[Potato Spectrum and the Digital Image Feature Parameters on the Response of the Nitrogen Level and Its Application].

In order to know the potatoes nitrogen situation rapidly and accurately, promoting the efficient use of nitrogen fertilizer on the potatoes. Using the feature of portable hyperspectral spectrometer, digital cameras and SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter to abtain the potato digital indicators, leaf spectral and SPAD. Analysing the change status of digital indicators, leaf spectral index, SPAD and production of potatoes under different nitrogen levels in two key periods. Analysing the correlation between canopy image, leaf spectral and SPAD and production, with SPAD as auxiliary validation index, nitrogen fertilizer efficiency evaluation of yield to make sure potato canopy image under the most economic nitrogen application levels and leaf spectral's critical value to explore the methods of nitrogen nutrition diagnosis quickly and simply. The results show: (1)With nitrogen levels increased, potato tuber formation stage and tuber bulking stage leaf spectral reflectance is the emergence of the "red shift" phenomenon, and the red edge parameters REP, Lwidth, FD_Max increased, Lo decreased. (2)With the nitrogen levels increased, potatoes tuber formation stage and tuber bulking stage digital indicators G/B, (G-B)/(R+G+B) decreased gradually, B/(R+G+B) increased gradually. (3) with the increase of nitrogen application rate SPAD is increased.It is obvious low nitrogen levels increase production with nitrogen increased. It is not obvious the high level of nitrogen stimulation effect. Potato canopy image, leaf spectral and red edge parameters have good correlation with SPAD value and productions, establishing the index evaluation of nitrogen nutrition abundance or lack of quantitative standard of potatoes. Indicating digital image and spectrum technology to nitrogen nutrition diagnosis of potatoes is feasible, provide research ideas and technical support for the potato accurate monitoring of nitrogen nutrition.

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy ameliorates acute brain injury after porcine intracerebral hemorrhage at high altitude.

INTRODUCTION: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) at high altitude is not well understood to date. This study investigates the effects of high altitude on ICH, and examines the acute neuroprotection of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy against high-altitude ICH. METHODS: Minipigs were placed in a hypobaric chamber for 72 h before the operation. ICH was induced by an infusion of autologous arterial blood (3 ml) into the right basal ganglia. Animals in the high-altitude ICH group received HBO therapy (2.5 ATA for 60 min) 30 min after ICH. Blood gas, blood glucose and brain tissue oxygen partial pressure (PbtO2) were monitored continuously for animals from all groups, as were microdialysis products including glucose, lactate, pyruvate and glutamate in perihematomal tissue from 3 to 12 h post-ICH. RESULTS: High-altitude ICH animals showed significantly lower PbtO2, higher lactate/pyruvate ratio (LPR) and glutamate levels than low-altitude ICH animals. More severe neurological deficits, brain edema and neuronal damage were also observed in high-altitude ICH. After HBO therapy, PbtO2 was significantly increased and LPR and glutamate levels were significantly decreased. Brain edema, neurological deficits and neuronal damage were also ameliorated. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggested a more serious disturbance of tissue oxygenation and cerebral metabolism in the acute stage after ICH at high altitude. Early HBO treatment reduced acute brain injury, perhaps through a mechanism involving the amelioration of the derangement of cerebral oxygenation and metabolism following high-altitude ICH.

Curcumin attenuates acute inflammatory injury by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in experimental traumatic brain injury.

BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) initiates a neuroinflammatory cascade that contributes to substantial neuronal damage and behavioral impairment, and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an important mediator of thiscascade. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that curcumin, a phytochemical compound with potent anti-inflammatory properties that is extracted from the rhizome Curcuma longa, alleviates acute inflammatory injury mediated by TLR4 following TBI. METHODS: Neurological function, brain water content and cytokine levels were tested in TLR4⁻/⁻ mice subjected to weight-drop contusion injury. Wild-type (WT) mice were injected intraperitoneally with different concentrations of curcumin or vehicle 15 minutes after TBI. At 24 hours post-injury, the activation of microglia/macrophages and TLR4 was detected by immunohistochemistry; neuronal apoptosis was measured by FJB and TUNEL staining; cytokines were assayed by ELISA; and TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB levels were measured by Western blotting. In vitro, a co-culture system comprised of microglia and neurons was treated with curcumin following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. TLR4 expression and morphological activation in microglia and morphological damage to neurons were detected by immunohistochemistry 24 hours post-stimulation. RESULTS: The protein expression of TLR4 in pericontusional tissue reached a maximum at 24 hours post-TBI. Compared with WT mice, TLR4⁻/⁻ mice showed attenuated functional impairment, brain edema and cytokine release post-TBI. In addition to improvement in the above aspects, 100 mg/kg curcumin treatment post-TBI significantly reduced the number of TLR4-positive microglia/macrophages as well as inflammatory mediator release and neuronal apoptosis in WT mice. Furthermore, Western blot analysis indicated that the levels of TLR4 and its known downstream effectors (MyD88, and NF-κB) were also decreased after curcumin treatment. Similar outcomes were observed in the microglia and neuron co-culture following treatment with curcumin after LPS stimulation. LPS increased TLR4 immunoreactivity and morphological activation in microglia and increased neuronal apoptosis, whereas curcumin normalized this upregulation. The increased protein levels of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB in microglia were attenuated by curcumin treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that post-injury, curcumin administration may improve patient outcome by reducing acute activation of microglia/macrophages and neuronal apoptosis through a mechanism involving the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in microglia/macrophages in TBI.

Optimization of high-pressure ultrasonic-assisted simultaneous extraction of six major constituents from Ligusticum chuanxiong rhizome using response surface methodology.

High-pressure ultrasound-assisted extraction technology was applied to extract ferulic acid, senkyunolide I, senkyunolide H, senkyunolide A, ligustilide and levistolide A from Ligusticum chuanxiong rhizomes. Seven independent variables, including solvent type, pressure, particle size, liquid-to-solid ratio, extraction temperature, ultrasound power, and extraction time were examined. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using a Central Composite Design (CCD) was employed to optimize the experimental conditions (extraction temperature, ultrasonic power, and extraction time) on the basis of the results of single factor tests for the extraction of these six major components in L. chuanxiong rhizomes. The experimental data were fitted to a second-order polynomial equation using multiple regression analysis and were also examined using appropriate statistical methods. The best extraction conditions were as follows: extraction solvent: 40% ethanol; pressure: 10 MPa; particle size: 80 mesh; liquid-to-solid ratio: 100:1; extraction temperature: 70 °C; ultrasonic power, 180 W; and extraction time, 74 min.

[Quantitative determination of 5 active ingredients in different harvest periods of Ligusticum chuanxiong by HPLC].

A simple and quick method is described for the determination of ferulic acid, senkyunolide I, senkyunolide H, senkyunolide A and ligustilide in rhizomes of Ligusticum chuanxiong. The 5 active ingredients in the sample was extracted using 40% ethanol and analyzed by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Chromatography separation was performed using Agilent 1100 series HPLC system with a Symmetry C18 column and gradient elution with a mixture of three solvents : solvent A, acetonitrile, solvent B, methanol and solvent C, 1% aqueous acetic acid, 0 min to 5 min A: B: C 20: 40: 40, 5 min to 30 min A: B: C 60 to 100 : 0 : 40 to 0. The effluent was monitored using a VWD detector set at 321 nm (0-4.3 min) and 275 nm (4.31-30 min). The flow rate was set at 1 mL x min(-1) and the injection volume was 10 microL. The column temperature was maintained at 35 degrees C. The calibration curve was linear (r > or = 0.99) over the tested ranges. The average recovery was 94.44%-103.1% (n = 6). The method has been successfully applied to the analysis in different harvest periods of L. chuanxiong samples. In this paper, single-factor randomized block design to study the 5 components content of L. chuanxiong on ten collecting stages. For the L. chuanxiong collected from April 15th to May 30rd, the content of 5 ingredients increased primarily, and then decreased. Determine the appropriate harvest time has important significance to the promotion of the quality of L. chuanxiong.

[Effect of spring topdressing on yield, ferulic acid and total alkaloids of Ligusticum chuanxiong].

A field trial was carried out to study the influence of different kinds of spring topdressing on growth, yield and quality of Ligusticum chuanxiong. The results showed that the spring topdressing had effects of improving root length, tiller numbers and plant height to some extent. At the same time the chlorophyll content and dry weight accumulation especially the dry weight of root increased significantly. It also showed that the yield increased and quality was improved significantly. The effect of different treatment with urea58.7 kg x hm(-2)(N 27 kg x hm(-2)) was the best and the treatment with N,P,K the second.

Response of Potato Tuber Number and Spatial Distribution to Plant Density in Different Growing Seasons in Southwest China.

