RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Role modelling is considered an essential component of teaching in various educational settings and impact students' professional development. Most studies found in the literature have explored the influence of positive role models and limited data is available about the negative role modelling. This study explores the effects of negative role modelling of teachers on the professional development of future doctors. METHODS: A qualitative exploratory study was done in three medical colleges of Lahore, Pakistan. Fifteen, telephonic, semi-structured interviews were done with fifth-year MBBS students. A thematic analysis was done through manual coding of transcribed interviews. RESULTS: A total of 374 codes were generated in the first cycle of coding, that was merged to 42 in the second cycle. These codes led to 4 subthemes that finally emerged as two themes. The first theme was "Students & patients: In the same boat" highlighting the damaging effects of negative role modelling. The second theme was "Taking the bad with the good" focusing on the ambivalent response of students towards the unprofessional behaviours of their role models. CONCLUSION: Negative role modelling exponentially affects the attitude and behaviour of medical students especially in informal settings and have detrimental effects on patient care. Students lose some degree of humanism while unconsciously observing the unethical behaviours, to become a part of hospital culture whereas some students show determination to channelize their resentment to reforms.
RESUMEN
The objective of this study was to discern the frequency of post-operative hypotony after 23-gauge vitrectomy with locally made instruments. This study was conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology, Lahore General Hospital, Lahore from July 2012 to June 2016. A total of 300 patients underwent 23-gauge pars-plana vitrectomy. Locally made 23-gauge trocar cannula system was used in all the patients. Post-operative Intraocular Pressure(IOP) was measured using Goldman Applanation Tonometer on the first post-operative day. IOP of less than 06mmHg was termed as hypotonic. In our study, mean post-operative intraocular pressure was recorded as 8.32±3.04mmHg and frequency of post-operative hypotony after 23-guage vitrectomy with locally made instruments reveals 10.67% (n=32) while 89.33% (n=268) had no findings of hypotony. We concluded that the frequency of post-operative hypotony after 23-gauge vitrectomy with locally made instruments is slightly higher when compared with other studies and this instrument can be used for further surgeries.