Novel mandelic acid derivatives containing piperazinyls as potential candidate fungicides against Monilinia fructicola: Design, synthesis and mechanism study.

Brown rot of stone fruit, a disease caused by the ascomycete fungus Monilinia fructicola, has caused significant losses to the agricultural industry. In order to explore and discover potential fungicides against M. fructicola, thirty-one novel mandelic acid derivatives containing piperazine moieties were designed and synthesized based on the amide skeleton. Among them, target compound Z31 exhibited obvious in vitro antifungal activity with the EC50 value of 11.8 mg/L, and significant effects for the postharvest pears (79.4 % protective activity and 70.5 % curative activity) at a concentration of 200 mg/L. Antifungal activity for the target compounds was found to be significantly improved by the large steric hindrance of the R1 groups and the electronegative of the piperazines in the molecular structure, according to a three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) analysis. Further mechanism studies have demonstrated that the compound Z31 can disrupt cell membrane integrity, resulting in increased membrane permeability, release of intracellular electrolytes, and affect the normal growth of hyphae. Additional, morphological study also indicated that Z31 may disrupt the integrity of the membrane by inducing generate excess endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) and resulting in the peroxidation of cellular lipids, which was further verified by the detection of malondialdehyde (MDA) content. These studies have provided the basis for the creation of novel fungicides to prevent brown rot in stone fruits.

Phytochemical analysis and hepatotoxicity assessment of braised Polygoni Multiflori Radix (Wen-He-Shou-Wu).

Polygoni Multiflori Radix (PMR) is a medicinal herb commonly used in China and Eastern Asia. Recently, the discovery of hepatotoxicity in PMR has received considerable attention from scientists. Processing is a traditional Chinese medicine technique used for the effective reduction of toxicity. One uncommon technique is the braising method-also known as 'Wen-Fa' in Chinese-which is used to prepare tonics or poisonous medications. Braised PMR (BPMR)-also known as 'Wen-He-Shou-Wu'-is one of the processed products of the braising method. However, the non-volatile components of BPMR have not been identified and examined in detail, and therefore, the hepatotoxic advantage of BPMR remains unknown. In this study, we compared the microscopic characteristics of different samples in powder form using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), investigated the non-volatile components, assessed the effects of different processed PMR products on the liver, and compared the differences between BPMR and PMR Praeparata recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 edition). We found that the hepatotoxicity of BPMR was dramatically decreased, which may be related to an increase in polysaccharide content and a decrease in toxic substances. The present study provides an important foundation for future investigations of the processing mechanisms of BPMR.

An Inhibitor-Monitorable Single-Tube Duplex Quantitative Real-Time PCR Assay for the Detection of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'.

Huanglongbing (HLB) is a citrus infectious disease caused by 'Candidatus Liberibacter' spp. Recently, it has begun to spread rapidly worldwide, causing significant losses to the citrus industry. Early diagnosis of HLB relies on quantitative real-time PCR assays. However, the PCR inhibitors found in the nucleic acid extracted from plant materials pose challenges for PCR assays because they may result in false-negative results. Internal standard (IS) can be introduced to establish a single-tube duplex PCR for monitoring the influence of the PCR inhibitor, but it also brings the risk of false-negative results because the amplification of IS may compete with the target. To solve this problem, we proposed a mutation-enhanced single-tube duplex PCR (mSTD-PCR) containing IS with mutant-type primers. By introducing the 3'-terminal mutation in the primer of IS to weaken its amplification reaction and its inhibition of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas) detection, the sensitivity and quantitative accuracy of CLas detection will not be affected by IS. In evaluating the sensitivity of CLas detection using simulation samples, the mSTD-PCR showed consistent sensitivity at 25 copies per test compared with the single-plex CLas assay. The detection result of 30 leaves and 30 root samples showed that the mSTD-PCR could recognize false-negative results caused by the PCR inhibitors and reduce workload by 48% compared with the single-plex CLas assay. Generally, the proposed mSTD-PCR provides a reliable, efficient, inhibitor-monitorable, quantitative screening method for accurately controlling HLB and a universal method for establishing a PCR assay for various pathogens.

