Characterization of ruminal degradation, intestinal digestion and total true nutrient supply to dairy cows from feedstocks and coproducts from Canola bio-oil processing: Impact by source origin.

The objective of this study was to characterize ruminal degradation, intestinal digestion and total true nutrient supply to dairy cows from canola feedstock (canola seeds) and coproducts (meal and pellets) from bio-oil processing which were impacted by source origin. The feedstocks and coproducts (mash, pellet) were randomly collected from five different bio-oil processing plants with five different batches of samples in each bio-processing plant in Canada (CA) and China (CH). In situ rumen degradation kinetics were determined using four fistulated Holstein cows with incubation times at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h. Intestinal digestions were determined using the three-step in vitro method with preincubation at 12 h. The DVE/OEB and National Research Council systems were applied to evaluate the truly absorbable nutrient supply to dairy cows and feed milk values (FMVs). The results showed that in situ undegradable fractions (U) (p = 0.025) were higher in CA meals, and potentially degradable fraction of D was higher (p = 0.016) in CH meals. CH meals had higher total digestible dry matter (TDDM, p = 0.018) and intestinal digestibility of protein (dIDP, p = 0.016). Canola meals from CA had lower MREE (microbial protein synthesized in the rumen based on available rumen degradable protein; p = 0.011) and DVME (rumen synthesized microbial protein digested in the small intestine; p = 0.011) and had higher ECP (endogenous protein in the small intestine, p = 0.001) and absorbed endogenous crude protein (truly absorbed ECP in the small intestine) than CH (p = 0.001). The FMV evaluated based on the metabolic protein and net energy showed no differences between CA and CH in both coproducts and feedstocks.

Combined molecular spectroscopic techniques (SR-FTIR, XRF, ATR-FTIR) to study physiochemical and nutrient profiles of Avena sativa grain and nutrition and structure interactive association properties.

Synchrotron radiation based on Fourier transform infrared radiation (SR-FTIR), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and attenuated total reflection based on Fourier transform infrared radiation (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy are both fast determining and minimal sample preparing techniques. They are capable of detecting the internal molecular structures. However, these techniques are still not well understood by nutrition researchers for the analysis of feed. The purpose of this review is to introduce advanced SR-FTIR, XRF, and ATR-FTIR molecular techniques, use these techniques to study chemical and nutrient profiles of Avena sativa grain, and lastly to study the nutrition and structure interactive association properties. The review mainly focuses on the following aspects: 1) the background information of Avena sativa grain; its history, chemical composition, nutrient profile, inherent structure, and production; 2) molecular spectroscopic techniques; principles and spectral analysis methodology of SR-FTIR, XRF and ATR-FTIR; 3) the application of SR-FTIR, XRF, and ATR-FTIR as a novel approach. This review provides an insight on how molecular spectroscopic techniques could be used for the study of nutrition and structure interactive association properties.

Research progress and future study on physicochemical, nutritional, and structural characteristics of canola and rapeseed feedstocks and co-products from bio-oil processing and nutrient modeling evaluation methods.

This article aims to review research progress and provide future study on physicochemical, nutritional, and molecular structural characteristics of canola and rapeseed feedstocks and co-products from bio-oil processing and nutrient modeling evaluation methods. The review includes Canola oil seed production, utilization and features; Rapeseed oil seed production and canola oil seed import in China; Bio-processing, co-products and conventional evaluation methods; Modeling methods for evaluation of truly absorbed protein supply from canola feedstock and co-products. The article provides our current research in feedstocks and co-products from bio-oil processing which include Characterization of chemical and nutrient profiles and ruminal degradation and intestinal digestion; Revealing intrinsic molecular structures and relationship between the molecular structure spectra features and nutrient supply from feedstocks and co-products using advanced vibrational molecular spectroscopy technique. The study focused on advanced vibrational molecular spectroscopy which can be used as a fast tool to study molecular structure features of feedstock and co-products from bio-oil processing. The article also provides future in depth study areas. This review provides an insight as how to use advanced vibrational molecular spectroscopy for in-depth analysis of the relationship between molecular structure spectral feature and nutrition delivery from canola feedstocks and co-products from bio-oil processing.

Research updates and progress on nutritional significance of the amides I and II, alpha-helix and beta-sheet ratios, microbial protein synthesis, and steam pressure toasting condition with globar and synchrotron molecular microspectroscopic techniques with chemometrics.

