RESUMEN
The fermentation process has a significant impact on the aromatic profile of wines, particularly in relation to the difference in fermentation matrix caused by grape varieties. This study investigates the leaching and evolution patterns of aroma compounds in Vitis vinifera L. Marselan and Merlot during an industrial-scale vinification process, including the stages of cold soak, alcohol fermentation, malolactic fermentation, and one-year bottle storage. The emphasis is on the differences between the two varieties. The results indicated that most alcohols were rapidly leached during the cold soak stage. Certain C6 alcohols, terpenes, and norisoprenoids showed faster leaching rates in 'Marselan', compared to 'Merlot'. Some branched chain fatty-acid esters, such as ethyl 3-methylbutyrate, ethyl 2-methylbutyrate, and ethyl lactate, consistently increased during the fermentation and bottling stages, with faster accumulation observed in 'Marselan'. The study combines the Orthogonal Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) model based on odor activity values to elucidate the accumulation of these ethyl esters during bottle storage, compensating for the reduction in fruity aroma resulting from decreased levels of (E)-ß-damascenone. The 'Marselan' wine exhibited a more pronounced floral aroma due to its higher level of linalool, compared to the 'Merlot' wine. The study unveils the distinctive variation patterns of aroma compounds from grapes to wine across grape varieties. This provides a theoretical framework for the precise regulation of wine aroma and flavor, and holds significant production value.
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Fermentación , Odorantes , Vitis , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles , Vino , Vitis/química , Vino/análisis , Odorantes/análisis , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/análisis , Frutas/química , Alcoholes/análisis , Terpenos/análisis , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de MasasRESUMEN
Amomum villosum, serving as an important medicinal material, is complex in the genetic background of germplasm resources. Exploring the genetic diversity and genetic relationship of germplasm resources is conducive to clarifying the germplasm source and genetic background of A. villosum, so as to improve the efficiency of parent selection and variety breeding of A. villosum. Seventy-one pairs of SSR primers were used for PCR amplification of 84 A. villosum samples by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Fifty-four pairs of SSR primers with high polymorphism were screened out for the analysis of genetic diversity. The results showed that 293 alleles were detected from 84 germplasm resources by 54 pairs of SSR primers, with an average of 5.32 alleles for each pair of primers, and a variation range of 3-8, and the primer AVL12 marked the highest number of alleles. The PIC value of each locus varied from 0.068 7 to 0.828 9, with an average of 0.529 9, and the highest was marked by AVL24. The genetic diversity of A. villosum was the highest in Yunnan, followed by Guangxi, and the lowest was found in Guangdong. The population structure analysis and cluster analysis showed that the samples were classified into two groups. In terms of origin, samples from Yunnan and Guangxi had a close genetic relationship, and there was no obvious differentiation of A, villosum resources from different origins. In this study, 54 pairs of SSR markers were used to analyze the genetic diversity and population structure of 84 germplasm resources, which can reflect the genetic relationship between A. villosum samples from different germplasm sources and different populations, thus providing a theoretical basis for the collection, research, and breeding of A. villosum resources.
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Amomum , Repeticiones de Microsatélite , Alelos , Amomum/genética , China , Variación Genética , Repeticiones de Microsatélite/genética , FitomejoramientoRESUMEN
Our previous studies indicated that a purified rabbit antiserum against X-sperm contained sex-specific antibodies (SSAbs) which preferentially bound to sex-sorted X-sperm. The specificity of sex-specific antiserum was initially demonstrated using flow cytometry only, which resulted in uncertainty. In this study, the putative SSAbs against bovine X-sperm (XSSAb) were produced by a series of immunological approaches, and the effectiveness of separation of sperm using putative XSSAb was validated. Subsequently, the XSSAb was used to immunoprecipitate sex-specific proteins (SSPs) in bovine sperm, followed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The results showed 7.6, 15.2 and 52.1 % of sex-sorted Y-sperm, sex-sorted X-sperm and unsorted sperm were recognized by the neutralized rabbit antisera against X-sperm, respectively. Also the purity of separation of sperm using putative XSSAb reached 74.3 % when the immunologically separated sperm were injected into oocytes. In addition, three candidate SSP sports about 30 kDa were captured by the XSSAb. Our results confirmed that the putative XSSAb contained SSAbs, and implied that these three protein sports might be SSPs in bovine X-sperm. This provides a potentially more efficient method for sorting sperm and lays a foundation for future search for SSPs.
