Molecular defects in a human immunoglobulin kappa chain deficiency.

The molecular basis of a human immunoglobulin deficiency characterized by the complete absence of kappa chains has been investigated by nucleotide sequence analyses of a patient's kappa constant region (C kappa) genes. Both of his C kappa genes had a single point mutation, resulting in the loss of the invariant tryptophan from one allele and of an invariant cysteine from the other allele. These results indicate that neither of the patient's C kappa alleles encoded a kappa chain that could form a stable intradomain disulfide bond, although peculiarities in the expression of kappa chains in the patient's family suggest that other factors may be involved.

Selective deficiency of immunoglobulin A2.

A case of familial selective IgA2 deficiency is described. The mother had no detectable IgA2, but a low level of IgA1. She had anti-alpha 2 antibodies of the IgG class. One of her daughters also lacked IgA2 with a normal level of IgA1. The analysis of the immunoglobulin haplotypes of the family suggested the deletion of the alpha 2-gene. In addition, the analysis of B lymphocytes of mother and daughter showed the absence of IgA2-bearing cells. Upon stimulation with pokeweed mitogen, the B cells differentiated into IgA1-containing plasma cells, but IgA2-containing cells were not found. The results suggest a defect in the generation of intraclonal B cell isotype diversity. The molecular basis of this phenomenon is unknown.

Erythrocyte metabolism in purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency after enzyme replacement therapy by infusion of erythrocytes.

Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency is associated with a severely defective T-cell immunity. A patient with purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency was treated with transfusions of irradiated erythrocytes and plasma. This resulted in a remarkable correction of the metabolic disturbances in the patient. The urinary excretion of inosine, deoxyinosine, guanosine, and deoxyguanosine decreased, whereas uric acid excretion as well as serum uric acid concentration increased. It could be shown that the enzyme activity of the circulating erythrocytes correlated inversely with the urinary excretion of nucleosides and directly with the excretion of uric acid. As a consequence of the therapy, several glycolytic intermediates of the erythrocytes were increased, especially 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. The high 2,3-diphosphoglycerate level caused a shift to the right of the oxygen dissociation curve (P50 = 32.9 mm Hg). The immunological status of the patient showed definite improvement after the enzyme replacement therapy.

Juvenile chronic arthritis: T cell reactivity to human HSP60 in patients with a favorable course of arthritis.

Synovial fluid and peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferative responses to the 60-kD human heat shock protein (HSP60) were studied in 23 patients with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA) and 7 non-JCA control patients. All patients showed active arthritis at the time of study. The patients were divided into two groups according to the presence (group A) or absence (group B) of T lymphocyte reactivity to human HSP60. We show that reactivity to human HSP60 is primarily, though not exclusively, occurring in patients with a remitting course of disease, i.e., the subgroup of HLA-B27 negative JCA patients with an oligoarticular onset. Immunohistochemical analysis of HSP expression in synovial membranes showed a significantly higher intensity of staining in JCA patients than in non-JCA controls. The results suggest that, in accordance with the earlier observation made in experimental models, T lymphocyte reactivity to human HSP60 in this subgroup of JCA patients may be part of T cell regulatory mechanisms that control the development of arthritis.

Identification of six novel WASP gene mutations in patients suffering from Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.

Mutation in the gene encoding the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein (WASP) has been identified as the genetic defect responsible for WAS, an X-linked primary immunodeficiency disease characterized by eczema, thrombocytopenia, and recurrent infections. In this study, the WASP gene of 7 unrelated patients with classical WAS of Dutch descent was examined by single-strand conformation polymorphism and sequence analysis. We have identified 6 novel mutations that involve nonsense mutations (196C-->A, 344C-->T), or small deletions (553delG, 768del19, IVS8+1delGTGA, 911delT), all of which result in predicted truncation of WASP protein synthesis.

