Risk factors associated with tuberculosis mortality in adults in six provinces of Argentina.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a cause of illness and death across the world, especially in developing countries and vulnerable population groups. In 2013, 1.5 million died from the disease worldwide. In Argentina, the largest proportion of TB-related deaths occurred in the northern provinces. Several international studies reported that TB mortality was related to the presence of certain comorbidities and socio-demographic characteristics. Our aim was to investigate the main risk factors associated with TB mortality in adults from six provinces in Argentina, especially those with higher TB mortality rates. A retrospective case-control study was conducted. It included all patients of =18 years with clinical and/or bacteriological TB diagnosis who underwent treatment from January 1st, 2012 to June 30th, 2013. Socio-demographic, clinical and bacteriological variables were surveyed. Information on 157 cases and 281 controls was obtained. Patients reported as deceased to the TB Control Program were considered cases, and those whose treatment result was reported as successful in the same time period were considered controls. For 111 deaths, the average time elapsed between the start of treatment and death was 2.3 months; median: 1. TB-related mortality was associated with poor TB treatment adherence (OR: 3.7 [1.9-7.3], p: 0.000), AIDS (OR: 5.29 [2.6-10.7], p: 0.000), male gender (OR: 1.7 [1.1-2.5], p: 0.009), belonging to indigenous people (OR: 7.2 [2.8-18.9], p:0. 000) and age = 50 (OR: 2.2 [1.4-3.3], p: 0.000). By multivariate analysis the two first associations were confirmed. This study sets up the basis for planning inter-program and inter-sector work to accelerate the decline in the inequitable TB mortality.

[Trends of tuberculosis in the Fifth Health Region, Buenos Aires Province, years 2000-2011]. / Tendencia de la tuberculosis en la Región Sanitaria V de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, años 2000-2011.

The aim of this study was to describe the trends in tuberculosis (TB) in the Fifth Health Region (RSV) in the Buenos Aires Province. A trend study allowed the evaluation of the average variation of change in the incidence rate (IR) using simple linear regression expressed as a mean annual variation (VAP). The number of reported TB cases and IR per 100 000 population of all TB cases, pulmonary TB (PTB) and bacteriologically confirmed PTB from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2011, were analyzed by age groups: 0-14; 15-29 and over 64 years of age. The decline in IR was less than 5% for all forms of TB and lower for bacteriologically confirmed PTB cases. The highest rate of PTB and IR was concentrated in the age group of 15-29 years with stable or slightly increasing trend of IR in bacteriologically confirmed PTB. There were similar trends for bacteriologically confirmed PTB in children. The fastest decline in PTB IR occurred in 0-14 age group, while for cases over 64 years of age the decline was sustained over time. TB continues to be a health risk in RSV, with cases in younger age groups. Therefore, it remains necessary to strengthen TB control activities in this region.

[Tuberculosis and comorbidities in urban areas in Argentina. A gender and age perspective].

INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis continues to be a major health problem in the world with an incidence of more than 10 million cases in 2015. There are factors that change the risk of developing the disease after infection, as well as the presentation of the disease. OBJECTIVE: To determine the main comorbidities and demographic, clinical and microbiological characteristics of tuberculosis adult patients in Argentina from a gender and age perspective. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study in urban referral hospitals for patients with tuberculosis. We included tuberculosis patients of 15 years or more of age who were hospitalized or treated in outpatient clinics with bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary or extrapulmonary forms of the disease, as well as those who, although not bacteriologically confirmed, had clinical and radiological characteristics consistent with tuberculosis. The study period was from August 1st, 2015 to August 31st, 2016. RESULTS: We included 378 patients. The median age was 37 years. Male gender was associated with extrapulmonary tuberculosis, hospitalization, smoking, drug addiction and alcoholism. Tuberculosis and aids (22.6%) was related to drug use, admission into hospital, extrapulmonary tuberculosis, nonaddiction to tobacco, non-pathological radiology, absence of cavitation, and negative sputum smear microscopy. Patients less than 40 years of age had a higher rate of drug addiction and low weight, while those aged 40 or over had a higher proportion of diabetes, alcoholism and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). CONCLUSIONS: This study will help recognize tuberculosis patients' characteristics and comorbidities influencing the development and evolution of the disease from an age and gender perspective to enable the development of social and community-based strategies.

