A Cross-Sectional Study on the Prevalence of Depressive Symptoms and Its Associated Sociodemographic Factors in Peru during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The present study aims to analyze the prevalence of depressive symptoms and its sociodemographic-associated factors in Peruvian adults. Data was extracted from a nation-wide representative survey in which depression symptoms were measured with the PHQ-9 and sociodemographic information was extracted from household data. Depression severity rates were estimated for each symptom, and responses were modeled through the Rating Scale Model to obtain a depression measure used as dependent variable on a Generalized Mixed Linear Model. The most frequent depression symptoms were emotional, such as discouragement, sad mood, hopelessness, and lack of pleasure when doing activities. Our model showed that, after controlling the effects of all the variables considered, the most relevant predictors were gender, education level, physiographic region, age, marital status, and number of coresidents. Higher depression levels were found in women, people who did not complete higher education, participants living in the Highlands, older adults, single participants, and people living alone. Thus, interventions to promote or prevent depression severity during similar situations as the pandemic should focus on specific sociodemographic groups and their particular needs.

Prevalence and Predictors of Somatization in Peruvian Undergraduate Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic had a strong impact on mental health. Multiple studies report the alarming prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress-related conditions due to the lockdown measures. Nevertheless, somatization has been an overlooked topic in current literature despite its strong relationship with most mental health conditions. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of somatic symptoms and their associated factors in a sample of 3218 undergraduate students from Lima, Peru. A cross-sectional design was carried out. The prevalence of somatic symptoms was measured with the PHQ-15. As predictors of somatic symptom severity, we included psychopathological (depression, anxiety, and stress), psychological (perceived social support, resilience, satisfaction with life, and academic self-efficacy), and sociodemographic (e.g., age, sex, employment status, relationship status, daily hours of sleep) variables. A generalized linear model from a binomial family and a logit link function were applied based on a Factor Score Regression approach, with half of the sample presenting moderate-to-severe somatic symptoms. Anxiety was the strongest predictor of somatic symptom severity, followed by academic self-efficacy. Significant differences were found regarding sex, relationship status, daily hours of sleep and COVID-19 risk-related variables. In conclusion, interventions on reducing anxiety and promoting academic self-efficacy may have a stronger impact on somatic symptom severity and should focus on more vulnerable specific demographic groups such as females.

Academic self-efficacy as a protective factor for the mental health of university students during the COVID-19 pandemic

Background: University students are vulnerable to developing mental health problems due to constant exposure to academic demands. A situation that has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and observed in several recent studies. Therefore, current practices require further research and identification of potentially protective factors for mental health. Objective: This study aimed to analyze academic self-efficacy as a protective factor against depression, anxiety, and stress in university students. Methods: A cross-sectional design was used with 3525 university students from Lima, Peru. The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress was measured using the DASS-21. Academic self-efficacy was measured with the EPAESA and defined as a predictor of the three mental health conditions. Structural equation modeling was used to test the model, together with a multigroup analysis for gender and working status. Results: One-third of the sample had severe to extremely severe symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Academic self-efficacy was a moderately statistically significant predictor of the three mental health conditions. Relationships were invariant to gender and working status. Conclusions: Self-efficacy can be considered a protective factor for mental health. Interventions to promote academic self-efficacy may be effective in reducing depression, anxiety, and stress in university students. The findings are discussed together with current studies on the topic.

Antecedentes: los estudiantes universitarios son propensos a desarrollar problemas de salud mental debido a la exposición constante a las exigencias académicas. Una situación que se ha agravado con la pandemia de COVID-19 y se ha observado en varios estudios contemporáneos. Por esta razón, las prácticas actuales requieren más investigación e identificación de posibles factores protectores de la salud mental. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la autoeficacia académica como factor protector frente a la depresión, la ansiedad y el estrés en estudiantes universitarios. Método: Se realizó un diseño transversal en 3525 estudiantes universitarios de Lima, Perú. La prevalencia de depresión, ansiedad y estrés se midió con el DASS-21. La autoeficacia académica se midió con la escala EAPESA y se definió como predictor de las tres condiciones de salud mental. Se llevó a cabo un enfoque de modelado de ecuaciones estructurales para probar el modelo junto con un análisis multigrupo con respecto al sexo y la situación laboral. Resultados: Un tercio de la muestra presentó síntomas severos a extremadamente severos de depresión, ansiedad y estrés. La autoeficacia académica fue un predictor estadísticamente significativo moderado de las tres condiciones de salud mental. Las relaciones fueron invariantes en cuanto al sexo y la situación laboral. Conclusiones: La autoeficacia puede considerarse como un factor protector de la salud mental. Las intervenciones para fomentar la autoeficacia académica podrían ser efectivas para reducir la depresión, la ansiedad y el estrés en estudiantes universitarios. Los hallazgos se discuten junto con los estudios contemporáneos sobre el tema.