Tuning the Aggregates of Thiophene-based Trimers by Methyl Side-chain Engineering for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution.

Organic π-conjugated semiconductors (OCSs) have recently emerged as a promising alternative to traditional inorganic materials for photocatalysis. However, the aggregation of OCSs in photocatalytic aqueous solution caused by self-assembly, which closely relates to the photocatalytic activity, has not yet been studied. Here, the relationship between the aggregation of 4,7-Bis(thiophen-2-yl) benzothiadiazole (TBT) and the photocatalytic activity was systematically investigated by introducing and varying the position of methyl side chains on the two peripheral thiophene units. Experimental and theoretical results indicated that the introduction of -CH3 group at the 3-position of TBT resulted in the smallest size and best crystallinity of aggregates compared to that of TBT, 4- and 5-positions. As a result, TBT-3 exhibited an excellent photocatalytic activity towards H2 evolution, ascribed to the shorten charge carrier transport distance and solid long-range order. These results suggest the important role of aggregation behavior of OCSs for efficient photocatalysis.

Molecular Imprinted BiVO4 Microswimmers for Selective Target Recognition and Removal.

Analogous to photosynthetic systems, photoactive semiconductor-based micro/nanoswimmers display biomimetic features that enable unique light harvesting and energy conversion functions and interactions with their surroundings. However, these artificial swimmers are usually non-selective and provide ineffective target recognition, resulting in poor surface analyte binding that affects the overall reactivity and motion efficiency. Here, the surface engineering of light-driven BiVO4 microswimmers by molecular imprinting polymerization is presented. After embedding surface recognition sites, the modified microswimmers can self-propel in a solution of a target molecule, without requiring toxic fuels, and degrade the target selectively in a pollutant mixture. These findings show that optimizing the design of semiconductor-based microswimmers with specific target recognition cavities on their surface is a promising strategy to achieve selective capture and degradation of organic pollutants, which is otherwise impossible because of the non-selective behavior of photogenerated reactive radicals. Moreover, this study provides a unique strategy to enhance the motion capabilities of single-component photocatalytic microswimmers in a specific chemical environment.

Intrusive rumination and academic burnout among adolescents in ethnic minority areas of China during the COVID-19 pandemic: PTSS as mediator and cognitive reappraisal as moderator.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant negative impact on public health, prompting scholarly research in related fields. In this context, the present study reveals the psychological characteristics of adolescents in ethnic minority areas of China approximately five months after the 2020 outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, explores the relationship between intrusive rumination and academic burnout, and examines the role of post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and cognitive reappraisal in the relationship to provide an empirical foundation for developing effective psychological interventions for adolescents in the wake of the pandemic. METHODS: Based on cluster sampling, 941 middle school students (65.36% female, 74.71% senior high, Mage=15.95) in ethnic minority areas of China were surveyed using the Event Related Rumination Scale, Adolescent Academic Burnout Scale, Post-traumatic Stress Checklist Scale, Emotion Regulation Strategy Scale, and a self-designed demographic questionnaire. RESULTS: During the COVID-19 pandemic, 7.44% of Chinese ethnic minority adolescents in our study sample were classified as PTSD positive, and 10.95% exhibited partial PTSD. Intrusive rumination significantly predicted academic burnout, and PTSS played a key mediating role between the two, accounting for 58.51% of the total effect. After controlling for PTSS, cognitive reappraisal moderated the effects of intrusive rumination on academic burnout. Specifically, the effect of intrusive rumination on academic burnout decreased with improvement in cognitive reappraisal. CONCLUSIONS: Intrusive rumination indirectly affected academic burnout in adolescents through PTSS as a crucial mediator, and the remnant direct effect was alleviated by cognitive reappraisal. This finding emphasises the importance of adopting a comprehensive approach that encompasses cognitive, emotional, and physiological symptoms to understand and address academic burnout among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Neuroticism and Marital Satisfaction During the Early Years of Chinese Marriage: The Mediating Roles of Marital Attribution and Aggression.

