TCMFP: a novel herbal formula prediction method based on network target's score integrated with semi-supervised learning genetic algorithms.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has accumulated thousands years of knowledge in herbal therapy, but the use of herbal formulas is still characterized by reliance on personal experience. Due to the complex mechanism of herbal actions, it is challenging to discover effective herbal formulas for diseases by integrating the traditional experiences and modern pharmacological mechanisms of multi-target interactions. In this study, we propose a herbal formula prediction approach (TCMFP) combined therapy experience of TCM, artificial intelligence and network science algorithms to screen optimal herbal formula for diseases efficiently, which integrates a herb score (Hscore) based on the importance of network targets, a pair score (Pscore) based on empirical learning and herbal formula predictive score (FmapScore) based on intelligent optimization and genetic algorithm. The validity of Hscore, Pscore and FmapScore was verified by functional similarity and network topological evaluation. Moreover, TCMFP was used successfully to generate herbal formulae for three diseases, i.e. the Alzheimer's disease, asthma and atherosclerosis. Functional enrichment and network analysis indicates the efficacy of targets for the predicted optimal herbal formula. The proposed TCMFP may provides a new strategy for the optimization of herbal formula, TCM herbs therapy and drug development.

Mapping-based localization of blackleg-resistant candidate genes of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa).

Recently, blackleg disease has seriously impacted the cultivation and development of Brassica crops. In this study, we conducted mapping-based localization of blackleg-resistant candidate genes in Chinese cabbage. Through phenotype evaluation, Chinese cabbage materials 15S414 and 15S420 were selected as blackleg-resistant and blackleg-susceptible parents, respectively. Inheritance pattern analysis suggested that the dominant major genes mainly determined the blackleg resistance of Chinese cabbage. Upon bulked segregation analysis , the blackleg-resistant candidate genes were initially located within a 4.3 Mb interval on chromosome A06. Through construction of the genetic linkage map, blackleg-resistant candidate genes were further limited to a region of 160 kb containing seven resistance-related genes. Coding sequence variation analysis revealed that all seven resistance-related genes displayed various degrees of single nucleotide polymorphism variations between parent materials 15S414 and 15S420.

Identification of the susceptible genes and mechanism underlying the comorbid presence of coronary artery disease and rheumatoid arthritis: a network modularization analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The comorbidities of coronary artery disease (CAD) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are mutual risk factors, which lead to higher mortality, but the biological mechanisms connecting the two remain unclear. Here, we aimed to identify the risk genes for the comorbid presence of these two complex diseases using a network modularization approach, to offer insights into clinical therapy and drug development for these diseases. METHOD: The expression profile data of patients CAD with and without RA were obtained from the GEO database (GSE110008). Based on the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to construct a gene network, detect co-expression modules, and explore their relation to clinical traits. The Zsummary index, gene significance (GS), and module membership (MM) were utilized to screen the important differentiated modules and hub genes. The GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were applied to analyze potential mechanisms. RESULT: Based on the 278 DEGs obtained, 41 modules were identified, of which 17 and 24 modules were positively and negatively correlated with the comorbid occurrence of CAD and RA (CAD&RA), respectively. Thirteen modules with Zsummary < 2 were found to be the underlying modules, which may be related to CAD&RA. With GS ≥ 0.5 and MM ≥ 0.8, 49 hub genes were identified, such as ADO, ABCA11P, POT1, ZNF141, GPATCH8, ATF6 and MIA3, etc. The area under the curve values of the representative seven hub genes under the three models (LR, KNN, SVM) were greater than 0.88. Enrichment analysis revealed that the biological functions of the targeted modules were mainly involved in cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity, demethylase activity, regulation of calcium ion import, positive regulation of tyrosine, phosphorylation of STAT protein, and tissue migration, etc. CONCLUSION: Thirteen characteristic modules and 49 susceptibility hub genes were identified, and their corresponding molecular functions may reflect the underlying mechanism of CAD&RA, hence providing insights into the development of clinical therapies against these diseases.

Noncoding RNAs: Master Regulator of Fibroblast to Myofibroblast Transition in Fibrosis.