Study on the mechanism of treating COVID-19 with Shenqi Wan based on network pharmacology.

PURPOSE: Through the method of network pharmacology, the active components and targets of Shenqi Wan (SQW) were excavated, the relationship with novel Coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) was discussed, and the possible mechanism of SQW in the treatment of COVID-19 was revealed from the aspects of multicomponents, multitargets, and multipathways. METHODS: Firstly, the active components of SQW were screened from traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform and the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopeia, and the related targets of the components were obtained. Then the disease targets related to COVID-19 were screened from GeneCards and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Venny was used to map the relationship between component-target and disease-target, and String was used to analyze the interaction of common targets. The network was constructed and analyzed by Cytoscape, the function of Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) genes was enriched by Metascape, and the molecular docking was verified by CB-Dock. RESULTS: Finally, 45 active components of SQW were obtained, and 72 potential targets were related to COVID-19, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), interleukin (IL)-6, nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) and, C-reactive protein (CRP),may be the key targets. GO enrichment of 1715 projects, such as lipopolysaccharide stress response, active oxygen metabolism, positive regulation of cell migration, and other GO enrichment. About 136 KEGG pathways, tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α signaling pathway were obtained. Molecular docking showed that kaempferol, quercetin, luteolin, astragaloside, calyx isoflavone glucoside, matrine, and other COVID-19-related targets such as ACE2, chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro), papain-like protease (PLpro), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) have good binding ability. CONCLUSION: According to the above results, it is suggested that SQW may play a role in the treatment of COVID-19 by directly or indirectly combining kaempferol, quercetin, and luteolin with ACE2, 3CLpro, PLpro, and PTGS2 to regulate multiple biological functions and signaling pathways.

[Processing evolution,chemical components and pharmacological effects of Bufonis Venenum].

Bufonis Venenum,the dried secretion of Bufo bufo gargarizans or B. melanostictus,is toxic and hard with the efficacy of removing toxicity for detumescence and relieving pain. The processing of Bufonis Venenum dates back to the Song dynasty. In addition to the wine-processing,milk-processing and talcum powder-processing,there were some other kinds of processing methods in ancient times,such as baking,calcining,water-soaking and vinegar-processing. Modern studies have shown that the Bufonis Venenum has the main chemical components of bufadienolides,indole alkaloids sterols,and other compounds. It has the pharmacological effects of antitumor,cardiac,antibacterial,and analgesic activities,local anesthesia,and so on. This paper reviews the processing evolution,chemical components and pharmacological effects of Bufonis Venenum,providing references for its special processing and modern research as well as the theoretical basis for the research on its processing mechanism and quality control.

[Study on mechanism of combination of Platycodonis Radix and Lilii Bulbus with homology of medicine and food in treating pneumonia].

To investigate the potential molecular mechanism of the combination of Platycodonis Radix and Lilii Bulbus with the homology of medicine and food in the treatment of pneumonia by means of network pharmacology and in vitro verification experiment. Under the condition of bioavailability(OB)≥30% and drug-like(DL)≥0.18, the active components of Platycodonis Radix and Lilii Bulbus were screened in TCMSP database; the prediction targets of active components were searched from TCMSP, DrugBank and other databases, and the potential targets of pneumonia were obtained through GeneCards and OMIM database. The common targets were obtained by the intersection of drug and disease targets. The PPI network of common targets was constructed by STRING 11.0, and the core targets were obtained by topological analysis. Then the core targets received GO and KEGG analysis with use of WebGestalt and Metascape. The "component-target-pathway" network was constructed with the help of Cytoscape 3.7.1 software, and the component-target molecular docking verification was carried out with Discovery Studio 2016 software. Finally, the core targets and pathways were preliminarily verified in vitro. In this study, 12 active components were screened, 225 drug prediction targets and 420 potential diseases targets were obtained based on data mining method, and 14 core targets were obtained by topological analysis, including TNF, MMP9, AKT1, IL4 and IL2. The enrichment results of GO and KEGG showed that "Platycodonis Radix and Lilii Bulbus" drug pair may regulate inflammation, cell growth and metabolism by acting on 20 key signaling pathways such as TNF and IL-17, thereby exerting anti-pneumonia effects. The results of molecular docking showed that 12 active components had good binding ability with 14 core targets. In vitro experiment results showed that the core components of "Platycodonis Radix and Lilii Bulbus" drug pair could inhibit the expression of MMP9 and TNF-α by regulating TNF signal pathway. This study confirmed the scientificity and reliability of the prediction results of network pharmacology, and preliminarily revealed the potential molecular mechanism of the compatibility of Platycodonis Radix and Lilii Bulbus in the treatment of pneumonia. It provides a novel insight on systematically exploring the mechanism of the compatible use of Platycodonis Radix and Lilii Bulbus, and has a certain reference value for the research, development and application of new drugs.