This article aims to review research updates and progress on the nutritional significance of the amides I and II, the alpha-helix and beta-sheet ratios, the microbial protein synthesis, and the steam pressure toasting condition in food and feed with globar and synchrotron molecular microspectroscopic techniques plus chemometrics (both univariate and multivariate techniques). The review focused on (I) impact of the amides I and II, and the alpha-helix and beta-sheet-structure ratios in food and feeds; (II) Current research progress and update in synchrotron technique and application in feed and food molecular structure studies that are associated with nutrition delivery; (III) Impact of thermal processing- steam pressure toasting condition on feed and food; (IV). Impact of the microbial protein synthesis and methodology on feed and food; and (V). Impact on performance and production of ruminants with Faba beans.

Utilization of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes in fiber fermentation, degradation, and digestions and characteristics of whole legume faba bean and its plant silage.

This article aims to review recent progress and update on utilization of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes in fiber fermentation, degradation, and digestions and nutritive and anti-nutritional characteristics of whole legume faba bean and its silage. The study focused on strategies to improve the utilization and bioavailability of fiber through pre-treating exogenous fibrolytic enzymes. The review includes features of nutrition and anti-nutritional factors and environment impact, forage fiber fermentation, degradation and digestion, legume bean in various diets, use of exogenous enzyme and factor affecting enzyme action in fiber digestion as well as exogenous enzyme response. This review also provides very recent research on effects of fibrolytic enzyme on rumen degradation characteristics of dry matter and fiber of whole plant faba bean silage and effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzyme derived from trichoderma reesei on lactational performance, feeding behavior, rumen fermentation and nutrient digestibility in dairy cows fed whole plant faba bean silage-based diet. This study provides an insight on nutritive and anti-nutritive characteristics of whole legume bean and its plant silage and utilization of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes in fiber fermentation, degradation, and digestions.

Using vibrational molecular spectroscopy to reveal carbohydrate molecular structure properties of faba bean partitions and faba bean silage before and after rumen incubation in relation to nutrient availability and supply to dairy cattle.

To our knowledge, there is limited study on the relationship between the molecular structure of feed and nutrient availability in the ruminant system. The objective of this study is to use advanced vibrational molecular spectroscopy (attenuated total reflection [ATR]-Fourier transform infrared [FT/IR]) to reveal carbohydrate molecular structure properties of faba bean partitions (stem, leaf, whole pods [WP], and whole plant) and faba bean silage before and after rumen incubation in relation to nutrient availability and supply to dairy cattle. The study included the correlation between carbohydrate-related spectral profiles and chemical profiles, feed energy values, Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System carbohydrate fractions, and rumen degradation parameters of faba bean samples (whole crop, stem, leaf, WP, and silage) before and after rumen incubation. FTIR spectra of faba bean sample before and after 12 and 24 h rumen incubations were collected with JASCO FT/IR-4200 with ATR at mid-IR range (ca. 4000-700 cm-1 ) with 128 scans and at 4 cm-1 resolution. The univariate molecular spectral analysis was carried out using OMNIC software. The results show that ATR-FT/IR spectroscopic technique could detect the change of microbial digestion to carbohydrate-related molecular structure. The spectral parameters of feed rumen incubation residues had a stronger correlation with less degradable carbohydrate fractions (neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, acid detergent lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose) while spectral profiles of original faba samples had a stronger correlation with easily degradable carbohydrate fractions (starch). In conclusion, rumen degradation of carbohydrate contents can be reflected in the change of its molecular spectral profiles. The study shows that vibrational molecular spectroscopy (ATR-FT/IR) shows high potential as a fast analytical tool to evaluate and predict nutrient supply in the ruminant system.

Interconnection between protein-related chemical functional group spectral features of prairie oat (Avena sativa L.) varieties and ruminant relevant nutrition-Degradation, intestinal digestion and true nutrient supply to dairy cows.

To our knowledge, the study interconnection between inherent chemical functional group spectral features and nutrient utilisation is still limited. The objective of this study was to test the adequacy of vibrational Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy as a fast tool to assess the interactive relationship between the nutritive value of the Prairie cool-season oat (Avena sativa L.) varieties in dairy cows and inherent chemical functional group spectral features. The chemical functional group spectral features of the Prairie cool-season oat varieties in western Canada were determined by Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy. The protein-related spectral parameters of chemical functional groups included peak height and peak area intensity of Amide I, Amid II, protein structural α-helix and ß-sheet, and their ratios. The rumen degradation kinetics were determined using in situ techniques with four rumen-canulated lactating dairy cows. The intestinal digestion was evaluated using a three-step in vitro technique with 12 h preincubation. The experiment was an randomized complete block design. The data were analysed using the mixed-model procedure of the Statistical Analysis System. The results showed that the interconnection between rumen degradation kinetics, intestinal digestion and true nutrient supply to dairy cows and protein-related chemical functional group spectral features could be revealed by ATR-FTIR with univariate and multi-variate spectral analyses. These findings indicate that ruminant relevant nutritive value of cool-season oats could be rapidly evaluated and predicted using oat-specific functional group spectral characteristics which could be obtained by a non-distractive bioanalytical tool of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy.