The aim of this study was to explore the effects of different density treatments on potato spatial distribution and yield in spring and fall. Plant density influenced yield and composition, horizontal, and vertical distribution distances between potato tubers, and spatial distribution position of tuber weights. The results indicated that: (1) Spring potato yield had a convex quadratic curve relationship with density, and the highest value was observed at 15.75 × 10(4) tubers per hectare. However, the yield of fall potatoes showed a linear relationship with plant density, and the highest value was observed at 18 × 10(4) tubers per hectare; (2) Density had a greater influence on the tuber weight of spring potatoes and fruit number of single fall potatoes; (3) The number of potato tubers in the longitudinal concentration exhibited a negative linear relationship with density, whereas the average vertical distribution distance of tubers exhibited a positive incremental hyperbolic relationship. For spring and fall potato tubers, the maximum distances were 8.4152 and 6.3316 cm, and the minimum distances 8.7666 and 6.9366 cm, respectively; and (4) Based on the artificial neural network model of the spatial distribution of tuber weight, density mainly affected the number and spatial distribution of tubers over 80 g. Tubers over 80 g were mainly distributed longitudinally (6-10 cm) and transversely (12-20 cm) within the high density treatment, and the transverse distribution scope and number of tubers over 80 g were reduced significantly. Spring potato tubers over 80 g grown at the lowest density were mainly distributed between 12 and 20 cm, whereas those at the highest density were primarily distributed between 10 and 15 cm.

[Effects of ridge-cultivation and plastic film mulching on root distribution and yield of spring maize in hilly area of central Sichuan basin, China.] / åž„ä½œä¸Žè¦†è†œå¯¹å·ä¸­ä¸˜é™µæ˜¥çŽ‰ç±³æ ¹ç³»åˆ†å¸ƒåŠäº§é‡çš„å½±å“.

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of planting pattern (ridge culture, flatten culture, furrow culture) and film mulching on the distribution of spring maize root system and their influence on the yield of spring maize in the hilly area of central Sichuan basin. The results showed that ridge and film mulching had great influence on root morphology and root distribution of maize. The root length, root surface area and root volume of film mulching was 42.3%, 50.0%, 57.4% higher than those of no film mulching at jointing stage. The film mulching significantly increased the dry mass of root in vertical and horizontal distribution, and increased the root allocation ratio in deeper soil layer (20-40 cm) and the allocation ratio of wide row (0-20 cm) in horizontal direction. The effects of planting pattern on root growth and root distribution differed by film mulching. With film mulching, the ridge culture significantly increased the root dry mass in each soil layer and enlarged the distribution percentage of wide row (20-40 cm) in horizontal direction, as well as the dry mass of root in horizontal distribution and the root allocation ratio of wide row. The root mass under film mulching was in the order of ridge culture>flatten culture>furrow culture. Without film mulching, the furrow culture significantly increased root dry mass of narrow row (0-40 cm), and the root mass under no film mulching was in the order of furrow culture > ridge culture >flatten culture. As for the spike characteristics and maize yield, the filming mulching mea-sures reduced the corn bald length while increased the spike length, grain number, 1000-grain mass and yield. The yield under film mulching was in the order of ridge culture>flatten culture> furrow culture, while it was furrow culture > flatten culture > ridge culture under no film mulching. The reason for yield increase under ridge culture with film mulching was that it increased root weight especially in deep soil, and promoted the root allocation ratio in deeper soil and wide row (20-40 cm) in horizontal direction. The ridge-furrow culture without film mulching was helpful to root growth and increased the maize yield.

Optimisation of high-pressure ultrasonic-assisted extraction and antioxidant capacity of polysaccharides from the rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong.

High-pressure ultrasound-assisted extraction was used to extract polysaccharides from the Ligusticum chuanxiong rhizomes. Three independent variables, namely, extraction temperature (X1), ultrasonic power (X2) and extraction time (X3) were investigated. Response surface methodology was performed based on the results of single-factor tests. Experimental data were fitted to a second-order polynomial equation using multiple regression analysis, and results were examined using appropriate statistical methods. The optimal conditions were as follows: extraction temperature of 85°C, ultrasonic power of 187 W and extraction time of 29 min. Under these conditions, the experimental yield of polysaccharides was 5.33%, which is close to the predicted yield of 5.41%. The extracted and purified polysaccharides showed excellent antioxidative effects on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazy, hydroxyl and superoxide radicals in vitro.