Myofibroblasts escape apoptosis and proliferate abnormally under pathological conditions, especially fibrosis; they synthesize and secrete a large amount of extracellular matrix (ECM), such as α-SMA and collagen, which leads to the distortion of organ parenchyma structure, an imbalance in collagen deposition and degradation, and the replacement of parenchymal cells by fibrous connective tissues. Fibroblast to myofibroblast transition (FMT) is considered to be the main source of myofibroblasts. Therefore, it is crucial to explore the influencing factors regulating the process of FMT for the prevention, treatment, and diagnosis of FMT-related diseases. In recent years, non-coding RNAs, including microRNA, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs, have attracted extensive attention from scientists due to their powerful regulatory functions, and they have been found to play a vital role in regulating FMT. In this review, we summarized ncRNAs which regulate FMT during fibrosis and found that they mainly regulated signaling pathways, including TGF-ß/Smad, MAPK/P38/ERK/JNK, PI3K/AKT, and WNT/ß-catenin. Furthermore, the expression of downstream transcription factors can be promoted or inhibited, indicating that ncRNAs have the potential to be a new therapeutic target for FMT-related diseases.

[Role of lymphatic system in coronary heart disease based on theory of combined phlegm and stasis].

According to the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) theory, coronary heart disease(CHD) is mainly caused by heart vessel obstruction due to Qi stagnation, blood stasis, and phlegm turbidity. Chest impediment with combined phlegm and stasis is a common syndrome of CHD, with the manifestations of chest tightness, chest pain, and asthma. Lymphatic system is one of the important immune systems in the human body and has a close relationship with the Qi and blood movement in TCM. The dysfunction of the lymphatic system may lead to metabolism disorders, the generation of dampness pathogen which turns into sticky and difficult-to-dissolve phlegm turbidity. Moreover, it can affect blood circulation and coagulation, causing slow blood flow, increased blood viscosity, and microcirculation disorders. Alterations in lymphatic hydrodynamics may affect the interaction between blood circulation and the lymphatic system. A variety of small molecule drugs and TCM can treat cardiovascular diseases by targeting the lymphatic system. This review discusses the role of the lymphatic system in CHD based on the theory of combined phlegm and stasis, involving the influences of mechanical factors on lymphatic function and the effects and pharmacological mechanisms of TCM and chemicals that target lymphocyte function and lymphatic circulation. By expounding the development process of combined phlegm and stasis in CHD from the lymphatic system, this paper aims to provide new ideas for deciphering pharmacological mechanisms of TCM for resolving phlegm and stasis.

[Discussion on discipline of herbalism].

Since the emergence of the term "materia medica", scholars have proposed different opinions on its concept. This term has been used to refer to traditional Chinese medicines, or medical books, or traditional pharmacology. Due to the differences in the concept of materia medica, scholars also have controversies about the concept of herbalism. Herbalism is usually understood as traditional Chinese pharmacology. After years of evolution, the term "herbalism" has now possessed the characteristics of an independent discipline, which can be defined as an applied basic discipline that comprehensively utilizes traditional and modern technological methods to study the formation, development, and changes of traditional pharmacology and reveal the basic theories and application laws of traditional medicine. At present, the research content of herbalism mainly includes three aspects: materia medica history, materia medica literature, and traditional pharmacology. This study explores the disciplinary concepts and main research content of herbalism based on a systematic review of the literature about the concepts of materia medica and herbalism, with the aim of attracting more attention to promote the establishment and development of the discipline of herbalism.

Transcriptome analysis provides insights into light condition effect on paclitaxel biosynthesis in yew saplings.

BACKGROUND: Taxus is a rare gymnosperm plant that is the sole producer of the anticancer drug paclitaxel. The growth and development of Taxus is affected by environmental factors such as light. However, little is known about how light conditions affect growth and metabolic processes, especially paclitaxel biosynthesis. RESULTS: In this study, we applied three different light conditions to Taxus chinensis young saplings and investigated the physiological response and gene expression. Our observations showed that exposure to high light led to oxidative stress, caused photoinhibition, and damaged the photosynthetic systems in T. chinensis. The paclitaxel content in T. chinensis leaves was significantly decreased after the light intensity increased. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that numerous genes involved in paclitaxel biosynthesis and phenylpropanoid metabolic pathways were downregulated under high light. We also analyzed the expression of JA signaling genes, bHLH, MYB, AP2/ERF transcription factors, and the CYP450 families that are potentially related to paclitaxel biosynthesis. We found that several CYP450s, MYB and AP2/ERF genes were induced by high light. These genes may play an important role in tolerance to excessive light or heat stress in T. chinensis. CONCLUSIONS: Our study elucidates the molecular mechanism of the effects of light conditions on the growth and development of T. chinensis and paclitaxel biosynthesis, thus facilitating the artificial regeneration of Taxus and enhancing paclitaxel production.

