[HIV risk perception and safe sex in migrants from the northern border of Mexico]. / Percepción de riesgo para VIH y sexo seguro en migrantes de la frontera norte de México.

INTRODUCTION: In 2019, 9,828 new cases of HIV and 5,825 of AIDS were detected in Mexico, the migrant population is considered highly vulnerable, which is presumed to be due to unfavorable conditions in their transit through the country, an important variable in the context of sexual health is the perception that they may have about being or not at risk. A study of perception of contracting HIV can have important implications for health. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between the perception of risk for HIV and safe sex in migrants from the northern border of Mexico. METHODS: The design was predictive correlational and cross-sectional, sample of 302 migrants from two border cities of Tamaulipas, systematic random probability sampling. RESULTS: It was found that about 90% were men with a mean age of (M = 33,25, SD = 9,62) years, in general, migrants have a low perception of risk for HIV and this was correlated with safe sex (rs = -,134, p =,020), furthermore, a regression analysis showed that the perception of risk for HIV has a predictive effect on safe sex (ß = -, 143, F = 6,27 [gl=1,300], p = 0,013), CONCLUSION: Migrants are a group that requires interest in the field of research related to sexuality, despite being a vulnerable group and identified as at risk, their perception of acquiring HIV is low, this variable should be considered of importance in future research in the sexual field of migrants, because it can be used in conjunction with others as a model or as a mediator.

Impact of COVID-19 on tuberculosis detection and treatment in Baja California, México.

In 2020, Mexico reported the lowest tuberculosis (TB) incidence on record, and it is unclear to what extent COVID-19 has impacted TB surveillance, diagnosis, and treatment. It is important to understand COVID-19's impact in Baja California (BC), which has the highest TB burden in Mexico. With the increasing number of migrants and asylum seekers arriving in BC, limited resources and crowded living conditions increase the risk of TB transmission. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of COVID-19 on TB diagnosis and treatment in BC. We were also interested in health disparities experienced by migrants in BC. We conducted a mixed methods analysis using quantitative surveillance data obtained from the Mexico National TB Program (NTP) and qualitative data collected through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with TB program directors and personnel in BC's four provincial health jurisdictions. Compared to the year prior, surveillance data from March 2020 - February 2021 revealed that TB incidence in BC declined by 30.9% and favorable TB outcomes (TB cure or treatment completion) declined by 49.8%. Elucidating differences by migrant status was complicated by the lack of standardized collection of migrant status by the NTP. Qualitative analysis revealed that TB diagnostic and treatment supplies and services became limited and disproportionately accessible across jurisdictions since the pandemic began; however, favorable adaptations were also reported, such as increased telemedicine use and streamlined care referral processes. Participants shared that migrant status is susceptible to misclassification and that TB care is difficult due to the transitory nature of migrants. This study did not identify major differences in TB service delivery or access between migrants and non-migrants in BC; however, migrant status was frequently missing. COVID-19 has overwhelmed health systems worldwide, disrupting timely TB diagnostic and treatment services, and potentially caused underdiagnosis of TB in BC. TB programs in BC should quickly restore essential services that were disrupted by COVID-19 while identifying and preserving beneficial program adaptations, such as telemedicine and streamlined care referral processes. Improved methods for documenting migrant status of TB cases are also needed.

Virtual Seminar on Coronavirus 2019 for the US-Mexico Border Region: Building Opportunities for Communication and Collaboration.

While the US-Mexico border region has had increasing restrictions due to coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), the economically and socially integrated region continues to facilitate necessary movement between the two countries. Binational partners representing universities, government, and health delivery worked together to develop a COVID-19 Virtual Seminar for the US-Mexico Border Region, which consisted of weekly sessions in Spanish designed to better facilitate communication and collaborative systems between border states. In total 835 participants registered for the virtual seminar with attendance ranging from 394 in Session 1 to 269 in Session 6. From evaluation surveys (n = 297), organizers observed a large plurality of healthcare professionals, followed by students, researchers, and government employees. The seminar's contribution to increasing collaborative and communication systems identified major needs in the region surrounding surveillance and monitoring; increased resources for migrant shelters to control outbreaks; an increase in personal protective equipment; tracking binational cases.

The Border Health Consortium of the Californias-Forming a Binational (California-Baja California) Entity to Address the Health of a Border Region: A Case Study.

The California-Baja California border region is one of the most frequently traversed areas in the world with a shared population, environment, and health concerns. The Border Health Consortium of the Californias (the "Consortium") was formed in 2013 to bring together leadership working in the areas of public health, health care, academia, government, and the non-profit sector, with the goal of aligning efforts to improve health outcomes in the region. The Consortium utilizes a Collective Impact framework which supports a shared vision for a healthy border region, mutually reinforcing activities among member organizations and work groups, and a binational executive committee that ensures continuous communication and progress toward meeting its goals. The Consortium is comprised of four binational work groups which address human immunodeficiency virus, tuberculosis, obesity, and mental health, all mutual priorities in the border region. The Consortium holds two general binational meetings each year alternating between California and Baja California. The work groups meet regularly to share information, resources and provide binational training opportunities. Since inception, the Consortium has been successful in strengthening binational communication, coordination, and collaboration by providing an opportunity for individuals to meet one another, learn about each other systems, and foster meaningful relationships. With binational leadership support and commitment, the Consortium could certainly be replicated in other border jurisdictions both nationally and internationally. The present article describes the background, methodology, accomplishments, challenges, and lessons learned in forming the Consortium.

Facilitating and Inhibiting Factors of Sexual Behavior among Migrants in Transition from Mexico to the United States.

INTRODUCTION: Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases in the border region of Mexico due to the flow of migrants under desperate conditions, encouraging casual and unprotected sex. Since this has become a binational public health problem, it is important to understand the factors that predict these sexual behaviors. The aim of the current study was to investigate the facilitators and inhibitors of transition in the sexual behavior of migrants from two border regions on the Mexico-United States (US) border. METHODS: This was a predictive and cross-sectional study. A sample of 256 migrants in shelters for migrants on the border between Mexico and US were selected through systematic random sampling. Predictor variables investigated for effect on the safe sexual behavior (SSB) of the migrant were reasons for having sex; sexual attitudes; sexual machismo; knowledge about HIV; access to health services; and social discrimination. RESULTS: The sample was predominantly male (89.5%), with 46.1% reporting being single. The average age was 33.38 years (SD = 9.73) and the average number of years of education reported was 8.05 (SD = 3.37). A permissive sexual attitude and sexual machismo both correlated with condom use (rs = 0.130, p < 0.01 and rs = -0.174, p < 0.01, respectively). Regression analysis showed that a permissive sexual attitude decreased the practice of safe sex (ß = 0.17, t = 4.16, p < 0.001), as did sexual machismo (ß = -0.28, t = -4.83, p < 0.001) and HIV knowledge (ß = -0.11, t = -2.62, p = 0.006). DISCUSSION: It was found that access to health services did not influence the SSB of migrants, as suggested by the literature. However, a permissive sexual attitude, sexual machismo, and HIV knowledge were all variables capable of predicting SSB. It is recommended that the study is extended to study migrant populations from other parts of the border, as well undertaking as a qualitative approach to explore new variables.