Dry heating, moist heating, and microwave irradiation of cold-climate-adapted barley grain-Effects on ruminant-relevant carbohydrate and molecular structural spectral profiles.

Different feed processing techniques affect barley digestibility and nutrient utilization in ruminants. To our knowledge, there are few studies on the interactive relationship between carbohydrate molecular structure profiles of cool-season-adapted barley grain and nutritional characteristics for ruminants. The objectives of this study were: (1) to investigate the effect of different technological processing methods on carbohydrate chemical profiles, Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System-carbohydrate subfractions, ruminal and intestinal carbohydrate digestion of barley grain in dairy cows; (2) to study the effect of heat processing on carbohydrate molecular structure of barley grain using advanced molecular spectroscopy; and (3) to associate processing-induced changes in carbohydrate molecular structure with changes in carbohydrate metabolic profiles in dairy cows. Barley grain samples collected from Crop Research Field in Western Canada underwent four different processing treatments: control, dry heating (120°C for 60 min in an air-ventilated oven), moist heating (120°C for 60 min in an autoclave), and microwave irradiation (900 W and 2450 MHz for 5 min in a microwave). The heating conditions used in the current study induced some changes in rumen-degradable and -undegradable digestible fibre (CB3) fraction. Intestinally digestible CB3 was decreased after moist heating. Moist heating decreased starch digestibility compared to the other three treatments. The processing-induced carbohydrate molecular structure changes, which was revealed by advanced vibrational molecular spectroscopic technique (attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared), could be used to predict carbohydrate nutritional value.

Research progress on faba bean and faba forage in food and feed types, physiochemical, nutritional, and molecular structural characteristics with molecular spectroscopy.

This article aims to review recent research progress and update on faba bean seeds and plant in food and feed type, physiochemical, nutritional, and molecular structural characteristics with molecular spectroscopy with chemometrics (both univariate and multivariate techniques). The review focused on chemical and nutritional characterization of faba bean and faba forage and feeding strategies to improve its utilization. The molecular spectroscopic techniques for faba research and the association between molecular structure and nutrient availability and utilization in ruminant system were reviewed. The future research direction in faba research was also provided. The study provides an insight and a potential approach using molecular spectroscopy to study molecular chemistry and molecular structure and molecular nutrition interaction in faba bean seeds and plant.

Utilization of synchrotron-based and globar-sourced mid-infrared spectroscopy for faba nutritional research about molecular structural and nutritional interaction.

The traditional wet chemistry analysis is to use combination of specific chemical reactions to quantify a group of compounds with similar chemical and nutritional properties. However, plant cell wall complex is not uniform in terms of chemical, physical or nutritional characteristics and the digestion progress is achieved by a series of enzymatic hydrolysis of specific chemical bonds which cannot be revealed by wet chemistry analysis. Synchrotron-based and globar-sourced mid-infrared spectroscopy instead utilizing the unique absorption of mid-infrared light at different frequencies and more information about specific chemical bonds can be revealed. As a result, taking spectral change during digestion into consideration may give some insight about nutritional utilization features. However, the utilization of synchrotron-based and globar-sourced mid-infrared spectroscopy on feed and food nutritional research is limited. Therefore, the aim of this study is to provide idea about how to systematically study the nutritional and spectral structure feature of faba bean with traditional and advanced synchrotron-based and globar-sourced vibrational molecular spectroscopy. The study reviews (1) Utilization of faba bean for human and animal consumption; (2) Traditional evaluation methods for faba bean nutritional characteristics and (3) Contribution of synchrotron-based and globar-sourced mid-infrared (Mid-IR) spectroscopy techniques to evaluate faba bean structural and molecular properties.

Research progress in structural and nutritional characterization and technologically processing impact on cool-season adapted oat and barley cereal kernels with wet chemistry and advanced vibrational molecular spectroscopy.