A full-scale tracing study of "ghost peaks" encountered in impurity analysis of budesonide based on experimental operation inspection-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry fingerprint-mechanism based stress studies integrated strategy.

Budesonide is an active pharmaceutical ingredient used in various dosage forms of finished products for the treatment of asthma. During the process of drug development, unbiased analysis of related substances is of utmost significance for both pharmaceutical research and quality control purposes. In this work, the official method documented in the United States Pharmacopoeia was selected to determine the related substances of budesonide considering the pros and cons of critical chromatographic parameters, compared to the European Pharmacopoeia. In doing so, several unpredictable interference peaks, namely "ghost peaks", were observed occasionally during analysis. A strategy that integrated information derived from experimental operation inspection, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry fingerprint analysis, and mechanism-based stress studies was then proposed for comprehensively and quickly exploring those non-degradable and degradable peaks. Some ghost peaks were found to originate from nylon syringe filter, illumination, and alkali borosilicate glass high-performance liquid chromatography vials. Besides, degradation pathways under alkaline conditions were also unraveled through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry qualitative analysis. Overall, an optimization of the analytical methodology based on the United States Pharmacopoeia for its application in impurity analysis of budesonide and corresponding formulations was carried out with the design of experiments, by which "ghost peaks" could be suppressed or prevented. The results obtained herein are not only crucial to studies on budesonide's stability or degradation kinetics but also contribute to clarifying the impurity research of other drugs.

The Molecular Mechanisms and Function of miR-15a/16 Dysregulation in Fibrotic Diseases.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short, endogenous, non-coding, single-stranded RNAs that can negatively regulate the post-transcriptional expression of target genes. Among them, miR-15a/16 is involved in the regulation of the occurrence and development of fibrosis in the liver, lungs, heart, kidneys, and other organs, as well as systemic fibrotic diseases, affecting important cellular functions, such as cell transformation, the synthesis and degradation of extracellular matrix, and the release of fibrotic mediators. Therefore, this article reviews the biological characteristics of miR-15a/16 and the molecular mechanisms and functions of their dysregulation in fibrotic diseases.

Genome-Wide Expression Profiling Analysis of Kiwifruit GolS and RFS Genes and Identification of AcRFS4 Function in Raffinose Accumulation.

The raffinose synthetase (RFS) and galactinol synthase (GolS) are two critical enzymes for raffinose biosynthesis, which play an important role in modulating plant growth and in response to a variety of biotic or abiotic stresses. Here, we comprehensively analyzed the RFS and GolS gene families and their involvement in abiotic and biotic stresses responses at the genome-wide scale in kiwifruit. A total of 22 GolS and 24 RFS genes were identified in Actinidia chinensis and Actinidia eriantha genomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the GolS and RFS genes were clustered into four and six groups, respectively. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that abiotic stresses strongly induced some crucial genes members including AcGolS1/2/4/8 and AcRFS2/4/8/11 and their expression levels were further confirmed by qRT-PCR. The GUS staining of AcRFS4Pro::GUS transgenic plants revealed that the transcriptionlevel of AcRFS4 was significantly increased by salt stress. Overexpression of AcRFS4 in Arabidopsis demonstrated that this gene enhanced the raffinose accumulation and the tolerance to salt stress. The co-expression networks analysis of hub transcription factors targeting key AcRFS4 genes indicated that there was a strong correlation between AcNAC30 and AcRFS4 expression under salt stress. Furthermore, the yeast one-hybrid assays showed that AcNAC30 could bind the AcRFS4 promoter directly. These results may provide insights into the evolutionary and functional mechanisms of GolS and RFS genes in kiwifruit.

