[Determination of vitamin A, D and E in dishes by two-dimensional liquid chromatography].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a method for the simultaneous determination of vitamins A, D and E in dishes by two-dimensional liquid chromatography. METHODS: The samples were saponified and extracted with a mixture of ethyl acetate and n-hexane(3∶2, V/V)under the protection of antioxidants, and determined by two-dimensional liquid chromatography. The baseline separation of retinol, α-tocopherol, ß-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol, and α-tocotrienols was achieved by using Alphasil pentafluorophenyl column(PFP, 150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 µm) as the one-dimensional column, and using water and methanol as mobile phases for gradient elution under the fluorescence detector. The separation detection of ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol from other impurities was achieved on the UV detector by Alphasil VC-C_(18) column(150 mm×4.6 mm, 3.5 µm) as the two-dimensional column. RESULTS: The baseline separation detection of retinol, ergocalciferol, cholecalciferol and five tocopherols was achieved. The compounds were linearly correlated within the set range, and the correlation coefficients were >0.999. The recovery rate of the method was between 85.4% and 106.4%. The detection limit of all-trans retinol was 0.7 µg/100 g, and the limit of quantitation was 2.4 µg/100 g. The limits of detection and quantification of tocopherols ranged from 1.1 to 2.5 µg/100 g and 3.6 to 8.3 µg/100 g. The detection limit of ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol was 0.3 µg/100 g, and the limit of quantification was 1.0 µg/100 g. In the end, finished dishes such as dry fried hairtail, braised mushroom, steamed egg with soy sauce, sweet and sour ribs were repeatedly measured by this method for six times, and the relative standard deviation was less than 10%. CONCLUSION: The method has the characteristics of simple operation, good repeatability, high accuracy and friendly to operators and ecological environment. It can realize the simultaneous typing detection of vitamins A, D and E in finished dishes.

[Optimization and application of determination method of cholesterol in various dishes].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a rapid and accurate method for the determination of cholesterol in a variety of finished dishes. METHODS: The samples were saponified with ethanol and potassium hydroxide solution at 80 ℃ for 0.5 h, then vortexed and mixed fully with ultrapure water, and extracted twice with 25 mL n-hexane. The extracting solution were evaporated to dryness under vacuum and redissolved by ethanol, finally determined by gas chromatograph. The sample loading solution was separated by HP-5 capillary column(30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 µm) and quantified with external standard method. RESULTS: The method had good linearity in the concentration range of 2.5-250 µg/mL for cholesterol and the correlation coefficient was 0.9999. The detection limit was 0.25 mg/100 g edible part, and the limit of quantification was 0.75 mg/100 g edible part. Three representative samples were picked for spiked recovery experiments with three concentration levels according to their content of cholesterol. The average recovery rates ranged from 91.1% to 101%, and the relative standard deviations were not more than 5%. The content range of cholesterol in 15 vegan dishes was from negative to 10.3 mg/100 g edible part, in 14 dishes contained meat and vegetable was from 2.34 to 80.2 mg/100 g edible part and in 9 pure meat dishes was from 25.4 to 288 mg/100 g edible part. CONCLUSION: Compared with the national standard method, the method is simple to operate and more friendly to the experimenter while ensuring the accuracy and sensitivity requirements. It can meet the needs of efficient batch determination of cholesterol in a variety of finished dishes.

Biogenesis and functions of circular RNAs and their role in diseases of the female reproductive system.

A member of the newly discovered RNA family, circular RNA (circRNA) is considered as the intermediate product of by-product splicing or abnormal RNA splicing. With the development of RNA sequencing, circRNA has recently drawn research interest. CircRNA exhibits stability, species conservatism, and tissue cell specificity. It acts as a miRNA sponge in the circRNA-microRNA (miRNA-mRNA axis, which can regulate gene transcription and protein translation. Studies have confirmed that circRNA is ubiquitous in eukaryotic cells, which play an important role in the regulation of human gene expression and participate in the occurrence and development of various human diseases. CircRNA may be closely related to the occurrence and development of female reproductive system diseases. By analyzing the biological functions and mechanism of circRNA, we find that circRNA has certain development prospects as biomarkers of the female reproductive system diseases. The production and degradation of circRNA, biological functions, and their association with the occurrence of diseases of female reproductive system are reviewed in this article.