Tuberculosis and comorbidities in urban areas in Argentina. A gender and age perspective / Tuberculosis y comorbilidades en áreas urbanas de Argentina. Una perspectiva de edad y sexo

ABSTRACT Introduction: Tuberculosis continues to be a major health problem in the world with an incidence of more than 10 million cases in 2015. There are factors that change the risk of developing the disease after infection, as well as the presentation of the disease. Objective: To determine the main comorbidities and demographic, clinical and microbiological characteristics of tuberculosis adult patients in Argentina from a gender and age perspective. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in urban referral hospitals for patients with tuberculosis. We included tuberculosis patients of 15 years or more of age who were hospitalized or treated in outpatient clinics with bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary or extrapulmonary forms of the disease, as well as those who, although not bacteriologically confirmed, had clinical and radiological characteristics consistent with tuberculosis. The study period was from August 1st, 2015 to August 31st, 2016. Results: We included 378 patients. The median age was 37 years. Male gender was associated with extrapulmonary tuberculosis, hospitalization, smoking, drug addiction and alcoholism. Tuberculosis and aids (22.6%) was related to drug use, admission into hospital, extrapulmonary tuberculosis, non-addiction to tobacco, non-pathological radiology, absence of cavitation, and negative sputum smear microscopy. Patients less than 40 years of age had a higher rate of drug addiction and low weight, while those aged 40 or over had a higher proportion of diabetes, alcoholism and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Conclusions: This study will help recognize tuberculosis patients' characteristics and comorbidities influencing the development and evolution of the disease from an age and gender perspective to enable the development of social and community-based strategies.

RESUMEN Introducción. La tuberculosis continúa siendo un importante problema de salud en el mundo, con una incidencia de más de 10 millones de casos en el 2015. Hay factores que modifican el riesgo de desarrollar la enfermedad luego de contraer la infección, así como su forma de presentación. Objetivo. Determinar las principales comorbilidades y características demográficas, clínicas y microbiológicas de pacientes adultos con tuberculosis en Argentina, mediante un análisis desde la perspectiva de sexo y edad. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal en hospitales de referencia para pacientes de áreas urbanas con tuberculosis. Se incluyeron pacientes de 15 años o más con tuberculosis pulmonar o extrapulmonar, confirmada bacteriológicamente y en tratamiento hospitalario o ambulatorio, y también, pacientes sin confirmación bacteriológica, pero con características clínicas y radiológicas indicativas de tuberculosis. El período de estudio fue del 1ºde agosto de 2015 al 31 de agosto de 2016. Resultados. Se incluyeron 378 pacientes. La mediana de edad fue de 37 años. El sexo masculino estuvo asociado con tuberculosis extrapulmonar, hospitalización, tabaquismo, adicción a drogas y alcoholismo. Los menores de 40 años presentaron adicción a drogas y bajo peso con mayor frecuencia, en tanto que los de 40 años o más presentaron, en mayor proporción, diabetes, alcoholismo y enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC). Se observaron más casos de sida en el sexo masculino, y en edades de 40 años y más. Conclusiones. Este trabajo permitió conocer las características y las comorbilidades de enfermos de tuberculosis, que influyen en el desarrollo y la evolución de la enfermedad, desde una perspectiva de edad y sexo, con el objetivo de facilitar enfoques de manejo que incorporan aspectos sociales y comunitarios.

Risk factors associated with tuberculosis mortality in adults in six provinces of Argentina

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a cause of illness and death across the world, especially in developing countries and vulnerable population groups. In 2013, 1.5 million died from the disease worldwide. In Argentina, the largest proportion of TB-related deaths occurred in the northern provinces. Several international studies reported that TB mortality was related to the presence of certain comorbidities and socio-demographic characteristics. Our aim was to investigate the main risk factors associated with TB mortality in adults from six provinces in Argentina, especially those with higher TB mortality rates. A retrospective case-control study was conducted. It included all patients of =18 years with clinical and/or bacteriological TB diagnosis who underwent treatment from January 1st, 2012 to June 30th, 2013. Socio-demographic, clinical and bacteriological variables were surveyed. Information on 157 cases and 281 controls was obtained. Patients reported as deceased to the TB Control Program were considered cases, and those whose treatment result was reported as successful in the same time period were considered controls. For 111 deaths, the average time elapsed between the start of treatment and death was 2.3 months; median: 1. TB-related mortality was associated with poor TB treatment adherence (OR: 3.7 [1.9-7.3], p: 0.000), AIDS (OR: 5.29 [2.6-10.7], p: 0.000), male gender (OR: 1.7 [1.1-2.5], p: 0.009), belonging to indigenous people (OR: 7.2 [2.8-18.9], p:0. 000) and age = 50 (OR: 2.2 [1.4-3.3], p: 0.000). By multivariate analysis the two first associations were confirmed. This study sets up the basis for planning inter-program and inter-sector work to accelerate the decline in the inequitable TB mortality.