On the basis of three annual waves of data obtained from 268 Chinese couples, we tested an actor-partner interdependence mediation model in which spouses' neuroticism was linked to their own and partners' marital satisfaction through both intrapersonal processes (i.e., marital attribution) and interpersonal processes (i.e., marital aggression). Considering intra- and interpersonal processes simultaneously, four indirect, mediating pathways were identified: Time 1 Wives' Neuroticism → Time 2 Wives' Attribution or Aggression, while controlling for Time 1 Wives' Attribution or Aggression → Time 3 Wives' or Husbands' Marital Satisfaction, while controlling for Time 1 Wives' or Husbands' Marital Satisfaction. This study not only adds to a limited body of research examining why neuroticism is associated with conjugal well-being, but also extends prior research by focusing on Chinese couples and utilizing a longitudinal, dyadic mediation model. Such findings have important practical implications. Couples involving neurotic partners may benefit from interventions based on cognitive-behavioral approaches. When working with couples challenged by neuroticism, practitioners need to help them address dysfunctional interactive patterns as well as distorted cognitive styles.

Sobre la base de tres series de datos anuales obtenidos de 268 parejas chinas, evaluamos un modelo de mediación e interdependencia actor-pareja en el cual el neuroticismo de los cónyuges se conectó con su propia satisfacción conyugal y la de sus parejas mediante procesos intrapersonales (p. ej.: atribución conyugal) y procesos interpersonales (p. ej.: agresión conyugal). Teniendo en cuenta los procesos intrapersonales e interpersonales simultáneamente, se identificaron cuatro vías mediadoras indirectas: Serie 1: Neuroticismo de las esposas → Serie 2: Agresión o atribución de las esposas, mientras se controla la agresión o la atribución de las esposas de la serie 1 → Serie 3: Satisfacción conyugal de las esposas o los esposos, mientras se controla la satisfacción conyugal de las esposas o los esposos de la serie 1. Este estudio no solo aporta a las escasas investigaciones que analizan por qué el neuroticismo está asociado con el bienestar conyugal, sino que también amplía investigaciones previas centrándose en las parejas chinas y utilizando un modelo de mediación diádico y longitudinal. Dichos resultados tienen implicancias prácticas importantes. Las parejas que tienen compañeros neuróticos pueden beneficiarse con intervenciones basadas en enfoques cognitivo-conductuales. Cuando se trabaja con parejas afectadas por el neuroticismo, los médicos necesitan ayudarlas a abordar los patrones interactivos disfuncionales así como los estilos cognitivos distorsionados.

3D-Printed Organic Conjugated Trimer for Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Applications.

Small molecule organic semiconductors (SMOSs) have emerged as a new class of photocatalysts that exhibit visible light absorption, tunable bandgap, good dispersion, and solubility. However, the recovery and reusability of such SMOSs in consecutive photocatalytic reactions is challenging. This work concerns a 3D-printed hierarchical porous structure based on an organic conjugated trimer, named EBE. Upon manufacturing, the photophysical and chemical properties of the organic semiconductor are maintained. The 3D-printed EBE photocatalyst shows a longer lifetime (11.7 ns) compared to the powder-state EBE (1.4 ns). This result indicates a microenvironment effect of the solvent (acetone), a better dispersion of the catalyst in the sample, and reduced intermolecular π-π stacking, which results in improved separation of the photogenerated charge carriers. As a proof-of-concept, the photocatalytic activity of the 3D-printed EBE catalyst is evaluated for water treatment and hydrogen production under sun-like irradiation. The resulting degradation efficiencies and hydrogen generation rates are higher than those reported for the state-of-the-art 3D-printed photocatalytic structures based on inorganic semiconductors. The photocatalytic mechanism is further investigated, and the results suggest that hydroxyl radicals (HO⋅) are the main reactive radicals responsible for the degradation of organic pollutants. Moreover, the recyclability of the EBE-3D photocatalyst is demonstrated in up to 5 uses. Overall, these results indicate the great potential of this 3D-printed organic conjugated trimer for photocatalytic applications.

Conjugated Polymer Polypyrrole Nanostructures: Synthesis and Photocatalytic Applications.

Conjugated polymers (CPs) have been recently widely investigated for their properties and their applications in different fields including photocatalysis. Among the family of CPs, polypyrrole (PPy) has been the most extensively studied owing to its good environmental stability, high electrical conductivity, superior redox properties and easy synthesis. Besides, nanostructured polypyrrole-based nanomaterials are a type of active organic materials for photocatalysis, which is one of their emerging applications. Nanostructuration of polypyrrole can reduce the electron-hole recombination because of short charge transfer distances and reactant adsorption, and product desorption can be enhanced owing to the high surface area offered by nanostructures. This review summarizes synthesis of different nanostructures based on π-conjugated polymer polypyrrole and the latest developments for photocatalytic applications, including degradation of organic pollutants and hydrogen generation.