[Fat-soluble vitamins in different eggs and egg products in Hangzhou City].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the contents of fat-soluble vitamins in different kinds of eggs and egg products in Hangzhou City. METHODS: The contents of fat-soluble vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin K_1 and vitamin K_2(menaquinone-4, menaquinone-7 and menaquinone-9) in eggs and egg products were determined by the high-performance liquid chromatography method. The contents of vitamin D were determined by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The determined contents were compared with the corresponding nutrient reference values. RESULTS: The contents of vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E and vitamin K in different eggs and egg products were 64-278 µg RAE/100 g edible, 0. 2-9. 6 µg/100 g edible, 0. 59-2. 31 mg α-TE/100 g edible and 9. 5-84. 8 µg/100 g edible, respectively, accounting for 4%-192% of the corresponding nutrient reference values. The contents of fat-soluble vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E and vitamin K in duck, goose and quail eggs were higher than those in chicken eggs and pigeon eggs. CONCLUSION: There are some differences in fat-soluble vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E and vitamin K in different eggs and egg products, but there is no significant difference between groups.

[Eight vitamin E congeners in seafood and aquatic products in Zhejiang Province].

OBJECTIVE: Comparison and analysis of α-, ß-, γ-, δ-tocopherol(T) and α-, ß-, γ-, δ-tocotrienol(T3) in 44 species of seafood and aquatic products is under processed to enrich the database of food composition in China and provide a scientific reference for dietary intake choice. METHODS: Quantitative and correlation analysis of eight vitamin E isomers were based on external calibration method with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector, after hot saponification with alkaline and liquid-liquid extraction. RESULTS: The content of α-tocopherol equivalent(α-TE) in seafood and aquatic products varied greatly(from 0. 10 to 4. 01 mg/100 g edible), as well as the isomer forms. Aspect of vitamin E forms in aquatic fish, detection rates of α-T and α-T3 were both 100%, while the rates of γ-T and γ-T3 were 31. 58% and 68. 42%, respectively. Aspect of vitamin E forms in sea fish, detection rates α-T3, γ-T and γ-T3 were 28. 57%, 28. 57% and 35. 71%, respectively, while the rate of α-T was 100%. The form of vitamin E isomers in fish was at some extent different when they raise up in wild and farming environment, whereas there was no significant different in content of isomers. For shrimp and crabs, the content of α-TE was also various(from 0. 31 to 14. 27 mg/100 g edible), whereas α-T was the primary vitamin E form. And the content of α-T in female crabs was a little higher than that in male crabs, without statistic difference. With respect to correlation analysis, there was a strong correlation between γ-T and α-T3 in sea fish, while weak correlation of isomers in aquatic fish and certain correlations of isomers in shrimp and crab. CONCLUSION: The level of vitamin E content in seafood and aquatic products are quite different. Thus, it will bring in different effects on total activity and intake of vitamin E isomers by consumption of different species of seafood and aquatic products.

Polycystic ovary syndrome and mitochondrial dysfunction.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent hormonal disorder of premenopausal women worldwide and is characterized by reproductive, endocrine, and metabolic abnormalities. The clinical manifestations of PCOS include oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, hyperandrogenism, ovarian polycystic changes, and infertility. Women with PCOS are at an increased risk of suffering from type 2 diabetes; me\tabolic syndrome; cardiovascular events, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia; gynecological diseases, including infertility, endometrial dysplasia, endometrial cancer, and ovarian malignant tumors; pregnancy complications, such as premature birth, low birthweight, and eclampsia; and emotional and mental disorders in the future. Although numerous studies have focused on PCOS, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of this disease remain unclear. Mitochondria play a key role in energy production, and mitochondrial dysfunction at the cellular level can affect systemic metabolic balance. The recent wide acceptance of functional mitochondrial disorders as a correlated factor of numerous diseases has led to the presupposition that abnormal mitochondrial metabolic markers are associated with PCOS. Studies conducted in the past few years have confirmed that increased oxidative stress is associated with the progression and related complications of PCOS and have proven the relationship between other mitochondrial dysfunctions and PCOS. Thus, this review aims to summarize and discuss previous and recent findings concerning the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and PCOS.

Simultaneous detection of multiple hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls from biological samples using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry.