Expression of type I insulin-like growth factor receptors on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Insulin-like growth factor-I and -II (IGF-I and IGF-II), both of which bind to type I IGF receptors, can modulate certain functions of the immune system. We, therefore, studied the expression of type I IGF receptors on purified subpopulations of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Using two-color flow cytometry, specific binding of a monoclonal antibody directed against the type I IGF receptor (alpha IR3) was found in every subpopulation. Relatively high numbers of receptors were detected on monocytes, natural killer cells, and CD4+ T-helper cells, an intermediate number of receptors on CD8+ suppressor/cytotoxic T-cells, and a relatively low number of receptors on B-cells. The presence of these receptors was confirmed by specific binding of [125I] IGF-I to purified subpopulations. alpha IR3 inhibited the binding of [125I] IGF-I. The specific binding of [125I]IGF-I to monocytes could be completely inhibited by IGF-II and insulin, but higher doses of these peptides were needed than of IGF-I. Scatchard analysis revealed the presence of 734 +/- 426 receptors/monocyte, with a Kd of 0.23 +/- 0.05 nM. A lower number of receptors (230 +/- 52), but with a higher affinity (Kd = 0.05 +/- 0.02 nM), was found on purified T-cells. The positive effect of IGF-I on natural killer cell cytotoxicity indicates that the type I IGF receptors on this cell type are functional. The possibility that IGF-I mediates hormonal effects on the immune system is discussed.

Revised exon-intron structure of human JAK3 locus.

Jak3, a member of the Janus tyrosine kinase family is an intracellular kinase functionally coupled to cytokine receptors that share a common gamma chain (gamma c). Defects in the gamma c or Jak3 result in T-B + severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). In order to clarify discrepancies between earlier reported genomic organisations of human JAK3, the present study was undertaken to redefine its whole exon-intron structure. The genomic structure of human JAK3 consists of 23 exons and 22 introns, and shows strong homology with the organisation of the murine JAK3 locus. The exon-intron sequences provided in this report can be used to facilitate the identification of new Jak3-deficient SCID patients, including prenatal diagnosis.

Measurement of cytoplasmic calcium in lymphocytes using flow cytometry. Kinetic studies and single cell analysis.

An increased level of cytoplasmic free ionized calcium [Ca2+]i after crosslinking of membrane receptors is a critical second messenger in the activation of T and B lymphocytes. The availability of fluorescent calcium chelators, such as quin-2 and indo-1, makes accurate measurement of [Ca2+]i possible. One of the major drawbacks of spectrofluorometry which is the generally used method in such studies is that the overall response of a cell suspension is recorded. Such data will be biased by the proportion of non-responding cells, which will differ according to the purity of cell populations and the nature of the stimulus applied. An accurate and reliable technique to measure intracellular free calcium responses in indo-1-loaded cells at the single cell level has been developed using a simple mercury arc lamp-based flow cytometer, the FACS analyzer. Using this technique we have found that the rapid increase in [Ca2+]i (within 30 s) in T cells following activation by ConA involves a minority of cells, whereas all T cells show increased [Ca2+]i levels within 2-3 min.

T helper 2 cytokines induce preproenkephalin mRNA expression and proenkephalin A in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

We investigated the regulatory influence of several cytokines on the expression of preproenkephalin (PPE) mRNA in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). By use of a quantitative reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we demonstrate that the T helper 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 are more potent in upregulating PPE mRNA expression in human PBMC than the T helper 1 cytokines IL-2 and gamma-IFN. In addition, TGF-beta is also an effective inducer of PPE mRNA. TGF-beta, IL-4 and IL-10 increase the cytoplasmatic concentration of met-enkephalin in PBMC. Secretion of met-enkephalin in the culture supernatant of IL-4- or IL-10-stimulated PBMC could not be observed, but proenkephalin A-derived met-enkephalin containing peptides could be demonstrated. IL-4 and IL-10 do not induce PPE mRNA via the same pathways. We could observe that PKA is involved in IL-4 mediated PPE mRNA induction, whereas IL-10 apparently uses another route.

Effects of insulin-like growth factors and growth hormone on the in vitro proliferation of T lymphocytes.

The insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II) promote proliferation and differentiation of many cell types. We report that recombinant IGF-I and IGF-II augment both the lectin- and anti-CD3-induced proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) at concentrations proportional to their binding affinities. IGF-I and IGF-II also augmented the lectin-induced proliferation of purified T lymphocytes. Effects of IGF-I were found in cultures of T cells vigorously depleted for monocytes and supplemented with saturating concentrations of interleukin-1. The latter results indicate that the effect of IGF-I on the proliferation of T lymphocytes can occur independent of monocytes or monocyte-derived factors.

Inherited deficiency of the third component of complement associated with recurrent pyogenic infections, circulating immune complexes, and vasculitis in a Dutch family.