Core belief challenge moderated the relationship between posttraumatic growth and adolescent academic burnout in Wenchuan area during the COVID-19 pandemic.

This study investigates the characteristics of posttraumatic growth (PTG) and academic burnout among adolescents in an ethnic minority area in China during the COVID-19 pandemic, and examines the moderating role of core belief challenge on the association between PTG and academic burnout. This study surveyed 941 secondary school students in Wenchuan using the posttraumatic growth inventory, adolescent academic burnout inventory, core beliefs inventory, and a self-designed demographic questionnaire. The results showed that: (1) Five months after the COVID-19 outbreak in China, the level of PTG among adolescents in the Wenchuan area was high and its prevalence was 32.3%. Among them, the dimension of perceived changes in self was the highest, and the PTG level of junior high school students was higher than that of high school students. The academic burnout level of adolescents, particularly emotional exhaustion, was also high. The academic burnout level of the high school students was higher than that of junior high school students. (2) There was a significant negative correlation between PTG and academic burnout among adolescents. (3) Core belief challenge moderated the relationship between PTG and academic burnout. PTG had a significant negative predictive effect on adolescents' academic burnout only when the core belief challenge was above a moderate level. These results showed the uniqueness of PTG and psychological behavioral problems of adolescents in ethnic minority areas during the COVID-19 pandemic. They also emphasized the key role of core belief challenge in the process of PTG in reducing adolescents' academic burnout. Based on these results, recommendations are provided to alleviate academic burnout among adolescents in Wenchuan against the background of the COVID-19 pandemic. While providing full play to ethnic minority cultural characteristics to promote posttraumatic growth, guiding adolescents' value reflection and cognitive reconstruction should be focused on.

Long-Term Stable Near-Infrared-Short-Wave-Infrared Photodetector Driven by the Photothermal Effect of Polypyrrole Nanostructures.

Polypyrrole (PPy) is a conductive polymer and widely applied in different applications owing to its broadband absorption in the UV-visible, near-infrared (NIR), and short-wave-infrared (SWIR) spectrum, excellent conductivity, and strong photothermal effect. In this work, we explored for the first time the photothermal effect of PPy nanoparticles (PPy-NPs) in a photothermal-induced detector structure and developed a new type of air-stable hybrid PPy-NPs/Pt photodetector (PD) with NIR/SWIR sensitivity. By combining PPy-NPs with a platinum (Pt)-resistive pattern, we fabricated PPy-NPs/Pt PDs that are sensitive to illumination in the wavelength range from 800 to 2000 nm. Under the illumination of λ = 1.5 µm, the maximum photoresponsivity was measured to be ∼1.3 A/W with a 131 µs photoresponse rise time. Owing to the excellent material stability from both PPy-NPs and the Pt pattern, the current photodetectors show long-term stable photoresponsivity when they were stored in air without encapsulation. The results suggest that the PPy-NPs/Pt hybrid PDs are promising candidates for a new type of low-cost and broadband due to their multiple advantages such as free of toxic heavy metals, air stability, and solution processing.

Visible light-driven simultaneous water oxidation and quinone reduction by a nano-structured conjugated polymer without co-catalysts.

In artificial photosynthesis, chemists are aiming to borrow principles from natural photosynthesis to develop photoelectrochemical cells (PEC) for water splitting. The water plastoquinone photo-oxidoreductase enzyme, also known as photosystem II, uses light to perform the four-electron, four-proton oxidation of water to dioxygen and stores reducing equivalents in reduced forms of quinones which are ultimately used in dark reactions for the synthesis of energy-rich molecules. We report a nano-structured semiconducting conjugated polymer based on poly(diphenylbutadiyne) (nano-PDPB) and its photocatalytic activities towards the water oxidation reaction under visible light irradiation when dispersed in water in the absence of any sacrificial agents or co-catalysts. Charge recovery at the nano-PDPB directly or delayed in time was exemplified by the reduction of quinone acting as a hydrogen reservoir. In the absence of quinones as electron acceptors H2O2 formation was detected, stemming from the partial reduction of O2.

One-step hydrothermal synthesis of N/Ti3+ co-doping multiphasic TiO2/BiOBr heterojunctions towards enhanced sonocatalytic performance.