En 2013, 1.5 millones de personas murieron por tuberculosis (TB) en el mundo, especialmente en países en desarrollo y grupos de población vulnerables. En Argentina, la mayor proporción de muertes asociadas con TB ocurrió en las provincias del norte. Estudios internacionales observaron que la mortalidad por TB estaba relacionada con comorbilidades y características sociodemográficas. Este estudio pretendió investigar cuáles eran los principales factores de riesgo asociados con la mortalidad por TB en adultos de seis provincias argentinas, especialmente aquellas con mayores tasas de mortalidad por TB. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo casos-controles, incluyendo todos los pacientes = 18 años con diagnóstico clínico y/o bacteriológico de TB en tratamiento entre el 1° de enero de 2012 y el 30 de junio de 2013. Se obtuvo información de 157 casos y 281 controles, considerándose casos los pacientes notificados como fallecidos al Programa de TB y controles aquellos cuyo resultado de tratamiento fue notificado como éxito o curado en el mismo período de tiempo. El tiempo transcurrido entre el comienzo del tratamiento y la muerte fue 2.3 meses; mediana: 1. Las muertes relacionadas con TB estuvieron asociadas con: escasa adherencia al tratamiento (OR: 3.7 [1.9-7.3], p: 0.000), sida (OR: 5.29 [2.6-10.7], p: 0.000), género masculino (OR: 1.7 [1.1-2.5], p: 0.009), pertenencia a pueblos originarios (OR: 7.2 [2.8-18.9], p: 0.000) y edad = 50 (OR: 2.2 [1.4-3.3], p: 0.000). Por análisis multivariado, se confirmaron las dos primeras asociaciones. Este estudio sienta las bases para planificar acciones destinadas a acelerar el descenso de la mortalidad por TB.

Mortality, severe acute respiratory infection, and influenza-like illness associated with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in Argentina, 2009.

INTRODUCTION: While there is much information about the burden of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in North America, little data exist on its burden in South America. METHODS: During April to December 2009, we actively searched for persons with severe acute respiratory infection and influenza-like illness (ILI) in three sentinel cities. A proportion of case-patients provided swabs for influenza testing. We estimated the number of case-patients that would have tested positive for influenza by multiplying the number of untested case-patients by the proportion who tested positive. We estimated rates by dividing the estimated number of case-patients by the census population after adjusting for the proportion of case-patients with missing illness onset information and ILI case-patients who visited physicians multiple times for one illness event. RESULTS: We estimated that the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 mortality rate per 100,000 person-years (py) ranged from 1.5 among persons aged 5-44 years to 5.6 among persons aged ≥ 65 years. A(H1N1)pdm09 hospitalization rates per 100,000 py ranged between 26.9 among children aged <5 years to 41.8 among persons aged ≥ 65 years. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 ILI rates per 100 py ranged between 1.6 among children aged <5 to 17.1 among persons aged 45-64 years. While 9 (53%) of 17 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 decedents with available data had obesity and 7 (17%) of 40 had diabetes, less than 4% of surviving influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 case-patients had these pre-existing conditions (p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSION: Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 caused a similar burden of disease in Argentina as in other countries. Such disease burden suggests the potential value of timely influenza vaccinations.

Tendencia de la tuberculosis en la región sanitaria V de la provincia de Buenos Aires, años 2000-2011

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar la situación epidemiológica de la tuberculosis (TB) en la Región Sanitaria V (RSV), provincia de Buenos Aires. El estudio de tendencia permitió conocer un valor promedio de las variaciones de la tasa de incidencia (TI), calculadas por regresión lineal simple y expresadas como variación anual promedio (VAP). Se analizaron el número de casos notificados y TI por 100 000 habitantes de todas las formas de TB, los casos de TB pulmonar (TBP) y TBP confirmados por bacteriología, total casos por grupos de edad: 0 - 14; 15 - 29 y mayores de 64 años, entre el 1° de enero de 2000 al 31 de diciembre de 2011. La declinación de la TI fue menor al 5% para todas las formas de TB e inferior en las TBP confirmadas bacteriológicamente. Los casos de TBP y TI más elevadas, se concentraron en el grupo de 15 a 29 años, con tendencia estable o ligeramente ascendente de la TI en la TBP bacilífera. El mismo comportamiento presentaron los casos de TBP infantil con confirmación bacteriológica. La mayor velocidad de descenso en la TI de la TBP se produjo en este grupo de edad, mientras que en mayores de 64 años, el descenso fue sostenido en el tiempo. La TB persiste como un riesgo de salud en la RSV, con casos en edades jóvenes, por lo que sigue siendo necesario fortalecer el control de la TB en esta región.