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Sueros Inmunes/química , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Espermatozoides/fisiología , Animales , Bovinos , Separación Celular , Electroforesis en Gel Bidimensional , Femenino , Citometría de Flujo , Inmunoprecipitación , Masculino , Proteínas de la Membrana/inmunología , Conejos , Análisis para Determinación del Sexo , Cromosoma X/metabolismo , Cromosoma Y/metabolismoRESUMEN
The loss of red hue in dry red wine has been a persistent issue for wine enterprises in western China. We investigated the changes in anthocyanins and non-anthocyanin phenols during the industrial-scale fermentation and one-year bottle aging of Vitis vinifera L. Merlot and Vitis vinifera L. Marselan, respectively, using the grapes in the Ningxia region. We also examined their correlation with color characterization. The study found that both anthocyanins and non-anthocyanin phenolics were rapidly extracted from grapes during alcohol fermentation. However, their concentrations decreased rapidly during malolactic fermentation. On the other hand, Vitisin A and Vitisin B were formed during alcoholic fermentation and decreased slowly from malolactic fermentation to storage period. Directly polymerized pigments (F-A and A-F), bridged polymerized pigments (A-e-F), and flavanyl-pyranoanthocyanins (A-v-F) from the reactions of anthocyanins (A) and flavan-3-ols (F), as well as pinotins were generated during the later stages of alcoholic fermentation, and remained at a high level throughout malolactic fermentation and bottle storage. Partial least squares regression and Pearson correlation analyses revealed that the red hue (a* value) of 'Merlot' and 'Marselan' wines was closely associated with monomeric anthocyanins and F-A type pigments. Furthermore, four pinotin components were positively correlated with the red hue (a* value) of 'Merlot' wine. These primary red components of the two varieties had a positive correlation with the level of flavan-3-ols. The data suggest that elevating the flavan-3-ol concentration during fermentation aids in improving the color stability of red wine.
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BACKGROUND: Pediatric sepsis is a complicated condition characterized by life-threatening organ failure resulting from a dysregulated host response to infection in children. It is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, and rapid detection and administration of antimicrobials have been emphasized. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic biomarkers of pediatric sepsis and the function of immune cell infiltration in the development of this illness. METHODS: Three gene expression datasets were available from the Gene Expression Omnibus collection. First, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found with the use of the R program, and then gene set enrichment analysis was carried out. Subsequently, the DEGs were combined with the major module genes chosen using the weighted gene co-expression network. The hub genes were identified by the use of three machine-learning algorithms: random forest, support vector machine-recursive feature elimination, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator. The receiver operating characteristic curve and nomogram model were used to verify the discrimination and efficacy of the hub genes. In addition, the inflammatory and immune status of pediatric sepsis was assessed using cell-type identification by estimating relative subsets of RNA transcripts (CIBERSORT). The relationship between the diagnostic markers and infiltrating immune cells was further studied. RESULTS: Overall, after overlapping key module genes and DEGs, we detected 402 overlapping genes. As pediatric sepsis diagnostic indicators, CYSTM1 (AUC = 0.988), MMP8 (AUC = 0.973), and CD177 (AUC = 0.986) were investigated and demonstrated statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) and diagnostic efficacy in the validation set. As indicated by the immune cell infiltration analysis, multiple immune cells may be involved in the development of pediatric sepsis. Additionally, all diagnostic characteristics may correlate with immune cells to varying degrees. CONCLUSIONS: The candidate hub genes (CD177, CYSTM1, and MMP8) were identified, and the nomogram was constructed for pediatric sepsis diagnosis. Our study could provide potential peripheral blood diagnostic candidate genes for pediatric sepsis patients.
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Metaloproteinasa 8 de la Matriz , Sepsis , Humanos , Niño , Sepsis/diagnóstico , Sepsis/genética , Biología Computacional , Aprendizaje Automático , BiomarcadoresRESUMEN
A new steroidal saponin, named pumilum A (1), and a new phenolic glycoside, threo-1-(4'-hydroxy-2'-methoxyphenyl)-2-(2",4"-dihydroxyphenyl)-1,3-propanediol-4'-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (7) were isolated from the methanolic extract of the bulbs of Lilium pumilum DC, along with five known steroidal saponins. Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR techniques and chemical methods. In addition, the inhibitory activity of all the isolates on Na(+)/K(+) ATPase was evaluated.