The Effects of Low-Dose and High-Dose Decoctions of Fructus aurantii in a Rat Model of Functional Dyspepsia.

BACKGROUND Fructus aurantii is a flavonoid derived from Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) that is used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to treat gastric motility disorders. This study aimed to investigate the effects of low-dose and high-dose decoctions of Fructus aurantii in a rat model of functional dyspepsia (FD). MATERIAL AND METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats (n=90) were divided into nine study groups: the control group, the FD model group, the domperidone-treated (Domp) group, the low-dose raw Fructus aurantii (FA-L) group, the high-dose raw Fructus aurantii (FA-H) group, the low-dose Fructus aurantii with stir-fried wheat bran (Bran-L) group, the high-dose Fructus aurantii with stir-fried wheat bran (Bran-H) group, the low-dose Fructus aurantii with stir-fried wheat bran and honey (Honey-L) group, and the high-dose Fructus aurantii with stir-fried wheat bran and honey (Honey-H) group. The FD rat model was established by semi-starvation, followed by tail damping, stimulation, and forced exercise with fatigue. Change in weight, rate of gastric emptying and intestinal propulsion, and serum levels of leptin, motilin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), gastrin, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), ghrelin, and cholecystokinin were compared between the groups. RESULTS In the FD model group, weight, rate of gastric emptying and intestinal propulsion significantly decreased, the expression of leptin, VIP and CGRP increased, and expression of motilin, gastrin, ghrelin, and cholecystokinin significantly decreased. Treatment with low-dose Fructus aurantii with stir-fried wheat bran significantly reversed these effects. CONCLUSIONS In the rat model of FD, low-dose Fructus aurantii with stir-fried wheat bran increased gastrointestinal motility and gastrointestinal hormone levels.

Synthesis, binding ability, and cell cytotoxicity of fluorescent probes for l-arginine detection based on naphthalene derivatives: Experiment and theory.

Inspired by biological related parts, Schiff base derivatives and functional groups of chemical modification can provide efficient detection method of amino acids. Therefore, we have designed and prepared 4 compounds based on Schiff base derivatives involving ─NO2 , ─OH, and naphthyl group. Results indicated that compound 4 containing 2 nitro groups showed strong sensitivity and high selectivity for arginine (Arg) among normal 18 kinds of standard amino acids (alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, glycine, serine, asparagine, phenylalanine, histidine, tryptophan, proline, lysine, glutamine, and cysteine). Theoretical investigation also approved the strong binding ability of compound 4 for Arg. In addition, compound 4 displayed high combining ability of Arg and low cytotoxicity of MCF-7 cell in the 0 to 150 µg mL-1 of concentration range; it can be used for Arg in vivo detection of fluorescent probe.

Synthesis and crystal structure of a highly selective colorimetric and fluorometric sensor for hydrogen sulfide.