The aim of this study was to describe the trends in tuberculosis (TB) in the Fifth Health Region (RSV) in the Buenos Aires Province. A trend study allowed the evaluation of the average variation of change in the incidence rate (IR) using simple linear regression expressed as a mean annual variation (VAP). The number of reported TB cases and IR per 100 000 population of all TB cases, pulmonary TB (PTB) and bacteriologically confirmed PTB from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2011, were analyzed by age groups: 0-14; 15-29 and over 64 years of age. The decline in IR was less than 5% for all forms of TB and lower for bacteriologically confirmed PTB cases. The highest rate of PTB and IR was concentrated in the age group of 15-29 years with stable or slightly increasing trend of IR in bacteriologically confirmed PTB. There were similar trends for bacteriologically confirmed PTB in children. The fastest decline in PTB IR occurred in 0-14 age group, while for cases over 64 years of age the decline was sustained over time. TB continues to be a health risk in RSV, with cases in younger age groups. Therefore, it remains necessary to strengthen TB control activities in this region.

[Effect of influenza epidemics on mortality in Santa Fe, Argentina, during 1992-1999]. / Efecto de las epidemias de influenza sobre la mortalidad en Santa Fe, Argentina, en 1992-1999.

OBJECTIVES: To define the effect of influenza epidemics on mortality and to establish the best criterion for predicting mortality so as to provide a method for advance warning of the severity of an influenza epidemic. METHODS: The study was carried out in La Capital, a department in Santa Fe province, Argentina, during 1992-1999. In order to fulfill the first objective, a retrospective analysis was performed with mortality data for pneumonia and influenza in persons over 65 years of age, using the auto-regressive integrated moving averages (ARIMA). The latter were used to determine the excess mortality attributable to influenza epidemics. In order to attain the second objective, a regression analysis was performed so as to study the correlation between weekly morbidity from influenza and monthly mortality from pneumonia or influenza in personas over 65. Morbidity was expressed in terms of three summary measures which were derived from the number of cases of influenza that were reported during the first 35 weeks of the year: the sum total of all cases reported weekly, their standard deviation, and the maximum number of cases in any given week. We included in the analysis the type and subtype of influenza. These four parameters (type and subtype of influenza, along with one of the three summary measures) were compared among themselves in terms of their ability to explain the mortality observed during the first eight months of the year. RESULTS: Epidemics occurred during the winters of 1993, 1995, and 1999 and in the spring of 1997. During those seasons, excess deaths were observed in connection with the circulation of a predominant strain of influenza virus, type A (H3N2). There were no epidemics in the winter months of 1994, 1996, and 1998, despite the circulation of this viral strain. During the winters in which influenza virus strains A (H1N1) and B were in circulation (1992 and 1997, respectively) - both are associated with low mortality figures - no excess deaths were detected. CONCLUSIONS: The number of weekly cases of influenza reported during the peak of the winter season is the best criterion for predicting how much excess mortality can be attributed to the epidemic.

Evaluation of commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits for detection of tuberculosis in Argentinean population.

Pathozyme-Myco G (Myco G), M, A, and TB complex plus (Omega Diagnostics Ltd., Alloa, Scotland) were evaluated for the serological diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in an Argentinean population. Sera from 58 patients with pulmonary TB, 24 subjects with pulmonary mycobacteriosis or mycoses (pulmonary MM group), and 45 subjects with other underlying disorders (control group) were analyzed. The sensitivities of the tests ranged from 29% (Myco M) to 82% (Myco G) in smear-positive patients (17 subjects) and from 29% (TB complex plus) to 49% (Myco G) in smear-negative patients (41 subjects). The specificities of the assays varied from 93% (Myco M) to 100% (Myco G and TB complex plus) in controls and from 62% (Myco A) to 96% (TB complex plus) in the pulmonary MM group. Overall, for the diagnosis of smear-negative patients, Myco G had the best characteristics, with a sensitivity of 49% and specificities of 100% for controls and 75% for the pulmonary MM group; after its combination with TB complex plus, its sensitivity improved to 59%. Nevertheless, despite its relatively poor capacity to discriminate between pulmonary TB and pulmonary MM, Myco G, alone or in combination with TB complex plus, would be a useful diagnostic tool for patients with suspected pulmonary TB living in areas where the relative prevalence of pulmonary MM was low.