Stem Cell-Based Therapies for Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, relapsing disease that severely affects patients' quality of life. The exact cause of IBD is uncertain, but current studies suggest that abnormal activation of the immune system, genetic susceptibility, and altered intestinal flora due to mucosal barrier defects may play an essential role in the pathogenesis of IBD. Unfortunately, IBD is currently difficult to be wholly cured. Thus, more treatment options are needed for different patients. Stem cell therapy, mainly including hematopoietic stem cell therapy and mesenchymal stem cell therapy, has shown the potential to improve the clinical disease activity of patients when conventional treatments are not effective. Stem cell therapy, an emerging therapy for IBD, can alleviate mucosal inflammation through mechanisms such as immunomodulation and colonization repair. Clinical studies have confirmed the effectiveness of stem cell transplantation in refractory IBD and the ability to maintain long-term remission in some patients. However, stem cell therapy is still in the research stage, and its safety and long-term efficacy remain to be further evaluated. This article reviews the upcoming stem cell transplantation methods for clinical application and the results of ongoing clinical trials to provide ideas for the clinical use of stem cell transplantation as a potential treatment for IBD.

Dendrite-Free Zinc-Based Battery with High Areal Capacity via the Region-Induced Deposition Effect of Turing Membrane.

Zinc-based batteries are promising for use as energy storage devices owing to their low cost and high energy density. However, zinc chemistry commonly encounters serious dendrite issues, especially at high areal capacities and current densities, limiting their application. Herein, we propose a novel membrane featuring ordered undulating stripes called "Turing patterns", which can effectively suppress zinc dendrites and improve ion conductivity. The crests and troughs in the Turing membrane can effectively adjust the Zn(OH)42- distribution and provide more zinc deposition space. The coordinated Cu ions during membrane formation can interact with Zn(OH)42-, further smoothing zinc deposition. Even at a high current density of 80 mA·cm-2, the Turing membrane enables an alkaline zinc-iron flow battery (AZIFB) to work stably with an ultrahigh areal capacity of 160 mA·h·cm-2 for approximately 110 cycles, showing an energy efficiency of 90.10%, which is by far the highest value ever reported among zinc-based batteries with such a high current density. This paper provides valid access to zinc-based batteries with high areal capacities based on membrane design and promotes their advancement.

[An optimization method of weighted network module partition based on TCM theory of "monarch, minister, assistant and guide"].

The disease-gene-drug multi-level network constructed by network pharmacology can predict drug targets and has been widely used in the study of material basis and mechanism of action of Chinese medicinal prescriptions. However, most of the current studies have normalized the efficacies of Chinese herbal medicines in the compounds during the construction of the network. There is also a lack of in-depth exploration of the mechanism of synergy among multiple components. This study proposed a network module partition method based on group collaboration and the pharmacological network was weighed according to the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) theory of "monarch, minister, assistant and guide". Taking the Tanyu Tongzhi Prescription as an example, we constructed its pharmacological network for the treatment of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. The group collaboration module in the network was identified and the network changes before and after the weighting were compared based on the network topology analysis to explore a new method to find the core nodes of the network as well as the core drugs that affected the efficacy of the compounds. The results showed that the module partition method based on group collaboration could be used to identify and partition group collaboration mo-dules in pharmacological networks of compounds. The proposed weighted network based on the TCM theory of "monarch, minister, assistant, and guide" could identify and partition the modules based on the characteristics of the pharmacological network. The identification and partition results of modules of Tanyu Tongzhi Prescription in the weighted network were superior to those in the unweighted network. The weighted closeness centrality(WCC) evaluation method was conducive to finding key nodes and relations in the network as compared with traditional methods, thereby providing a basis for analyzing the core components of drugs and extracting more accurate drug components and targets.

[Hotspots and trends of Ophiopogonis Radix based on CiteSpace knowledge map].