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Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Glicósidos , Lilium/química , Raíces de Plantas/química , ATPasa Intercambiadora de Sodio-Potasio/antagonistas & inhibidores , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/química , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/aislamiento & purificación , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/farmacología , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/aislamiento & purificación , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Glicósidos/química , Glicósidos/aislamiento & purificación , Glicósidos/farmacología , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Estructura Molecular , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacologíaRESUMEN
DNA methylation is a stable and heritable epigenetic mark, and it is one of the best characterized epigenetic modifications. Active DNA demethylation has been reported both in plant and animal cells, and the mechanism behind it is becoming clear in plant. Whereas a bona fide enzyme, which is responsible for active DNA demethylation, have not been identified in mammals, and active demethylation pathway is controversial. In the present review, we described that active DNA demethylation take place in a spatial- and temporal-specific way on the basis of recent literatures. Moreover, several candidate pathways such as oxygenation and deamination of 5-methyl cytosine and DNA repair pathways, which may be responsible for the active process were introduced on a cell- and tissue-specific view. The aim of this paper is to help re-searchers reveal the mechanism underlying this important event during epigenetic reprogramming in mammals.
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Metilación de ADN , Animales , Reparación del ADN , Epigénesis Genética , Células Germinativas/metabolismo , HumanosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To study on the antidepressive extraction and determinated the content of the oligosaccharides I , the proteins and the trace elements from Morinda officinalis. METHODS: We analyzed the content of the total oligosaccharides, the proteins and the trace elements by Phenol-Sulferic acid, Coomassie brilliant blue and inductive coupling plasm atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) methods, respectively. RESULTS: The percent of the oligosaccharides and the proteins were 89.4% and 0.19% in the extraction from M. officinalis, respectively. The total actively oligosaccharides I were subjected to the D-941 ion column chromatography to give the extraction in which hardly and protein were determined. 12 kinds of trace element including Zn, Fe, Ca ect. in the extraction (the oligosaccharides I) were determined by ICP-AES without the noxious trace elements including As, Cd, Pb ect. CONCLUSION: The antidepressive activity extraction(the oligosaccharides I ) was a highly pure and vegetal oligosaccharides.
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Antidepresivos/química , Morinda/química , Oligosacáridos/química , Plantas Medicinales/química , Oligoelementos/análisis , Antidepresivos/aislamiento & purificación , Oligosacáridos/análisis , Oligosacáridos/aislamiento & purificación , Raíces de Plantas/química , Proteínas/análisis , Espectrofotometría Atómica/métodos , Espectrofotometría Ultravioleta/métodosRESUMEN
Three polysaccharides MP-1, MP-2, and MP-3 were isolated from hot water extract of Chinese medicine Morinda officinalis through 95% ethanol precipitation and gel-filtration chromatography (DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B column and Sephadex G-75 or G-100 column). MP-1 was identified as an inulin-type fructan with simple linear (2-->1)-linked structure. Both MP-2 and MP-3 were acidic polysaccharides which consisted predominantly of galacturonic acid, arabinose and galactose. Partial structure characterization of MP-3 was carried out by partial acid hydrolysis and periodate oxidation. The total polysaccharides of the herb were tested in mice weight-loaded swimming model and were found to have anti-fatigue activity.
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Fatiga/tratamiento farmacológico , Morinda/química , Raíces de Plantas/química , Polisacáridos/química , Polisacáridos/uso terapéutico , Animales , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Fatiga/sangre , Glucógeno/metabolismo , Ácido Láctico/sangre , Hígado/metabolismo , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Ratones , Fitoterapia , Polisacáridos/aislamiento & purificación , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Natación , Factores de Tiempo , Urea/sangreRESUMEN
Ethylenediaminetetraacetate is converted into its triacetate by peroxotitanate(IV), and strong chelation of the triacetate ligand to the metal center facilitates elimination of the pendant acetoxylate group. Various species of peroxotitanium(IV) complexes in the reaction sequence are fully characterized.