We established a method for the separation and detection of nine hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls in whole blood and urine samples using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray negative ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Clean-up procedures involved a filtration step, and optimization involved a pretreatment step consisting of a simple liquid-liquid extraction using hydrated silica-gel chromatography (5%). Nine hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls were separated on an ultra high performance liquid chromatography HSS T3 column using a gradient elution program of 2 mmol ammonium formate aqueous solution (A) and methanol (B). Recovery ranged from 84.0 to 105.4% for the nine different hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls in urine with three spiked levels of 0.1, 1, and 2 ng and from 73.5 to 98.6% for the blood with spiked levels of 0.2, 1, and 2 ng. The relative standard deviations were <8.7% (n = 6), and the limits of detection in urine and whole blood for the nine hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls were in the range of 1.5-4 and 20-100 pg/g, respectively. This analytical method may enable the simultaneous detection of various hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls from complex tissue matrices.

[Determination of 22 antibiotics in disinfection products by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry].

OBJECTIVE: To develop a method for simultaneous determination of 5 nitroimidazole antibiotics and 17 sulfonamides antibiotics in disinfection products by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS). METHODS: Samples were spiked with isotope internal standard, and then extracted by 2% formic acid solution and acetonitrile with ultrasonic, followed by MCX column to remove matrix interference and for enrichment. The supernatants were diluted with 2% formic acid solution before loading on the columns, then washed with 2% formic acid solution and methanol respectively, eluted with 5% ammonium methanol. The separation was performed on a CORTECS~(TM) UPLC C_(18)(100 mm×2. 1 mm, 1. 6 µm) column by using 0. 1% formic acid solution and 0. 1% formic acid acetonitrile as mobile phase with gradient elution. The antibiotics were analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS. RESULTS: The linear ranges of 22 antibiotics were 0. 05-5. 0 ng/mL and the correlation coefficients were greater than 0. 999. The limits of detection(LODs) were 0. 03-0. 15 µg/kg and the recoveries were 84. 3%-121. 2% with the relative standard deviations were 1. 13%-8. 43%(n=6). The method was successfully used to detect the content of antibiotics in 20 disinfection products, 45% of samples had been detected positively. CONCLUSION: This method is simple, sensitive, selective and accurate, and could be applied for simultaneous detection of antibiotics in disinfection products.

Identification of mRNAs related to endometrium function regulated by lncRNA CD36-005 in rat endometrial stromal cells.

BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age and is commonly complicated by adverse endometrial outcomes. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of non-protein-coding transcripts that are more than 200 nucleotides in length. Accumulating evidence indicates that lncRNAs are involved in the development of various human diseases. Among these lncRNAs, lncRNA CD36-005 (CD36-005) is indicated to be associated with the pathogenesis of PCOS. However, the mechanisms of action of CD36-005 have not yet been elucidated. METHODS: This study determined the CD36-005 expression level in the uteri of PCOS rat model and its effect on the proliferation activity of rat primary endometrial stromal cells. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and bioinformatics analysis were performed to detect the mRNA expression profiles and the biological pathways in which these differentially expressed mRNAs involved, after CD36-005 overexpression in the primary endometrial stromal cells. The differential expression of Hmgn5, Nr5a2, Dll4, Entpd1, Fam50a, and Brms1 were further validated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS: CD36-005 is highly expressed in the uteri of PCOS rat model and promotes the proliferation of rat primary endometrial stromal cells. A total of fifty-five mRNAs differentially expressed were identified in CD36-005 overexpressed stromal cells. Further analyses identified that these differentially expressed mRNAs participate in many biological processes and are associated with various human diseases. The results of qRT-PCR validation were consistent with the RNA-seq data. CONCLUSIONS: These data provide a list of potential target mRNA genes of CD36-005 in endometrial stromal cells and laid a foundation for further studies on the molecular function and mechanism of CD36-005 in the endometrium.

Simultaneous quantification of α-lactalbumin and ß-casein in human milk using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry based on their signature peptides and winged isotope internal standards.

In recent years, there is an increasing need to measure the concentration of individual proteins in human milk, instead of total human milk proteins. Due to lack of human milk protein standards, there are only few quantification methods established. The objective of the present work was to develop a simple and rapid quantification method for simultaneous determination of α-lactalbumin and ß-casein in human milk using signature peptides according to a modified quantitative proteomics strategy. The internal standards containing the signature peptide sequences were synthesized with isotope-labeled amino acids. The purity of synthesized peptides as standards was determined by amino acid analysis method and area normalization method. The contents of α-lactalbumin and ß-casein in human milk were measured according to the equimolar relationship between the two proteins and their corresponding signature peptides. The method validation results showed a satisfied linearity (R(2)>0.99) and recoveries (97.2-102.5% for α-lactalbumin and 99.5-100.3% for ß-casein). The limit of quantification for α-lactalbumin and ß-casein was 8.0mg/100g and 1.2mg/100g, respectively. CVs for α-lactalbumin and ß-casein in human milk were 5.2% and 3.0%. The contents of α-lactalbumin and ß-casein in 147 human milk samples were successfully determined by the established method and their contents were 205.5-578.2mg/100g and 116.4-467.4mg/100g at different lactation stages. The developed method allows simultaneously determination of α-lactalbumin and ß-casein in human milk. The quantitative strategy based on signature peptide should be applicable to other endogenous proteins in breast milk and other body fluids.