Ophiopogonis Radix is an important Yin-nourishing drug in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), with the effects of nourishing Yin, promoting fluid production, clearing away heart-fire, and relieving restlessness. It is widely used in clinical practice due to its multiple chemical components and pharmacological effects. The technique "mapping knowledge domains" is an effective tool to quantitatively and objectively visualize the development frontiers and trends of certain disciplines. In this study, TCM research papers related to Ophiopogonis Radix were retrieved from Web of Science(WoS) and CNKI, and the research institutions, journals, and keywords involved were visualized and analyzed using the scientometric software CiteSpace. The co-occurrence network of related research on Ophiopogonis Radix was constructed, and the Ophiopogonis Radix-disease-target network was plotted using Cytoscape 3.8.2. The hot topics in Chinese and English papers were analyzed and the shortcomings in the research on Ophiopogonis Radix were summed up. Furthermore, the development trends were discussed. A total of 1 403 Chinese papers and 292 English papers were included in this study. The analysis of research institutions showed that Beijing University of Chinese Medicine and China Pharmaceutical University were the two research institutions with the largest numbers of papers published. The analysis of journals showed that Hebei Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Journal of Asian Natural Products Research were the two journals with the highest numbers of papers concerning Ophiopogonis Radix. The keyword analysis showed that the research contents of Chinese papers focused on the analysis of medication regularity and clinical observation trials, while the English papers focused on component analysis and pharmacological investigation. Data mining and apoptosis-based pharmacological mechanism might be the research trends in the future.

[Textual research principles and suggestions on function and indication of ancient classical formulas].

Indication and functions is an important key information in the research and development of the ancient classical formulas, which directly affects the clinical positioning of the compound formulas and their reasonable, effective and safe use after marke-ting. It is also the embodiment of the ultimate vitality of ancient classical formulas. Due to the particularity of ancient classical formulas, it is of great significance to accurately define and describe the functions and indications of classical formulas to exert their unqiue advantages. Based on the analysis of the provenances, classification of clinical indications, and functions of 100 prescriptions in the Catalogue of Ancient Classical Formulas(First Batch), this paper summarized the incompleteness, irregularity and inconsistency in the original text, the differences in terminology between ancient and modern times, and the evolution of the meanings of prescriptions in different dynasties. In addition, under the guidance of the general principle of textual researh on ancient classical formulas, which is to inherit the essence, make the past serve the present, link up the past and the present, and bulid consensus, this paper proposed the following ideas: respecting the original meanings and provenances of ancient classical formulas, taking full consideration of the development and evolution, serving the current clinical application and health needs, accurately linking up the ancient and modern terminologies, standardizing the expression of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) terminology, highlighting the characteristics of TCM, attaching importance to the textual research principles and suggestions of post-marketing evidence-based and clinical positioning research, so as to determine the the functions and indications of the ancient classical formulas in a scientific, standardized and reasonable way and better guide the clinical application of the classical formulas.

Endogenous Symbiotic Li3 N/Cellulose Skin to Extend the Cycle Life of Lithium Anode.

Nitrocellulose (NC) is proposed to stabilize the electrolytes for Li metal batteries. The nitro group of NC preferentially reacts with Li metal, and along with the cellulose skeleton is tightly wrapped on the surface, so that the polymer-inorganic double layer is formed on the Li surface. XPS profile analysis and corroborative cryo-environmental TEM reveal that the flexible outer layer of the bilayer is a C-O organic layer, while the dense inner layer is mainly composed of crystalline lithium oxide, lithium oxynitride, and lithium nitride. The Li deposition process was observed via in situ optical microscopy, which indicated that the NC-derived bilayer facilitates the uniform deposition of Li ions and inhibits the growth of dendrites. After the introduction of NC into the electrolyte, the cycle life of the Li battery is twice than that of the Li battery without NC at 1.0 and 3.0 mA cm-2 .

A Coral-Like FeP@NC Anode with Increasing Cycle Capacity for Sodium-Ion and Lithium-Ion Batteries Induced by Particle Refinement.

We present a coral-like FeP composite with FeP nanoparticles anchored and dispersed on a nitrogen-doped 3D carbon framework (FeP@NC). Due to the highly continuous N-doped carbon framework and a spring-buffering graphitized carbon layer around the FeP nanoparticle, a sodium-ion battery with the FeP@NC composite exhibits an ultra-stable cycling performance at 10 A g-1 with a capacity retention of 82.0 % in 10 000 cycles. Also, particle refinement leads to a capacity increase during cycling. The FeP nanoparticles go through a refining-recombination process during the first cycle and present a global refining trend after dozens of cycles, which results in a gradually increase in graphitization degree and interface magnetization, and further provides more active sites for Na+ storage and contributes to a rising capacity with cycling. The capacity ascending phenomenon can also extend to lithium-ion batteries.

Structural and functional contributions of lipids to the stability and activity of the photosynthetic cytochrome b6f lipoprotein complex.