A family is described in which 3/11 children showed a homozygous deficiency of C3, and both parents and six other children had subnormal levels of C3. The three children with selective C3 deficiency suffered repeatedly from bacterial infections, whereas the parents and the other siblings were clinically healthy. During infectious episodes the patients showed a maculopapular skin rash, and at such times immune complexes were present in the serum. Biopsy specimens of the skin lesions showed the picture of leukocytoclastic vasculitis.

Evidence that FMC7 is a human B cell differentiation antigen.

FMC7 is a 105-kDa B cell restricted antigen which is expressed on about 50% of adult human peripheral blood B cells. Seven to ten days following booster immunization with tetanus toxoid, peripheral blood contains a small population of B cell blasts with an increased density of FMC7. The majority of anti-tetanus toxoid antibody secreting cells (both IgM and IgG) are however found in FMC7- B cells. These data indicate that upon in vivo B cell activation FMC7 expression initially increases. B cells involved in antibody secretion have lost the FMC7 determinant.

The amplifier role of T cells in the human in vitro B cell response to type 4 pneumococcal polysaccharide.

The human B cell response to T cell independent type 2 antigens is regulated by thymus-derived lymphocytes. We analyzed the role of T cells in the in vitro antibody response to type 4 pneumococcal polysaccharide (PS4). We here show that the amplifying effect of T cells, which has previously been shown to be radioresistant and confined to T cell preparations enriched for CD4+ cells, is MHC non-restricted as demonstrated in cultures carried out in the presence of allogeneic T cells. Also, T cell clones derived from non-related donors are able to enhance the B cell response to PS4. All TCR alpha beta +, CD 4+ T cell clones, but none of the TCR alpha beta +, CD 8+ T cell clones tested, enhanced the B cell response to PS4. Furthermore, 3 out of 6 TCR gamma delta+ T cell clones were capable of enhancing the anti-PS4 B cell response. Experiments using recombinant lymphokines and glutaraldehyde-fixed T cells indicated that both lymphokines and T-B cell interactions are required for an optimal antibody response to PS4.

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.

We have prepared conjugates of pneumococcal type 4 polysaccharides (PS4) or oligosaccharides to tetanus toxoid using the carbodiimide method. The use of a spacer, 6-aminohexanoic acid, resulted in higher incorporation of carrier protein. Conjugates contained up to 10% free polysaccharide, but no free protein. In general, polysaccharide conjugates induced higher anti-PS4 IgG antibody titers than oligosaccharide conjugates. Conjugates with the highest amount of incorporated protein were the most immunogenic. The response to conjugated PS4 does show characteristics of a T cell-dependent antibody response, in terms of both isotype distribution and induction of immunological memory. Repeated immunization with high doses of PS4TT conjugate resulted in a virtually negative anti-PS4 IgG response, suggestive of the induction of high dose tolerance.

The thymus in "bare lymphocyte" syndrome: significance of expression of major histocompatibility complex antigens on thymic epithelial cells in intrathymic T-cell maturation.

Thymic biopsies from two patients with combined immunodeficiency and defective expression of HLA class I and class II antigens on blood mononuclear cells ("bare lymphocyte" syndrome) were investigated. This made possible an evaluation of the significance of HLA antigen expression in a detailed (immuno)histologic study. Both thymuses showed a normal lobular architecture with distinct cortex-medulla areas, well-differentiated epithelium, including ultrastructurally defined subtypes, and Hassall's corpuscles. Normal numbers of lymphoid cells were present and normal T-cell phenotype was found. Using anti-HLA-A,B,C antisera, confluent staining of the medulla (stroma and lymphocytes) was observed. One of the thymuses was found to be negative for HLA class II antigen expression: the other revealed only HLA-DR positivity of nonlymphoid cells in the medulla. These cells were not of epithelial nature as judged from double staining with anti-keratin antibody. There was no expression of HLA-DC/DS. These observations differ from findings in the normal thymus, wherein epithelial cells in the cortex carry HLA class I and class II antigens, and epithelial cells in the medulla express HLA class I, and for a minor part class II antigens. The results indicate a normal sequential acquisition of T-cell differentiation antigens in the thymus of both cases. It is suggested that the expression of HLA class I and class II antigens on epithelial cells in the normal thymus cortex does not play a significant role in the sequential acquisition of differentiation antigens on T lymphocytes.