A novel Cu(II) complex chemosensor for hydrogen sulfide with azo as the colorimetric group has been synthesized. The complex and ligand crystals were obtained and the molecular structures were characterized by X-ray diffraction and Electrospray ionization High resolution mass spectrometer (ESI-HRMS). The photophysical and recognition properties were examined. The complex can recognize S2- , with an obvious color change from yellow to red based on a copper ion complex displacement mechanism. By contrast, no obvious changes were observed in the presence of other anions (AcO- , H2 PO4- , F- , Cl- , Br- and I- ). We present a simple, easily prepared, yet efficient, inorganic reaction-based sensor for the detection of S2- . The complex should have many chemical and analytical applications in the sensing of hydrogen sulfide.

Mmu-miR-351 attenuates the survival of cardiac arterial endothelial cells through targeting STAT3 in the atherosclerotic mice.

The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway was involved in regulation of endothelial cell survival/apoptosis and was regarded as a target for prevention of atherosclerosis or other cardiovascular diseases. Factors, regulating STAT3 expression and activity, have aroused a wide range of interest, such as miRNAs or transcription factors. The aim of this study is to explore the role of miR-351, a miRNA found not long before, in the regulation of STAT3 expression and endothelial cell survival in the model mice with atherosclerosis (AS). Expression of miR-351 in the serum and cardiac arterial endothelial cells of the WT mice and AS mice was detected. Real-time qPCR analysis showed that miR-351 was upregulated in the serum and endothelial cells of the AS mice, displaying an opposite expression pattern with STAT3. To explore the role and mechanism of miR-351 in the endothelial cell survival, the miR-351 mimic was transfected in to the endothelial cells. MTT and Trypan Blue assays showed miR-351 attenuated the survival of endothelial cells. Our results of the TargetScan output and the 3'UTR luciferase reporter assay indicated that STAT3 was target of miR-351. Additionally, miR-351 resisted the elevation of STAT3 protein level and promotion of endothelial cell survival caused by SD19. Finally, our in vitro angiogenesis assay revealed that miR-351 suppressed angiogenesis and resisted the promotion of angiogenesis caused by SD19. In conclusion, miR-351 was upregulated in the atherosclerotic mice. MiR-351 can attenuate the survival of endothelial cells and suppress angiogenesis through targeting STAT3 in vitro.

A rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the determination of Pulsatilla saponin D in rat plasma and its application in a rat pharmacokinetic and bioavailability study.

A simple, sensitive and specific liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the determination of Pulsatilla saponin D, a potential antitumor constituent isolated from Pulsatilla chinensis in rat plasma. Rat plasma samples were pretreated by protein precipitation with methanol. The method validation was performed in accordance with US Food and Drug Administration guidelines and the results met the acceptance criteria. The method was successfully applied to assess the pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of Pulsatilla saponin D in rats.

Identification of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoforms responsible for leonurine glucuronidation in human liver and intestinal microsomes.

Leonurine is a potent component of herbal medicine Herba leonuri. The detail information on leonurine metabolism in human has not been revealed so far. Two primary metabolites, leonurine O-glucuronide and demethylated leonurine, were observed and identified in pooled human liver microsomes (HLMs) and O-glucuronide is the predominant one. Among 12 recombinant human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), UGT1A1, UGT1A8, UGT1A9, and UGT1A10 showed catalyzing activity toward leonurine glucuronidation. The intrinsic clearance (CLint) of UGT1A1 was approximately 15-to 20-fold higher than that of UGT1A8, UGT1A9, and UGT1A10, respectively. Both chemical inhibition study and correlation study demonstrated that leonurine glucuronidation activities in HLMs had significant relationship with UGT1A1 activities. Leonurine glucuronide was the major metabolite in human liver microsomes. UGT1A1 was principal enzyme that responsible for leonurine glucuronidation in human liver and intestine microsomes.

Characterization of metabolites of leonurine (SCM-198) in rats after oral administration by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and NMR spectrometry.