Quantitative analysis of cow whole milk and whey powder adulteration percentage in goat and sheep milk products by isotopic dilution-ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

The aim of the study was to develop a method for quantification of cow's whey and whole milk powder in goat or sheep milk products including infant formula. A ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was established for simultaneous quantification of four caseins and two major whey proteins by detecting their signature peptides, which were able to act as markers for differentiating goat or sheep from cow whey and whole milk powder in infant formulas. The signature peptides were screened based on the computational prediction by Biolynx software, and confirmed by database searching after analysis of liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS). The isotopic-labeled signature peptide was used as internal standard to compensate the matrix effect. The limits of quantification were 0.01-0.05 g/100 g for target proteins. The observed recovery rates ranged from 82.3 to 116.6 % and the reproducibility was excellent (RSD <12 %) at different spiking levels. The RSDs of intra- and inter-day precision were 2.8-6.2 and 3.3-9.8 %, respectively. The multiple reaction monitoring method was successfully applied to milk powder with different composition, showing high specificity and accuracy in detection of species involved. The calculating formula was designed to assess the composition of adulteration in the actual detection of infant formulas. These results highlight applicability of this method for the detection of infant formulas with complicated matrix.

A combined tryptic peptide and winged peptide internal standard approach for the determination of α-lactalbumin in dairy products by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.

A robust ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method at peptide level was established for measuring α-lactalbumin in various dairy products. An isotope-labeled winged peptide (VKKILDKVG*INYW*LAHKALCSEKL) with extra amino acids of the sequence of signature peptide concatenated at each end as the internal standard was spiked in samples to participate in the whole tryptic digestion process. The peptide VG*INYW*LAHK that resulted from the isotope-labeled winged peptide was used as the final isotopically labeled internal standard of the α-lactalbumin signature peptide (VGINYWLAHK) during the quantitative analysis. The contents of α-lactalbumin in samples were calculated based on the equimolar relationship between the α-lactalbumin protein and signature peptide. The optimized molar ratio of trypsin to protein (1:60) and enzymatic digestion time (5 h) could not only improve the digestion efficiency and reduce the cost, but also minimize the period of sample pretreatment. Considering the robustness of the current method using the isotopically labeled internal standard and acceptable measurement cost, its application may promote the development of nutrient investigation and quality control of α-lactalbumin in dairy products. This protein analysis method might provide a new reference strategy for food analysis and quantitative protein analysis.

Application of combined ablation and immunotherapy in NSCLC and liver cancer: Current status and future prospects.

This review examines combining tumor ablation therapy with immunotherapy for respiratory and digestive system tumors, particularly NSCLC and liver cancer. Despite advancements in traditional methods, they face limitations in advanced-stage tumors. Ablation techniques like RFA, MWA, and cryoablation offer minimally invasive options, while immune checkpoint inhibitors enhance the immune system's tumor-fighting ability. This review highlights their synergistic effects, clinical outcomes, and future research directions, including optimizing protocols, exploring new combinations, uncovering molecular mechanisms, advancing precision medicine, and improving accessibility. Combined therapy is expected to improve efficacy and patient outcomes significantly.

GALNT2 targeted by miR-139-5p promotes proliferation of clear cell renal cell carcinoma via inhibition of LATS2 activation.