The photosynthetic cytochrome b6f complex, a homodimer containing eight distinct subunits and 26 transmembrane helices per monomer, catalyzes proton-coupled electron transfer across the thylakoid membrane. The 2.5-Å-resolution structure of the complex from the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. revealed the presence of 23 lipid-binding sites per monomer. Although the crystal structure of the cytochrome b6f from a plant source has not yet been solved, the identities of the lipids present in a plant b6f complex have previously been determined, indicating that the predominant lipid species are monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG). Despite the extensive structural analyses of b6f-lipid interactions, the basis of the stabilization by lipids remains poorly understood. In the present study, we report on the effect of individual lipids on the structural and functional integrity of the b6f complex, purified from Spinacea oleracea It was found that (i) galactolipids (MGDG, DGDG, and SQDG) and phospholipids dilinolenoyl-phosphatidylglycerol (DLPG), 1,2-dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG), and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) structurally stabilize the complex to varying degrees; (ii) SQDG has a major role in stabilizing the dimeric complex; (iii) the b6f complex is stabilized by incorporation into nanodiscs or bicelles; (iv) removal of bound phospholipid by phospholipase A2 inactivates the cytochrome complex; and (v) activity can be restored significantly by the addition of the anionic lipid PG, which is attributed to stabilization of the quinone portal and the hinge region of the iron-sulfur protein.

[Textual research on "Gui" in Chinese classical prescriptions].

Through consulting the ancient herbs and medical books, combining with modern literature, this paper makes textual research on herbal medicine, and textual research on the name, origin, position and harvest and processing changes of the medicinal herbs in ancient classical prescriptions. According to research, Cinnamon medicinal materials were first listed in the Shennong's Herbal Classic, as the name of "Jungui" and "Mugui". Among them, Jungui has undergone the evolution of "Qungui-Jungui-Tonggui-Jungui". After the Northern and Southern Dynasties, a half-volume fatty "Gui" was added, but the usage of the three was no different. The names of Cinnamomi Ramulus and Cinnamomi Cortex did not appear until the Tang Dynasty, and they were preferably thick-skinned and with no cork cambium, and they were mostly used in the name of "Guixin"; Since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the medicinal parts of cassia have gradually separated. Cinnamomi Cortex is the trunk bark of sapling or branch bark, the twig is Cinnamomi Ramulus, and the tenderest twig is Liugui, Song Dynasty unified the name as "Guizhi"; After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Cinnamomi Cortex was used as the trunk bark, and Cinnamomi Ramulus was used as the tender twig; In modern times, the Chinese Pharmacopoeia stipulates that the Cinnamomi Ramulus is the young branch of C. cassia, which is Cinnamomum, and Cinnamomi Cortex was the dried trunk bark. From the plant morphology recorded in the previous herbals and the drawings, combined with the distribution of the origins described in the previous herbals, the mainstream plant used as a medicine in the past generations should be C. cassia, but there are other sect. Cinnamomum plants that are also used in medicine everywhere, such as C. chekiangensis, C. bejolghota, C. wilsonii, etc. Throughout the ages, different plant morphologies and medicinal traits have been used to distinguish different categories. The origins of the past dynasties are mostly present in Guangdong, Guangxi province and Vietnam, and are regarded as authentic. The methods for the harvest and processing of cinnamon medicinal materials are basically the same from ancient to modern times.

A Boron Nitride Nanosheets Composite Membrane for a Long-Life Zinc-Based Flow Battery.

The capability to maintain a constant system temperature is vital in nature, since it endows the system with enhanced lifetime. This trait also works for zinc-based batteries, because their cycle-life is limited by notorious zinc dendrite/accumulation, which are highly affected by the inhomogeneous distribution of temperature on electrode and relatively low mechanical strength of membrane. Herein, boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) with high mechanical strength serving as heat-porter are introduced onto a porous substrate to enable uniform deposition of zinc and further a zinc-based flow battery with long-cycle life. The results indicate that BNNSs can effectively adjust the deposited zinc from needle-like to French fries-like morphology, thus affording the battery with a stable performance for nearly 500 cycles at 80 mA cm-2 . Most importantly, an energy efficiency of above 80 % can be obtained even at 200 mA cm-2 , which is by far the highest value ever reported among zinc-based flow batteries.