Leonurine, a major bioactive component from Herba Leonuri, shows therapeutic potential for cardiovascular disease and stroke prevention in some preclinical experiments. The aim of this study is to characterize metabolites of leonurine in rats using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS). The chromatographic separation was performed on an Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18 column using a gradient elution with acetonitrile/ammonium acetate buffer (10 mM, pH 4.0) solvent system. An information dependent acquisition (IDA) method was developed for screening and identifying metabolites of leonurine under positive ion mode. Compared with control, the interesting compound in the extracted ion chromatogram (XIC) of the in vivo samples was chosen and further identified by analyzing their retention times, changes in observed mass (Δm/z), and spectral patterns of product ion utilizing advanced software tool. For the first time, a total of three metabolites were identified, including two phase II metabolites generated by glucuronidation (M1) and sulfation (M2) and one phase I metabolite formed by O-demethylation (M3). Finally, the lead metabolite M1 was isolated from urine and its structure was characterized as leonurine-10-O- ß-D-glucuronide by NMR spectroscopy (¹H, ¹³C, HMBC, and HSQC).

The role of polymyxin B-immobilized hemoperfusion in reducing mortality and enhancing hemodynamics in patients with sepsis and septic shock: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Purpose: Polymyxin B-immobilized hemoperfusion (PMX-HP) is a therapeutic strategy for removing circulating endotoxins from patients with sepsis or septic shock. However, the survival advantage of PMX-HP treatment remains controversial for patients with sepsis/septic shock. Therefore, this study collected all the clinical trials to assess the effect and the safety of PMX-HP treatment. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for eligible trials fromtheir inception through June 30, 2023. All clinical trials that investigated the effect of polymyxin B hemoperfusion in patients who died with sepsis or septic shock within 28-day mortality were eligible. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment instrument and the ROBINS-I tool were used to assess the risk of bias. Results: A total of 30 trials, including 25680 adult patients, were included. PMX-HP decreased 28-day mortality (OR 0.75, 95 % CI 0.65-0.88; p＜0.00001). Subgroup analysis revealed that 28-day mortality was significantly reduced after PMX-HP treatment in the mixed infection site group and in the age under 70 years old group. PMX-HP might also lower endotoxin levels (MD -1.22, 95 % CI -1.62 - 0.81, p < 0.00001) and improve SOFA scores (MD -2.11, 95 % CI -3.80- 0.43, p = 0.01). PMX-HP was not linked to the development of significant adverse events (p = 0. 05). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that PMX-HP therapy can reduce 28-day mortality in individuals with sepsis or septic shock. The therapeutic effect may be due to the ability of PMX-HP to lower endotoxin levels and enhance hemodynamics. However, further assessment of the clinical effects of PMX-HP on sepsis or septic shock is required.

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Regulate Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolic Pathways to Promote the Growth of Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can enhance the uptake of soil nutrients and water by citrus, promoting its growth. However, the specific mechanisms underlying the action of AM fungi in promoting the growth of citrus were not fully elucidated. This study aimed to explore the role of AM fungi Funneliformis mosseae in the regulatory mechanisms of P. trifoliata growth. Pot experiments combined with non-targeted metabolomics methods were used to observe the growth process and changes in metabolic products of P. trifoliata under the conditions of F. mosseae inoculation. The results showed that F. mosseae could form an excellent symbiotic relationship with P. trifoliata, thereby enhancing the utilization of soil nutrients and significantly promoting its growth. Compared with the control, the plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and aboveground and underground dry weight in the F. mosseae inoculation significantly increased by 2.57, 1.29, 1.57, 4.25, and 2.78 times, respectively. Moreover, the root system results confirmed that F. mosseae could substantially promote the growth of P. trifoliata. Meanwhile, the metabolomics data indicated that 361 differential metabolites and 56 metabolic pathways were identified in the roots of P. trifoliata and were inoculated with F. mosseae. This study revealed that the inoculated F. mosseae could participate in ABC transporters by upregulating their participation, glycerophospholipid metabolism, aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis, tryptophan metabolism and metabolites from five metabolic pathways of benzoxazinoid biosynthesis [mainly enriched in lipid (39.50%) and amino acid-related metabolic pathways] to promote the growth of P. trifoliata.