This study aims to provide research progress and update on structural, physicochemical, nutritional characteristics and technologically processing impact on cool-season adapted oat and barley cereal kernels. The study focused on cool-season adapted oats grain production and nutrition in ruminant systems and strategies to improve the utilization of the oat grain through processing techniques. The updated evaluation methods and advanced molecular spectroscopy techniques to study molecular structures with attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, synchrotron-based Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy were reviewed. This study summarizes the methods and provides a potential approach on how to use vibrational molecular spectroscopy to study molecular chemistry and molecular structure and molecular nutrition interaction of grain.

Effects of dry yeast supplementation on growth performance, rumen fermentation characteristics, slaughter performance and microbial communities in beef cattle.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of active dry yeast (ADY) on growth performance, rumen microbial composition and carcass performance of beef cattle. Thirty-two finishing beef cattle (yak ♂ × cattle-yaks ♀), with an average body weight of 110 ± 12.85 kg, were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: the low plane of nutrition group (control), low plane of nutrition group + ADY 2 g/head daily (ADY2), low plane of nutrition group + ADY 4 g/head daily (ADY4) and the high plane of nutrition group (HPN). Supplementation of ADY increased average daily gain compared to the control group. The neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber apparent digestibility in HPN group was greater than that in control group. The propionic acid concentration in the rumen in ADY2, ADY4, and HPN groups was greater than that in control group. The Simpson and Shannon indexes in control and HPN groups were higher than that in ADY4 group. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Firmicutes in the HPN group was higher than that in ADY4 group. The relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae UCG-002 in ADY4 group was higher than that in control and HPN groups. In conclusion, supplementation ADY 4 g/head daily shift the rumen microbial composition of beef cattle fed low plane of nutrition to a more similar composition with cattle fed with HPN diet and produce the similar carcass weight with HPN diet.HighlightsThe ADY can improve the utilization of nitrogen and decrease the negative impact on the environment in beef cattle.Cattle fed low plane of nutrition diet supplemented with ADY 4 g/head daily increased growth performance.Supplementation ADY 4 g/head daily in low plane of nutrition diet might be produced comparable carcass weight to HPN diet.

Evaluation of the nutritional value of faba beans with high and low tannin content for use as feed for ruminants.

BACKGROUND: Faba bean varieties with low or zero tannin content have been developed in Canada to overcome the negative effects of condensed tannins on the utilization by ruminants of crude protein (CP) and starch. However, their nutritional value has not been evaluated for incorporation in dairy rations. The objectives of this study were to investigate (i) the chemical profile; (ii) the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) protein and carbohydrate subfractions; (iii) the energy values; (iv) the ruminal, intestinal, and total digestibility of CP; (v) the metabolizable protein (MP) supply to dairy cows; and (vi) the protein-inherent molecular spectral characteristics of brown-seeded (var. Fatima) faba beans with high tannin content and yellow-seeded (var. Snowbird) faba beans with low tannin content. RESULTS: The results revealed that Fatima beans had higher (P < 0.001) CP content than Snowbird (324 versus 295 g kg-1 dry matter (DM)), and lower (P < 0.01) starch content than Snowbird (411 g kg-1 DM versus 444 g kg-1 DM). Fatima had a lower (P = 0.001) soluble subfraction (201 g kg-1 DM versus 220 g kg-1 DM) and higher (P < 0.05) slowly degradable fiber-bounded (24.9 g kg-1 DM versus 14.7 g kg-1 DM) and non-degradable (3.24 g kg-1 DM versus 0 g kg-1 DM) CNCPS CP subfractions than Snowbird. Fatima had higher (P = 0.03) MP content (117 g kg-1 DM versus 111 g kg-1 DM) and metabolizable energy content (ME) 3.12 Mcal kg-1 versus 3.10 Mcal kg-1 ) than Snowbird. Molecular spectral intensities of amide I and II proteins (height and area) of Fatima were higher (P < 0.05) than those of Snowbird, reflecting their higher CP content. The ratio of protein spectral intensities, the amide I : amide II height ratio, and the α-helix : ß-sheet height ratio differed (P < 0.05) between the two types of bean, highlighting differences in their inherent protein molecular structures. CONCLUSION: The (Fatima) faba beans with high condensed tannin content had higher MP and ME content. On average, both Faba beans had higher ME and MP content than barley grains, highlighting their promising nutritional value for dairy rations. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

X-ray fluorescence application in food, feed, and agricultural science: a critical review.