N/Ti3+ co-doping multiphasic TiO2/BiOBr heterojunctions (NT-TBx) were prepared by one-step in situ hydrothermal processes. The crystal phase, morphology, component, and optical properties of the heterojunctions were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy techniques, respectively. The as-prepared samples exhibit better sonocatalytic activity for the degradation methylene blue, Rhodamine B, and p-Nitrophenol aqueous solution compared with pristine TiO2 and N/Ti3+ co-doping multiphasic TiO2. Especially, the highest degradation ratio of methylene blue was achieved for NT-TB0.3 up to 98.2% after 50 min under ultrasonic irradiation. The high sonocatalytic activity has been kept after four cycles with the tiny decline, indicating the excellent stability of the as-prepared samples. The improvement of sonocatalytic activity could be attributed to the formation of doping level and multiphasic TiO2/BiOBr heterojunctions, which account for the absorption of long wavelength light and the electron-hole pair separation, respectively. Furthermore, superoxide radical (O2-) was demonstrated to be the main reactive species for the degradation of methylene blue under ultrasonic irradiation. This study provides a facile fabrication procedure for N/Ti3+ co-doping multiphasic TiO2/BiOBr heterojunctions and demonstrates an efficient route to promote the application of TiO2 in addressing environment-related issues.

Personality and Problematic Internet Use Among Chinese College Students: The Mediating Role of Maladaptive Cognitions Over Internet Use.

The previous research on personality and problematic Internet use (PIU) has predominantly, if not exclusively, focused on their direct associations with cross-sectional designs. Based on four annual waves of data from 2,516 Chinese college students, this study examined the mediating role of maladaptive cognitions over Internet use in the associations between personality traits (i.e., neuroticism, extraversion, and psychoticism) and PIU. Results indicated that these personality traits assessed at year 2 (i.e., the second college year) were indirectly associated with PIU at year 4 via maladaptive cognitions over Internet use at year 3. The indirect associations were robust after controlling for PIU at year 2, depression and anxiety at year 4, and a series of demographic covariates at year 1. Such findings highlight various personality traits as critical antecedents of PIU. Furthermore, identifying maladaptive cognitions over Internet use as a mechanism explaining the associations between personality traits and PIU may facilitate more targeted and effective intervention efforts.

Multi-family group therapy for adolescent Internet addiction: exploring the underlying mechanisms.

OBJECTIVE: Internet addiction is one of the most common problems among adolescents and effective treatment is needed. This research aims to test the effectiveness and underlying mechanism of multi-family group therapy (MFGT) to reduce Internet addiction among adolescents. METHOD: A total of 92 participants consisting of 46 adolescents with Internet addiction, aged 12-18years, and 46 their parents, aged 35-46years, were assigned to the experimental group (six-session MFGT intervention) or a waiting-list control. Structured questionnaires were administered at pre-intervention (T1), post-intervention (T2) and a three-month follow-up (T3). RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the decline both in the average score and proportion of adolescents with Internet addiction in MFGT group at post-intervention (MT1=3.40, MT2=2.46, p<0.001; 100 versus 4.8%, p<0.001) maintained for three months (MT3=2.06, p<0.001; 100 versus 11.1%, p<0.001). Reports from both adolescents and parents were significantly better than those in the control group. Further explorations of the underlying mechanisms of effectiveness based on the changed values of measured variables showed that the improvement in adolescent Internet use was partially explained by the satisfaction of their psychological needs and improved parent-adolescent communication and closeness. CONCLUSIONS: The six-session multi-family group therapy was effective in reducing Internet addiction behaviors among adolescents and could be implemented as part of routine primary care clinic services in similar populations. As family support system is critical in maintaining the intervention effect, fostering positive parent-adolescent interaction and addressing adolescents' psychological needs should be included in preventive programs for Internet addiction in the future.

Observation particle morphology of colloidal system by conventional SEM with an improved specimen preparation technique.

On the basis of our previous report that polymer emulsion with different viscosity can be investigated by conventional scanning electron microscopy (SEM), we have developed an improved specimen preparation technique for obtaining particle morphology and size of colloidal silver, collagen, glutin, and polymer microspheres. In this study, we expect to provide a means for charactering the three-dimensional surface microstructure of colloidal particles. Dilution of the samples with appropriate volatile solvent like ethanol is effective for SEM specimen preparation. At a proper ratio between sample and ethanol, the colloidal particles are dispersed uniformly in ethanol and then deposited evenly on the substrate. Different drying methods are studied to search a proper drying condition, in which the small molecule solvent is removed without destroying the natural particle morphology. And the effects of ethanol in the specimen preparation process are described by analyzing the physicochemical properties of ethanol. The specimen preparation technique is simple and can be achieved in common laboratory for charactering the particle morphology of colloidal system.