IGF-I potentiates interleukin-2 production in human peripheral T cells.

IGF-I stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of many cell types. In the case of T cells, IGF-I has been described to potentiate mitogen-induced DNA synthesis. We have addressed the working mechanism of IGF-I on T cell proliferation by measuring the effects of IGF-I on various stages of T cell activation. We found that IGF-I augmented the phytohaemagglutinin- and anti-CD3-induced interleukin-2 (IL2) production of human peripheral T cells before they enter the S phase of the cell cycle. Furthermore, the addition of IGF-I did not influence DNA synthesis of IL2-dependent growing T cells.

Type I insulin-like growth factor receptor expression in different developmental stages of human thymocytes.

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) has been implicated in playing a regulatory role in T cell development and in T cell function. We demonstrate the presence of type I IGF receptors on human thymocytes using radioligand binding assays and flowcytometric analysis. The relative potencies of IGF-I, IGF-II and insulin for competition with 125I- IGF-I indicate the presence of type I IGF receptors. Scatchard analysis revealed that the average number of receptors per thymocyte is 257 +/- 28 with a Kd of 0.12 +/- 0.01. With multicolour flowcytometry using a type I IGF receptor specific monoclonal antibody (alpha IR3), we show that CD4-CD8- cells express 3-4 times more receptors per cell as compared with CD4+CD8+, CD4+CD8- and CD4-CD8+ cells. IGF-I directly stimulated DNA synthesis of thymocytes and potentiated DNA synthesis in mitogen-activated thymocytes. These results indicate that IGF-I can influence T cell development in humans at the level of the thymus.

T and B cell development in pituitary deficient insulin-like growth factor-II transgenic dwarf mice.

Treatment of mice with IGF-I stimulates T and B cell development. We showed that overexpression of IGF-II in transgenic FVB/N mice only stimulated T cell development. In the present study, we further addressed the in vivo effects of IGF-II in the absence of IGF-I to get more insight into the potential abilities of IGF-II to influence T and B cell development. To this end, we studied lymphocyte development in IGF-II transgenic Snell dwarf mice that are prolactin, GH and thyroid-stimulating hormone deficient and as a consequence show low serum IGF-I levels. We showed that T cell development was stimulated to the same extent as in IGF-II transgenic FVB/N mice. Furthermore, IGF-II increased the number of nucleated bone marrow cells and the number of immature B cells without having an effect on the number of mature B cells in spleen and bone marrow. Our data show that IGF-II has preferential effects on T cell development compared with B development, and that these preferential effects also occur in the absence of measurable IGF-I levels.

Cardiopulmonary bypass and host defense functions in human beings: I. Serum levels and role of immunoglobulins and complement in phagocytosis.

In patients undergoing open-heart surgical procedures, the serum levels of immunoglobulins and complement were determined as well as the functional capacity of these defense proteins as opsonins to facilitate phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. A considerable decrease in serum levels of the proteins studied was found after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). As a result, the opsonic capacity of post-CPB plasma was diminished. After correction for hemodilution, however, no difference between pre- and post-CPB plasma, as measured by the activity of thermolabile (e.g., complement C3) and thermostabile (e.g., immunoglobulin IgG) opsonins, could be demonstrated. It is concluded that CPB causes a quantitative but no functional decrease in levels of IgG and C3.

Cardiopulmonary bypass and host defense functions in human beings: II. Lymphocyte function.

In 47 patients undergoing open-heart surgical procedures, the influence of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on lymphocyte function was investigated by studying in vitro the mitogen responses of lymphocytes in whole blood cultures. Subnormal mitogen responses before operation that likely resulted from dexamethasone medication were found in half of the patients studied. During operation, changes in phytohemagglutinin responses were uniform in a group of 23 patients. No significant effect of anesthesia and operation was observed until the patients were heparinized (i.e., before CPB). At the end of operation, the phytohemagglutinin response was below normal. In a group of 24 other patients, postoperative mitogen responses were studied. A tendency toward restoration of mitogen responses was observed in most patients the first morning after operation. However, no uniform pattern of normalization of mitogen responses was found. In an attempt to relate postoperative mitogen responses to trauma resulting from CPB, we observed that perioperative (in comparison with postoperative) administration of blood coincided with a significantly higher incidence of subnormal phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen responses on postoperative day 1. No correlation between laboratory data and clinical findings could be established.