Recently X-ray fluorescence techniques have been widely used in food and agricultural science areas. Minimal sample preparation, nondestructive analysis, high spatial resolution, and multiple elements measurements within a single sample are among its advantages. In this review, literature of X-ray fluorescence are extensively researched and summarized from food and agricultural science areas focusing on food safety inspection, food nutrition, plant science, soil science, and Ca-related problems in horticultural crops. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of X-ray fluorescence comparing with traditional analytical techniques of elements are also discussed. The more advanced technology such as developments of detector, scanning system, beamline capability among others would significantly increase future application of X-ray fluorescence techniques. Combination use of XRF with other tools such as chemometrics or data analytics would greatly improve its prediction performance. These further improvements offer exciting perspectives for the application of X-ray fluorescence in the food and agricultural science areas.

Processing induced changes in physicochemical structure properties and nutrient metabolism and their association in cool-season faba (CSF: Vicia L.), revealed by vibrational FTIR spectroscopy with chemometrics and nutrition modeling techniques.

This review aims to update recent progress in processing induced molecular structure changes in the association of physicochemical structure properties with nutritional metabolism in cool-season faba bean (Vicia L.), which was revealed using advanced vibrational molecular spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics and advanced nutrient modeling techniques. The review focused on strategies to improve the utilization of the cool-season faba bean through heat-related technological treatments and the relationship of the processing induced molecular structural changes to nutrient delivery and metabolism in ruminant systems. The updated methods with truly absorption nutrient modeling techniques and advanced vibrational molecular spectroscopy techniques sourced by globar and synchrotron radiation (e.g. NIR, near Infrared, FTIR, Fourier transform infrared, DRIFT, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform, ATR-FTIR, attenuated total reflectance-FTIR, FTIRM, FTIR micro-spectroscopy, SR-FTIRM, synchrotron radiation- FTIRM) to study cool-season faba bean were reviewed. This article provides an insight and a new approach on how to combine advanced nutrient modeling techniques with cutting-edge vibrational molecular spectroscopic techniques to study the processing induced molecular structure change in relation to molecular nutrition of cool-season Vicia faba as well as the interaction between molecular structure and molecular nutrition.

Application of advanced molecular spectroscopy and modern evaluation techniques in canola molecular structure and nutrition property research.

This review aims to provide research update and progress on applications of advanced molecular spectroscopy to current research on canola related bio-processing technology, molecular structure, and nutrient utilization and availability. The studies focused on how inherent molecular structure changes affect nutritional quality of canola and its co-products from bio-processing. The molecular spectroscopic techniques (SR-IMS, DRIFT, ATR-FTIR) used for molecular structure and nutrition association were reviewed, including the synchrotron radiation with infrared microspectroscopy, the synchrotron radiation with soft x-ray microspectroscopy, the diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, the grading near infrared reflectance spectroscopy, and the Fourier transform infrared vibrational spectroscopy. Nutritional evaluation with other techniques in association with molecular structure was also reviewed. This study provides updated research progress on application of molecular spectroscopy in combination with various nutrition evaluation techniques to current research in the canola-related bio-oil/bio-energy processing and nutrition sciences.

Carbohydrates molecular structure profiles in relation to nutritional characteristics of newly developed low and normal tannin faba bean varieties in dairy cows analysed by using standard methods and the vibrational molecular spectroscopy (Ft/IR-ATR).

To our knowledge, there was no study on interactive relationship between CHO molecular structure spectral profiles of newly developed cool-season adapted faba bean and nutritional characteristics in ruminants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of genotypes and tannin levels on the physicochemical and nutritional characteristics of faba bean as an alternative protein and energy source for ruminants and its relation to CHO molecular structure spectral profiles using vibrational molecular spectroscopy (Ft/IR-ATR). Eight genotypes with two tannin levels (low and normal) grown at three different locations in Saskatchewan (CDC crop research fields) were analysed. Chemical analyses were performed using AOAC standards and energy was evaluated using NRC standards. Rumen degradation kinetics were determined using in situ dairy trial. Intestinal digestion was analysed by a modified three-step in vitro technique with 12 h pre-rumen incubation in dairy cows. Molecular spectral study was performed using Ft/IR-ATR, and the molecular structural features were analysed at ca. 4000-800 cm-1 using the Spectra ManagerII. CHO-related functional groups were analysed with OMNIC 7.3. The results showed low-tannin faba bean (LT) presented a highly significant difference (p < 0.05) on rumen bypass starch (BSt) compared to normal tannin faba bean (NT). On the other hand, NT had more total tract digested starch (TDST) compared to LT. No significant differences (p > 0.10) were observed for total digestible nutrients (TDN1x ), metabolizable protein (MP), feed milk value (FMV) or rumen undegraded crude protein (RUP). Results showed differences in physicochemical characteristics among faba bean varieties; however, the predicted production performance was not different within faba bean genotypes. These outcomes suggest that faba bean can be used as nutritive ingredient for dairy cattle without a significant genotype or tannin level effect on metabolic characteristics. Results from vibrational spectroscopic study showed a higher ATR-Ft/IR absorbance (p < 0.05) in NT on inherent structural CHO (STCHO), total CHO (TCHO) area and peaks (H_1015, H_1076, H_1145), and cellulosic compounds (CEC) to total CHO (TCHO) ratio. Significant correlations could be found between CHO spectral profiles and metabolic characteristics of faba bean, which indicates that structural spectral features of faba bean could be used to predict metabolic characteristics in ruminants.