Polypeptide N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GALNTs) are critical enzymes that initiate mucin type-O glycosylation, and are closely associated with the occurrence and development of multiple cancers. However, the significance of GALNT2 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) progression remains largely undetermined. Based on public multi-omics analysis, GALNT2 was strongly elevated in ccRCC versus adjoining nontumor tissues, and it displayed a relationship with poor overall survival (OS) of ccRCC patients. In addition, GALNT2 over-expression accelerated proliferation of renal cancer cell (RCC) lines. In contrast, GALNT2 knockdown using shRNAs suppressed cell proliferation, and this was rescued by LATS2 knockdown. Similarly, GALNT2 deficiency enhanced p-LATS2/LATS2 expression. LATS2 is activated by phosphorylation (p-LATS2) and, in turn, phosphorylate the downstream substrate protein YAP. Phosphorylated YAP (p-YAP) stimulated its degradation and cytoplasmic retention, as it was unable to translocate to the nucleus. This resulted in reduced cell proliferation. Subsequently, we explored the upstream miRNAs of GALNT2. Using dual luciferase reporter assay, we revealed that miR-139-5p interacted with the 3' UTR of GALNT2. Low miR-139-5p expression was associated with worse ccRCC patient outcome. Based on our experiments, miR-139-5p overexpression inhibited RCC proliferation, and this phenotype was rescued by GALNT2 overexpression. Given these evidences, the miR-139-5p-GALNT2-LATS2 axis is critical for RCC proliferation, and it is an excellent candidate for a new therapeutic target in ccRCC.

Broadening horizons: the role of ferroptosis in polycystic ovary syndrome.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common heterogeneous reproductive endocrine metabolic disorder in women of reproductive age characterized by clinical and biochemical hyperandrogenemia, ovulation disorders, and polycystic ovarian morphology. Ferroptosis is a novel type of cell death driven by iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation. Ferroptosis plays a role in maintaining redox balance, iron metabolism, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, mitochondrial activity, and many other signaling pathways linked to diseases. Iron overload is closely related to insulin resistance, decreased glucose tolerance, and the occurrence of diabetes mellitus. There is limited research on the role of ferroptosis in PCOS. Patients with PCOS have elevated levels of ferritin and increased reactive oxygen species in ovarian GCs. Studying ferroptosis in PCOS patients is highly important for achieving personalized treatment. This article reviews the progress of research on ferroptosis in PCOS, introduces the potential connections between iron metabolism abnormalities and oxidative stress-mediated PCOS, and provides a theoretical basis for diagnosing and treating PCOS.

Coordination cages integrated into swelling poly(ionic liquid)s for guest encapsulation and separation.

Coordination cages have been widely reported to bind a variety of guests, which are useful for chemical separation. Although the use of cages in the solid state benefits the recycling, the flexibility, dynamicity, and metal-ligand bond reversibility of solid-state cages are poor, preventing efficient guest encapsulation. Here we report a type of coordination cage-integrated solid materials that can be swelled into gel in water. The material is prepared through incorporation of an anionic FeII4L6 cage as the counterion of a cationic poly(ionic liquid) (MOC@PIL). The immobilized cages within MOC@PILs have been found to greatly affect the swelling ability of MOC@PILs and thus the mechanical properties. Importantly, upon swelling, the uptake of water provides an ideal microenvironment within the gels for the immobilized cages to dynamically move and flex that leads to excellent solution-level guest binding performances. This concept has enabled the use of MOC@PILs as efficient adsorbents for the removal of pollutants from water and for the purification of toluene and cyclohexane. Importantly, MOC@PILs can be regenerated through a deswelling strategy along with the recycling of the extracted guests.

Fabrication of Swellable Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Polymers for CO2-Assisted Hydration of Propylene Epoxide.

Swelling is a very common phenomenon in organic substances. However, the swelling behaviors of inorganic substances had rarely been reported. In this study, a new type of swellable organic-inorganic hybrid polymer (PIL@CHT) was designed and successfully synthesized through free-radical copolymerization of polymerizable phosphonium ionic liquid monomer and vinyl-functionalized hydrotalcite (CHT). The swelling behaviors of PIL@CHT in various solvents with a wide range of Hansen solubility parameters (δT) were investigated, and PIL@CHT exhibited excellent swellable capacity in the solvents with δT > 24.4 MPa1/2. The swollen state of the hybrid PIL@CHT in water presented a network structure with a diameter of approximately 8-12 µm, and CHT particles were well dispersed to the channel of PIL. PIL@CHT was applied to catalyze the CO2-assisted hydration of propylene oxide (PO), in which a cascade reaction including the cycloaddition of CO2 and PO and the subsequent hydrolysis of propylene carbonate (PC) occurred. PIL@CHT, combining the active sites of PIL and CHT, synergistically catalyzed this cascade reaction and achieved a high yield (93.0%) and selectivity (98.2%) of 1,2-propanediol (1,2-MPG) under a low H2O/PO ratio of 1.5/1. Moreover, the catalyst could be recycled seven times without any significant loss of catalytic activities and had good substrate generality.