Estructura y funcionamiento de las redes nacionales de laboratorios de tuberculosis en la Región de las Américas / Structure and Functioning of National Tuberculosis Laboratory Networks in the Region of the Americas

El presente estudio pretende identificar necesidades y brechas de acceso al diagnóstico de calidad. Se desarrolló un cuestionario que fue remitido a los laboratorios nacionales de referencia (LNR) de 20 países de la región (Argentina, Belice, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, México, Nicaragua, Panamá, Paraguay, Perú, República Dominicana, Uruguay y Venezuela) durante el año 2017. El análisis de los resultados de este estudio, que describe la estructura y actividades de las 20 redes nacionales de laboratorio de TB (RNLTB) durante 2016, permitió realizar diversas observaciones y recomendaciones, según se citan.

Etiologia de las infecciones agudas del tracto respiratorio inferior en niños menores de cinco años en Santa Fe / Etiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections among children less than 5 years old in Santa Fe

Para conocer los agentes etiológicos de las infecciones respiratorias agudas (IRA) del tracto inferior y la portación de bacterias en aspirados nasofaríngeos (ANF), en niños menores de 5 años, se realizó un estudio en la ciudad de Santa Fe durante 1993, 1994 y 1995. Se incluyeron 450 enfermos y 68 controles sin IRA y se tomaron muestras de sangre, líquido pleural y ANF para cultivo bacteriano. En los ANF se realizaron técnicas de inmunofluorescencia para virus, y se empleó suero para detección de IgM anti Chlamydia trachomatis. El 6,2 por ciento (14/224) de los hemocultivos resultaron positivos. Se aislaron 11 cepas de Streptococcus pneumoniae (cinco resistentes a oxacilina), dos de Haemophilus influenzae y una de Staphylococcus aureus. El virus sincicial respiratorio fue el agente etiológico del 23,3 por ciento (105/450) de las IRA. El 24 por ciento de los niños con factores de riesgo para Chlamydia trachomatis tuvieron altos títulos de IgM específica. Las dos bacterias más aisladas de ANF de niños con IRA fueron H. influenzae (31,6 por ciento) y S. pneumoniae (23,4 por ciento) y, de los controles, estreptococos grupo viridans (26,5 por ciento), H. influenzae (23,5 por ciento) y Moraxella catarrhalis (22,1 por ciento). Los tipos de S. pneumoniae que prevalecieron fueron 14 y 7. El tipo de H. influenzae predominante fue b biotipo I. Durante el período del estudio, la sensibilidad de los neumococos a oxacilina disminuyó desde 60 por ciento hasta 50,8 por ciento y la de H. influenzae a ampicilina bajó desde 92,3 por ciento hasta 79 por ciento. Todas las cepas de H. influenzae tipo b fueron sensibles a ampicilina.

Utilidad de la cromatografia gaseosa para la identificación de micobacterias / Utility of gas chromatography for the identification of mycobacterial species

El virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV) causa un profundo impacto sobre el problema de la tuberculosis (TBC) tanto en los países industrializados como en los en vía de desarrollo. Enfermedades graves causadas por micobacterias no tuberculosas, la mayoría correspondientes al Complejo Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAC), se han vuelto muy comunes en asociación con la inmunosupresión severa. El aumento de complejidad en las enfermedades micobacterianas há estimulado el desarrollo de métodos diagnósticos más rápidos y eficientes. El presente trabajo pretende investigar la especificidad y aplicabilidad de la técnica de cromatografía gaseosa (CG) para el diagnóstico de micobacterias de importancia clínica en Argentina. Se tipificaron mediante CG 183 aislamientos clínicos de micobacterias, empleando como gold standard las pruebas bioquímicas clásicas. Del total de aislamientos analizados, 69 por ciento fueron correctamente identificados a nivel de especie y 5 por ciento incorrectamente. Si sólo se tienen en cuenta los aislamientos que pudieron ser clasificados, 93 por ciento lo fueron correctamente. Entre las especies de mayor interés clínico en Argentina, fueron correctamente identificados todos (40/50). Los aislamientos clasificables de M. tuberculosis, 15/16 aislamientos de M. bovis y 39/43 aislamientos de MAC. La CG representa una técnica rápida y de alto valor predictivo para la identificación de micobacterias en las condiciones de Argentina. Su aplicación en laboratorios de referencia es recomendable en este país u otros de Latinoamérica con una situación epidemiológica de la TBC similar y disponibilidad de esta tecnología.