Implications of recent research on microstructure modifications, through heat-related processing and trait alteration to bio-functions, molecular thermal stability and mobility, metabolic characteristics and nutrition in cool-climate cereal grains and other types of seeds with advanced molecular techniques.

The cutting-edge synchrotron radiation based and globar-sourced vibrational infrared microspectroscopy have recently been developed. These novel techniques are able to reveal structure features at cellular and molecular levels with the tested tissues being intact. However, to date, the advanced techniques are unfamiliar or unknown to food and feed scientists and have not been used to study the molecular structure changes in cool-climate cereal grain seeds and other types of bio-oil and bioenergy seeds. This article aims to provide some recent research in cool-climate cereal grains and other types of seeds on molecular structures and metabolic characteristics of carbohydrate and protein, and implication of microstructure modification through heat-related processing and trait alteration to bio-functions, molecular thermal stability and mobility, and nutrition with advanced molecular techniques- synchrotron radiation based and globar-sourced vibrational infrared microspectroscopy in the areas of (1) Inherent microstructure of cereal grain seeds; (2) The nutritional values of cereal grains; (3) Impact and modification of heat-related processing to cereal grain; (4) Conventional nutrition evaluation methodology; (5) Synchrotron radiation-based and globar-sourced vibrational (micro)-spectroscopy for molecular structure study and molecular thermal stability and mobility, and (6) Recent molecular spectroscopic technique applications in research on raw, traits altered and processed cool-climate cereal grains and other types of seeds. The information described in this article gives better insights of research progress and update in cool-climate cereal grains and other seeds with advanced molecular techniques.

Contributions to advances in blend pellet products (BPP) research on molecular structure and molecular nutrition interaction by advanced synchrotron and globar molecular (Micro)spectroscopy.

To date, advanced synchrotron-based and globar-sourced techniques are almost unknown to food and feed scientists. There has been little application of these advanced techniques to study blend pellet products at a molecular level. This article aims to provide recent research on advanced synchrotron and globar vibrational molecular spectroscopy contributions to advances in blend pellet products research on molecular structure and molecular nutrition interaction. How processing induced molecular structure changes in relation to nutrient availability and utilization of the blend pellet products. The study reviews Utilization of co-product components for blend pellet product in North America; Utilization and benefits of inclusion of pulse screenings; Utilization of additives in blend pellet products; Application of pellet processing in blend pellet products; Conventional evaluation techniques and methods for blend pellet products. The study focus on recent applications of cutting-edge vibrational molecular spectroscopy for molecular structure and molecular structure association with nutrient utilization in blend pellet products. The information described in this article gives better insight on how advanced molecular (micro)spectroscopy contributions to advances in blend pellet products research on molecular structure and molecular nutrition interaction.

Connection of inherent structure with nutrient profiles and bioavailability of different co-products and by-products after processing using advanced grading and vibrational molecular spectroscopy.

This study aims to reveal connection and implication of molecular structure with nutrient profiles, utilization and bioavailability of both conventional and new co-products from bio-energy and bio-oil processing using grading and vibrational molecular spectroscopy with chemometics including univariate and multivariate techniques. The study focused on strategies to improve the utilization of the conventional and new co-products through chemical and heat processing treatments as well as the relationship of the molecular structural changes to nutrient bioavailability. The updated methods advanced molecular spectroscopy techniques with grading NIR, Globar FTIR, ATR-FTIR and Synchrotron SRFTIRM to study feed molecular structures were reviewed. This study provides an insight and a new approach on how to use grading and vibrational molecular spectroscopy to study molecular chemistry and molecular structure and molecular nutrition interaction.