Excellent survival of pathological N0 small cell lung cancer patients following surgery.

BACKGROUND: Current clinical guidelines recommend surgery only for cT1-2N0M0 small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients. In light of recent studies, the role of surgery in the treatment of SCLC needs to be reconsidered. METHODS: We reviewed all SCLC patients who underwent surgery from November 2006 to April 2021. Clinicopathological characteristics were retrospectively collected from medical records. Survival analysis was performed by the Kaplan-Meier method. Independent prognostic factors were evaluated by Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS: 196 SCLC patients undergoing surgical resection were enrolled. The 5-year overall survival for the entire cohort was 49.0% (95% CI: 40.1-58.5%). PN0 patients had significantly superior survival to pN1-2 patients (p < 0.001). The 5-year survival rate of pN0 and pN1-2 patients were 65.5% (95% CI: 54.0-80.8%) and 35.1% (95% CI: 23.3-46.6%), respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that smoking, older age, and advanced pathological T and N stages were independently associated with poor prognosis. Subgroup analyses demonstrated similar survival among pN0 SCLC patients regardless of pathological T stages (p = 0.416). Furthermore, multivariate analysis showed factors, including age, smoking history, type of surgery, and range of resection, were not independently prognostic factors for the pN0 SCLC patients. CONCLUSION: Pathological N0 stage SCLC patients have significantly superior survival to pN1-2 patients, regardless of features, including T stage. Thorough preoperative evaluation should be applied to estimate the status of lymph node involvement to achieve better selection of patients who might be candidate for surgery. Studies with larger cohort might help verify the benefit of surgery, especially for T3/4 patients.

Double-single-atom MoCu-embedded porous carbons boost the electrocatalytic N2 reduction reaction.

NH3 is an essential ingredient of chemical, fertilizer, and energy storage products. Industrial nitrogen fixation consumes an enormous amount of energy, which is counter to the concept of carbon neutrality, hence eNRR ought to be implemented as a clean alternative. Herein, we propose a double-single-atom MoCu-embedded porous carbon material derived from uio-66 (MoCu@C) by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) to boost eNRR capabilities, with an NH3 yield rate of 52.4 µg h-1 gcat.-1 and a faradaic efficiency (FE) of 27.4%. Advanced XANES shows that the Mo active site receives electrons from Cu, modifies the electronic structure of the Mo active site and enhances N2 adsorption activation. The invention of rational MoCu double-single-atom materials and the utilization of effective eNRR approaches furnish the necessary building blocks for the fundamental study and practical application of Mo-based materials.

Detailed Speciation of Semi-Volatile and Intermediate-Volatility Organic Compounds (S/IVOCs) in Marine Fuel Oils Using GC × GC-MS.

Ship emissions contribute substantial air pollutants when at berth. However, the complexity and diversity of the marine fuels utilized hinder our understanding and mapping of the characteristics of ship emissions. Herein, we applied GC × GC-MS to analyze the components of marine fuel oils. Owing to the high separation capacity of GC × GC-MS, 11 classes of organic compounds, including b-alkanes, alkenes, and cyclo-alkanes, which can hardly be resolved by traditional one-dimensional GC-MS, were detected. Significant differences are observed between light (-10# and 0#) and heavy (120# and 180#) fuels. Notably, -10# and 0# diesel fuels are more abundant in b-alkanes (44~49%), while in 120# and 180#, heavy fuels b-alkanes only account for 8%. Significant enhancement of naphthalene proportions is observed in heavy fuels (20%) compared to diesel fuels (2~3%). Hopanes are detected in all marine fuels and are especially abundant in heavy marine fuels. The volatility bins, one-dimensional volatility-based set (VBS), and two-dimensional VBS (volatility-polarity distributions) of marine fuel oils are investigated. Although IVOCs still take dominance (62-66%), the proportion of SVOCs in heavy marine fuels is largely enhanced, accounting for ~30% compared to 6~12% in diesel fuels. Furthermore, the SVOC/IVOC ratio could be applied to distinguish light and heavy marine fuel oils. The SVOC/IVOC ratios for -10# diesel fuel, 0# diesel fuel, 120# heavy marine fuel, and 180# heavy marine fuel are 0.085 ± 0.046, 0.168 ± 0.159, 0.504, and 0.439 ± 0.021, respectively. Our work provides detailed information on marine fuel compositions and could be further implemented in estimating organic emissions and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from marine fuel storage and evaporation processes.