disorders. In addition, limitations and challenges are also discussed so as to facilitate applications of the MSC secretome as a cell-free therapy for diabetes and its complications.

NRXN1 depletion in the medial prefrontal cortex induces anxiety-like behaviors and abnormal social phenotypes along with impaired neurite outgrowth in rat.

BACKGROUND: Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are a group of disorders induced by abnormal brain developmental processes. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays an essential role in executive function, and its role in NDDs has been reported. NDDs are associated with high-risk gene mutations and share partially overlapping genetic abnormalities. METHODS: Neurexins (NRXNs) are related to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). NRXN1, an essential susceptibility gene for NDDs, has been reported to be associated with NDDs. However, little is known about its key role in NDDs. RESULTS: NRXN1 downregulation in the medial PFC induced anxiety-like behaviors and abnormal social phenotypes with impaired neurite outgrowth in Sh-NRXN1 in prefrontal neurons. Moreover, tandem mass tag (TMT)-based proteomic analysis of rat brain samples showed that NRXN1 downregulation led to significant proteome alterations, including pathways related to the extracellular matrix, cell membrane, and morphologic change. Furthermore, full-automatic immunoblotting analysis verified the differently expressed proteins related to cell morphology and membrane structure. CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirmed the association of NRXN1 with abnormal behaviors in NDDs and provided richer insights into specific prefrontal knockdown in adolescence, potentially expanding the NRXN1 interactome and contributing to human health.

Vitamin A supplementation ameliorates prenatal valproic acid-induced autism-like behaviors in rats.

INTRODUCTION: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social deficits and repetitive stereotyped behaviors. Prenatal exposure to the anticonvulsant drug valproic acid (VPA) is reported to induce ASD in human and ASD-like phenotypes in rodents. Unfortunately, the etiology and pathogenesis of ASD remains unclear. METHODS: Pregnant rats received an intraperitoneal injection of 600 mg/kg VPA on E12.5 to construct the ASD rat model in offspring. The different expression of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and mRNA profiles in the hippocampus were determined by RNA sequencing to investigate potential mechanisms of VPA-induced ASD. Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analysis were performed to predict the function of dysregulated lncRNAs. Co-expression network and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis were conducted to validate the potential regulatory lncRNA-mRNA network. RESULTS: VPA increased the total distance, time spent in the central zone and self-grooming (open field test) in rats. Meanwhile, VPA induced social impairment (three-chamber sociability test) and repetitive behaviors (marble burying test). A total of 238 lncRNAs and 354 mRNAs were differentially expressed in the VPA group. In addition, the dysregulated lncRNAs were involved in neural function and developmental processes of ASD. 5 lncRNAs and 7 mRNAs were differently expressed and included in the lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network. RT-PCR confirmed the upregulation of 4 lncRNAs and 6 mRNAs, and identified a potential regulatory network of NONRATT021475.2 (lncRNA) and Desert hedgehog (Dhh). Moreover, VPA decreased the serum vitamin A (VA) levels in offspring rats on postnatal day (PND) 21 and 49. Importantly, VA supplementation significantly restored VPA-induced autism-related behaviors and upregulation of NONRATT021475.2 and Dhh in the hippocampus of ASD rats. CONCLUSION: This study not only contributed to understand the importance of lncRNAs and mRNAs in the progression of ASD, but also identified VA as a potential therapy for the condition. DATA AVAILABILITY: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author with reasonable request.

A Novel Anti-Infective Peptide BCCY-1 With Immunomodulatory Activities.

Antibiotic resistance has been considered to be a global threat which underscores the need to develop novel anti-infective therapeutics. Modulation of innate immunity by synthetic peptides is an attractive strategy to overcome this circumstance. We recently reported that BCCY-1, a human ß-casein-derived peptide displays regulatory activities on monocytes, thereby enhancing their actions in innate immune responses. However, the function of peptide BCCY-1 in host defense against infection remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the in vivo characteristics and effects of peptide BCCY-1 in mouse models of bacterial infection. Following intraperitoneal injection, the peptide BCCY-1 exhibited high level of cellular uptake by monocytes without obvious toxicities. Results revealed that peptide BCCY-1, but not the scrambled version, stimulated the chemokine production and monocyte recruitment in vivo. Treatment with BCCY-1 enhanced the pathogen clearance and protected mice against lethal infections. Because the anti-infective effects of BCCY-1 was abolished by in vivo depletion of monocytes/macrophages rather than lymphocytes and granulocytes, we conclude that monocytes/macrophages are key effector cells in BCCY-1-mediated anti-infective protection. Additionally, BCCY-1 lacks direct antimicrobial activity. To our knowledge, a human ß-casein-derived peptide that counters infection by selective regulation of innate immunity has not been reported previously. These results suggest peptide BCCY-1 as a promising alternative approach and a valuable complement to current anti-infective strategy.