Modulatory effects of fermented Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua on immune homeostasis and gut integrity in a dextran-sulfate-sodium-induced colitis model.

The gut health-promoting properties of saponin-rich Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua (FP) fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum P9 were explored in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model. FP supplementation effectively inhibited DSS-induced physiological alteration and impaired immune responses by reducing the disease activity index (DAI) score and restoring the T helper (Th) 1/Th2 and regulatory T (Treg)/Th17 ratios. In addition, FP supplementation protected the gut barrier function against DSS-induced damage via upregulation of zonula occludens (ZO)-1 and occludin and downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1ß, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-18, and the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). This study further elucidated the potential mechanisms underlying the FP-mediated suppression of the plasticity of type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) and subsequent macrophage polarization. Therefore, the FP supplementation effectively restored mucosal immune homeostasis and enhanced gut integrity. In addition, it suppressed the growth of Escherichia-Shigella and Enterococcus and promoted the enrichment of probiotics and short-chain fatty acid-producing microbes, such as Romboutsia, Faecalibaculum, and Blautia. In conclusion, P. cyrtonema Hua fermented with L. plantarum P9 might be a promising dietary intervention to improve gut health by sustaining overall gut homeostasis and related gut integrity.

Synthesis and binding ability of molecular probes based on a phenanthroline derivative: theory and experiment.

A fluorescent and colorimetric molecular probe containing phenol groups has been designed and synthesized. The anion binding ability was evaluated for biolgically important anions (F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, AcO- and H2PO4-) by theoretical investigation, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy and 1H-NMR titration experiments. Results indicated the probe showed strong binding ability for H2PO4- without the interference of other anions tested and the interaction process was accompanied by color changes. Theoretical investigation analysis revealed that intramolecular hydrogen bonds existed in the structure of the probe and the roles of molecular frontier orbitals in molecular interplay were determined.

Concentration, distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments from Lijiang River, South China.

Concentrations, distributions and sources of PAHs were investigated in surface sediments from Lijiang River, South China. The total PAHs concentrations ranged from 160 to 602 ng g(-1) dry weight.The total PAHs concentrations from different area descended in the order: middle reach > upper reach > down reach. Based on the PAHs indicators and the surrounding along Lijiang River, PAHs were mainly derived from the burning of coal. The ecological risk assessment suggested that the probability of negative toxic effective caused by PAHs in Lijiang River was lower than 25 %.

[Historical records and modern studies on agarwood production method and overall agarwood production method].

Agarwood is a precious traditional Chinese medicine with the efficacy of promoting qi circulation and relieving pain, warming middle-jiao, controlling nausea and vomiting, governing inspiration and relieving asthma, therefore it is widely applied in the clinic. Meanwhile, agarwood is also a precious spice. Aquilaria sinensis is the only source of agarwood production in China. Under natural conditions, a healthy A. sinensis tree produces no agarwood. Only if being wounded or infected with fungus can it synthetize and accumulate agarwood. It takes a decade or even several decades to produce agarwood, thus natural agarwood can not meet market demands. The essay summarizes historical records of agarwood production method and modern agarwood production method, in order to provide basis and reference for large-scale production of agarwood.

Drying kinetics and attributes of fructus aurantii processed by hot air thin-layer drying at different temperatures.

The primary objectives of this study were to evaluate the drying kinetics of Fructus Aurantii (FA), and to investigate how hot air drying at various temperatures affected the surface texture and sensory quality of the volatile fragrance components. The results were best simulated by the Overhults model, and use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Heracles Neo ultra-fast gas phase electronic nose technology allowed for detection of changes in surface roughness and aromatic odors. The limonene content varied from 74.1% to 84.2% depending on the drying temperature, which ranged from 35°C to 75 °C. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the aromatic compound profile underwent considerable changes during the drying process. Overall, the present findings demonstrate that hot air thin-layer drying at 55 °C can significantly enhance the final quality of FA while preserving the taste properties and providing optimum medicinal and culinary characteristics.